chapter 9 8086/8088 hardware specifications. ch.9 8086/8088 hardware specifications2 introduction...

Chapter 9

8086/8088 Hardware specifications

Ch.9 8086/8088 Hardware Specifications

2

Introduction

describe pin functions of both 8086 and 8088

provide details :clock generation, bus buffering, bus latching, timing,

wait states, minimum and maximum mode operation

Fig. 9-1 : Pin-outs of 8086/808840-pin dual in-line packages(DIPs)

difference :data bus width → 8086 : 16 bit, 8088 : 8 bit

pin 28 → 8086 : M/IO’, 8088 : IO/M’

pin 34 → 8086 : BHE’/S7, 8088 : SS0


3

Fig. 9-1Fig. 9-1


4

9-1 Pin-outs and the pin functions

Power Supply Requirement : +5.0V 10%

maximum supply current : 360mA(8086), 340(8088)

operate in ambient temperature : 32ºF ~ 180ºF(0~82°C)

CMOS version : 80C86, 80C88(10mA, -40ºF ~ 225ºF(-40~ 107°C))

DC Characteristics :

Input Characteristics : Table 9-1input current requirement for input pin

gates connections of MOSFETs and represent leakage current


5

Table 9-1,2Table 9-1,2


6

9-1 Pin-outs and the pin functionsOutput Characteristics : Table 9-2

output current drive capability for output pin

logic 1 voltage level : compatible most standard logic family

logic 0 voltage level : max. 0.45V(standard logic : max. 0.4V)

this difference : reduced noise immunity from standard level 0.4V(0.8-0.4) to 0.35V(0.8-0.45)

noise immunity : difference between logic 0 output voltage and logic 0 input voltage levels

reduced noise immunity may result in problems : long wire connection, too many load

recommended : no more than 10 loads without buffering

Table 9-3: best choice for connection to 8086→LS,ALS,HC


7

Table 9-3Table 9-3 : Recommended fan-out from any 8086/8088 pin connection


8

Pin Connections

AD7-AD0 : address/data bus(multiplexed)memory address or I/O port no : whenever ALE = 1

data : whenever ALE = 0

high-impedance state : during a hold acknowledge

A15-A8 : 8088 address bushigh-impedance state : during a hold acknowledge

AD15-AD8 : address/data bus(multiplexed)memory address bits A15-A8 : whenever ALE = 1

data bits D15-D8 : whenever ALE = 0



9

Pin ConnectionsA19/S6-A16/S3 : address/status bus(multiplexed)

memory address A19-A16, status bits S6-S3


S6 : always remain a logic 0

S5 : indicate condition of IF flag bits

S4, S3 : show which segment is accessed during current bus cycle(Table 9-4)

S4, S3 : can used to address four separate 1M byte memory banks by decoding them as A21, A20


10

Pin ConnectionsRD’ : read signal

data bus receive data from memory or I/O device :RD’=0


READY :µ enter into wait states and remain idle : READY = 0

no effect on the operation of µ : READY = 1

INTR : interrupt requestused to request a hardware interrupt

if INTR is held high when IF = 1 : µ enter interrupt acknowledge cycle(INTA’ become active) after current instruction has complete execution


11

Pin ConnectionsTEST’(BUSY’) : tested by the WAIT instruction

WAIT instruction function as a NOP : if TEST’= 0

WAIT instruction wait for TEST’ to become 0:if TEST’=1

NMI : non-maskable interruptsimilar to INTR except that no check IF flag bit

if NMI is activated : use interrupt vector 2

RESET : µ : reset if RESET held high for a minimum of four clock

CLK(CLOCK) : provide basic timing to µduty cycle of 33%

VCC(power supply) : +5.0V, ±10%


12

Pin ConnectionsGND(Ground) : two pins labeled GND

MN/MX’ : select either minimum or maximum mode

BHE’/S7 : bus high enable

enable the most significant data bus bits(D15-D8) during read or write operation

status of S7 : always a logic 1

Minimum Mode Pins: MN = 1(directly to +5.0V) next p

IO/M’(8088) or M/IO’(8086) : select memory or I/O

address bus : whether memory or I/O port address

WR’ : write signal(high impedance state during hold ack.)

strobe that indicate that output data to memory or I/O

during WR’=0 : data bus contains valid data for M or I/O


13

Fig. 9-1Fig. 9-1


14

Minimum Mode PinsINTA’(interrupt acknowledge) : response to INTR input pin

normally used to gate interrupt vector no onto data bus

ALE(address latch enable) : does not float during hold ack

address/data bus : contain address information

DT/R’(data transmit/receive) :

data bus : transmit(DT/R’=1) or receive(DT/R’=0) data

used to enable external data bus buffers

DEN(data bus enable) : activate external data bus buffers

HOLD : request a direct memory access(DMA)if HOLD=1 : µ stops executing software and places address, data, and control bus at high-impedance state

HOLD=0 : µ execute software normally


15

Minimum Mode PinsHOLDA(hold acknowledge):indicate µ has entered hold state

SS0’ : equivalent to S0 pin in maximum mode operation

combined with IO/M’, DT/R’ to decode function of current bus cycle(Table 9-5)


16

Maximum Mode PinsMN/MX’ = 0(ground) next page

S2’,S1’,S0’:indicate function of current bus cycle(T 9-6)

these signal : normally decoded by 8288 bus controller


17

Fig. 9-1Fig. 9-1


18

Maximum Mode PinsR1’/GT1’, R0’/GT0’(request/grant) : request DMA

bi-directional, request and grant DMA operation

LOCK’(lock output): used to lock peripherals off the system

activated by using the LOCK: prefix on any instruction

QS1, QS0(queue status) :

show status of internal instruction queue : Table 9-7

provided for access by the numeric coprocessor(8087)


19

9-2 Clock Generator(8284A)8284A (Fig. 9-2) : provided

clock generation, RESET synchronization, READY synchronization, and TTL-level peripheral clock signal


20

8284A Pin FunctionsAEN1’, AEN2’(address enable) : provided

to qualify bus ready signal RDY1, RDY2

RDY1, RDY2(bus ready) : provided, in conjunction with AEN1’,AEN2’ pins, to cause wait states

ASYNC’(ready synchronization) selection input: select either

one or two stages of synchronization for RDY1,RDY2

READY: output pin that connects to 8086/88 READY input

X1, X2(crystal oscillator) : connect to external crystal

used as timing source for clock generator

F/C’(frequency/crystal) input : choose clocking sourceF/C’=1 : provided external clock to EFI input pin, F/C’=0 : internal crystal oscillator


21

8284A Pin FunctionsEFI(external frequency input) : supplied

the timing whenever F/C’ pin is pulled high

CLK(clock output) : provided CLK input to 8086/8088 and other components1/3 of crystal or EFI input frequency33% duty cycle which is required by 8086/8088

PCLK(peripheral clock) : provided peripheral

1/6 of crystal or EFI input frequency, 50% duty cycle

OSC(oscillator output) : TTL-level signal

same frequency as crystal or EFI input

RES’(reset input) : often connected

to RC network that provide power-on resetting


22

8284A Pin FunctionsRESET output : connected to 8086/8088 RESET input

CSYNC(clock synchronization) : used whenever EFI provides synchronization in system with multiple processors

must be grounded, if internal crystal oscillator is used

GND(ground) : connected to ground

VCC(power supply) : +5.0V ±10%

Fig. 9-3 : internal block diagram of 8284Aclock section : middle part

reset section : top part

ready section : bottom part


23

Fig. 9-3 internal block diagram of 8284A clock generator

Fig. 9-3


24

Operation of Clock SectionF/C’ = 0 : internal crystal oscillator

crystal is attached X1, X2, oscillator generate square-wave signal at the same frequency as crystal

square-wave signal : fed to AND gate, inverter(OSC)

OSC output : sometimes used as EFI to other 8284A

AND gate : select oscillator or EFIF/C’=0 : oscillator output → divide-by-3 counter

F/C’=1 : EFI → divide-by-3 counter

output of divide-by-3 countertiming for ready synchronization

signal for another divide-by-2 counter : PCLK

CLK signal : buffered before CLK output pin


25

Operation of the Reset Section

Fig. 9-4 : crystal oscillator(F/C’=CSYNC=0)15MHz crystal : 5MHz clock signal, 2.5MHz PCLK

Reset : a Schmitt trigger buffer, a D-type FFD FF : ensured timing requirements of 8086 RESET

applied RESET signal to µ on negative edge of each clock

8086 µ : sampled RESET at positive edge of clocks

1. power on reset, 2. reset button

µ RESET : to become logic 1 no later than 4 clocks after power is applied, (FF make certain that RESET goes high in4 clock)

and to be held high for at least 50 ㎲ (RC time constant)


26

Fig. 9-4Fig. 9-4


27

9-3 Bus Buffering and LatchingDemultiplexing the Buses

address/data bus:multiplexed(shared) to reduce no of pins

memory and I/O : require that address remains valid and stable throughout a read and write cycle

all computer systems : have three busesaddress bus : provided memory and I/O with memory address or I/O port number

data bus : transferred data between µ and memory or I/O

control bus : provided control signal to memory and I/O

Demultiplexing the 8088 : Fig. 9-5two 74LS373 transparent latches :

pass inputs to outputs whenever ALE become 1

after ALE return 0, remember inputs at time of change to 0

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Fig. 9-5Fig. 9-5


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9-3 Bus Buffering and Latching

Demultiplexing the 8086 : Fig. 9-6demultiplexing: AD15-AD0, A19/S6-A16/S3, BHE’/S3

3 buses : address(A19-A0, BHE’), data(D15-D0), control(M/IO’, RD’,WR’)

three 74LS373 transparent latches

The Buffered Systemµ system must be buffered : if more than 10 unit load are attached to any bus pin

demultiplexed pins : already buffered by 74LS373 latch

buffer’s output currents increased : 32mA of sink current(0), 5.2mA of source current(1)

30

Fig. 9-6Fig. 9-6


31

9-3 Bus Buffering and Latching

fully buffered signal : will introduce timing delay

cause no difficulty : unless memory and I/O devices are used, which function at near maximum speed of bus

The fully Buffered 8088 : Fig. 9-78 address A15-A8 : 74LS244 octal buffer

IO/M’, RD’, WR’ : 74LS244

8 data D7-D0 : 74LS245 octal bi-directional bus buffer

direction : controlled by DT/R’, enable : by DEN’

The fully Buffered 8086 : Fig. 9-8data bus : two 74LS245

IO/M’, RD’, WR’ : 74LS244

32

Fig. 9-7Fig. 9-7

33

Fig. 9-8Fig. 9-8


34

9-4 Bus Timing

Basic Bus Operation

if data are written : Fig. 9-9(address, data, WR’ & M/IO’)

if data are read : Fig. 9-10(address, RD’ & M/IO’)

Timing in General

bus cycle : 8086/8088 µ use memory & I/O in periods called bus cycles

equal 4 (or as few as 2) system-clocking periods(T states)

800ns : 5MHz basic operating frequency

read or write at maximum rate of 1.25 million times a sec.

because internal queue, µ execute 2.5 MIPS in bursts

35

Fig. 9-9,10Fig. 9-9,10


36

Timing in GeneralT1 : 1st clocking period

address of memory or I/O : sent out via address bus

control signal ALE, DT/R’, M/IO’(IO/M’) : output

T2 : issue RD’ or WR’, DEN’

in case of write : data to be written appear on data bus

READY : sampled at the end of T2(Fig. 9-11)if READY is low at end of T2 : T3 becomes a wait state(Tw)

if read bus cycle : data bus is sampled at end of T3

T4 :all bus signals : deactivated in preparation for next bus cycle

µ sampled data bus for data that read from M or I/O

trailing edge of WR’ : transfer data to memory or I/O


37

Fig. 9-11Fig. 9-11


38

Read TimingFig. 9-11 : depict read timing for 8088/8086

fixed amount of time allowed memory or I/O to read dataat end of T3 : µ sample the data bus

address access time: TAVDV = 3TCLCL - TCLAV - TDVCL = 3200–110–30=460 ns

TCLAV : time that appeared address on address bus

TDVCL : data setup time

time delay(30-40ns) : address decoders and buffersmemory speed : no slower than about 420ns

read access time :TRLDV = 2TCLCL - TCLRL - TDVCL = 2200–165–30=205 ns

width of RD’ strobe :TRLRH = 2TCLCL – 75ns = 2 200 – 75 = 325 ns


39

Fig. 9-12Fig. 9-12


40

Fig. 9-12(continued)Fig. 9-12


41

Write TimingFig. 9-13 : write timing for 8088/8086

main differences : WR’, data bus contain information for memory, DT/R’=1(transmit)

memory data : written at trailing edge of WR’

data hold time :TWHDX = TCLCH – 30ns = 118 – 30 = 88 ns

memory setup time : TDVWH = 2TCLCL–TCLDV+TCVCTX=2200–110+10=300ns

width of WR’ strobe :TWLWH = 2TCLCL – 60ns = 2 200 – 60 = 340 ns

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Fig. 9-13Fig. 9-13


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9-5 Ready and the Wait Statewait state(TW) :

an extra clocking period, inserted between T2 & T3

READY input : cause wait states for slower memory & I/O components

sampled at the end of T2, if applicable, in middle of TW

if READY = 0 at end of T2 : T3 is delayed and TW is inserted between T2 and T3

READY is next sampled at middle of TW : to determine whether the next state is TW or T3

timing diagram : Fig. 9-14(Fig. 9-11)required setup and hold time from system clock

met by internal READY synchronization circuit of 8284A


44

Fig. 9-14, 15Fig. 9-14, 15


45

RDY and the 8284ARDY : synchronized ready input to 8284A clock generator

timing diagram : Fig. 9-15

Fig. 9-16 : internal structure of 8284ARDY1•AEN1’ + RDY2•AEN2’ : to generate input to one or two stage of synchronization

ASYNC’=1(open) : select one stage of synchronization

RDY : kept from reaching 8086/88 READY pin until the next negative edge of clock

ASYNC’=0(ground): select two stage of synchronization

on 1st positive edge of clock : 1st FF capture RDY

output of 1st FF : fed to 2nd FF

on next negative edge of clock : 2nd FF capture RDY


46

Fig. 9-16Fig. 9-16


47

RDY and the 8284AFig. 9-17, 18 :

circuit that generated almost any no of wait states for µ

8-bit shift reg.(74LS164) : shift 0 for one or more clock periods from one of its Q outputs through to RDY1

cleared back to its starting point

RD’=WR’=INTA’=1 : until state T2 → Q = 0

positive edge of T2 : shift right, QA = 1(because SI=1)

RDY1 = 0 : CS’ = 0 or QB = 0

inserted wait cycle

positive edge of TW : shift right, QA = QB = 1

RDY1 = 1 : CS’ = 0 or QB = 1

no more inserted wait cycle


48

Fig. 9-17Fig. 9-17


49

Fig. 9-18Fig. 9-18


50

9-6 Minimum Mode versus Maximum Mode

minimum mode : Fig. 9-19(MN/MX’ = 1)similar to operation of 8085A

cost less because all control signals generated by µ

used 8-bit peripherals

maximum mode : Fig. 9-20is unique and designed to be used whenever a coprocessor(8087 arithmetic ") exist in a system

some of control signals : must generated by external 8288 bus controller

dropped from Intel family, beginning with 80286 µ

51

Fig. 9-19Fig. 9-19

52

Fig. 9-20Fig. 9-20


53

The 8288 Bus Controller8288 : Fig. 9-21

provided signals eliminated from 8086/88 by maximum mode operation

S2,S1,S0 (status) input : connected to status output on µ

devoted to generate the timing signals for the system

CLK input : connected CLK output of 8284A

provided internal timing

ALE(address latch enable) output : used to demultiplex the address/data bus

DEN(data bus enable) output : control bi-directional data bus buffers

DT/R’(data transmit/receive) output : "

54

Fig. 9-21Fig. 9-21


55

The 8288 Bus ControllerAEN’(address enable) input : cause to enable memory control signals

CEN(control enable) input: enable the command output

IOB(I/O bus mode) input : select either system bus or I/O bus mode mode operation

AIOWC’(advanced I/O write command) output : provide I/O with its advanced I/O write control signal

IOWC’(I/O write) : provide I/O with its main write signal

IORC’, AMWC’, MWTC’, MRDC’

INTA’(interrupt acknowledge) output :

MCE/PDEN’(master cascade/peripheral data) output : select cascade operation for interrupt controller if IOB is 0, and enable the I/O bus transceivers if I/O is 1

chapter 9 8086/8088 hardware specifications. ch.9 8086/8088 hardware specifications2 introduction...

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