chapter 8 understanding populations section1, how ......understanding populations section 1 how does...

Understanding Populations Section 1

DAY ONE

Chapter 8

Understanding Populations

Section1, How Populations Change in Size


What Is a Population?

•  A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed.

•  A population is a reproductive group because organisms usually breed with members of their own population.

•  The word population refers to the group in general and also to the size of the population, or the number of individuals it contains.

7 Billion People Nat Geo


Properties of Populations •  Density is the number of individuals of the same species in

that live in a given unit of area.

•  Dispersion is the pattern of distribution of organisms in a population.

•  A population’s dispersion may be even, clumped, or random.

•  Size, density, dispersion, and other properties can be used to describe populations and to predict changes within them.

Population Density and Dispersion via YouTube


How Does a Population Grow?

•  A population gains individuals with each new offspring or birth and loses them with each death.

•  The resulting population change over time can be represented by the equation below.


How Does a Population Grow? •  Growth rate is an expression of the

increase in the size of an organism or population over a given period of time.

•  Growth rate =

change in population (birth rate – death rate) time

•  Overtime, the growth rates of populations change because birth rates and death rates increase or decrease.

•  For this reason, growth rates can be positive, negative, or zero.


How Does a Population Grow?

•  For the growth rate to be zero, the average number of births must equal the average number of deaths.

•  A population would remain the same size if each pair of adults produced exactly two offspring, and each of those offspring survived to reproduce.

•  If the adults in a population are not replaced by new births, the growth rate will be negative and the population will shrink.


•  Populations usually stay about the same size from year to year because various factors kill many individuals before they can reproduce.

•  These factors control the sizes of populations.

•  In the long run, the factors also determine how the population evolves.

How Fast Can a Population Grow?


Reproductive Potential

•  A species’ biotic potential is the fastest rate at which its populations can grow.

•  This rate is limited by reproductive potential.

•  Reproductive potential is the maximum number of offspring that a given organism can produce.

•  Some species have much higher reproductive potentials than others.

–  Examples: Bacteria



•  Reproductive potential increases when individuals produce more offspring at a time, reproduce more often, and reproduce earlier in life.

•  Reproducing earlier in life has the greatest effect on reproductive potential.

•  Reproducing early shortens the generation time, or the average time it takes a member of the population to reach the age when it reproduces.



•  Small organisms, such as bacteria and insects, have short generation times and can reproduce when they are only a few hours or a few days old.

•  As a result, their populations can grow quickly.

•  In contrast, large organisms, such as elephants and humans, become sexually mature after a number of years and therefore have a much lower reproductive potential than insects.

Biotic Potential


Exponential Growth

•  Exponential growth is logarithmic growth or growth in which numbers increase by a certain factor in each successive time period.

•  Exponential growth occurs in nature only when populations have plenty of food and space, and have no competition or predators.

•  For example, population explosions occur when bacteria or molds grow on a new source of food.


Exponential Growth

•  In exponential growth, a large number of individuals is added to the population in each succeeding time period.


•  Because natural conditions are neither ideal nor constant, populations cannot grow forever.

•  Eventually, resources are used up or the environment changes, and deaths increase or births decrease.

•  Under the forces of natural selection in a given environment, only some members of any population will survive and reproduce. Thus, the properties of a population may change over time.

What Limits Population Growth?


Carrying Capacity

•  Carrying capacity is the largest population that an environment can support at any given time.

•  A population may increase beyond this number but it cannot stay at this increased size.

•  Because ecosystems change, carrying capacity is difficult to predict or calculate exactly.

•  However, it may be estimated by looking at average population sizes or by observing a population crash after a certain size has been exceeded.


Carrying Capacity


Resource Limits

•  A species reaches its carrying capacity when it consumes a particular natural resource at the same rate at which the ecosystem produces the resource.

•  That natural resource is then called a limiting resource.

•  The supply of the most severely limited resources determines the carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species at a particular time.


•  The members of a population use the same resources in the same ways, so they will eventually compete with one another as the population approaches its carrying capacity.

•  Instead of competing for a limiting resource, members of a species may compete indirectly for social dominance or for a territory.

•  Competition within a population is part of the pressure of natural selection.

Competition Within a Population


•  A territory is an area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals.

•  The territory is of value not only for the space but for the shelter, food, or breeding sites it contains.

•  Many organisms expend a large amount of time and energy competing with members of the same species for mates, food, or homes for their families.

Competition Within a Population


•  Population size can be limited in ways that may or may not depend on the density of the population.

•  Causes of death in a population may be density dependent or density independent.

Two Types of Population Regulation


Population Regulation

•  When a cause of death in a population is density dependent, deaths occur more quickly in a crowded population than in a sparse population.

•  This type of regulation happens when individuals of a population are densely packed together.

•  Limited resources, predation and disease result in higher rates of death in dense populations than in sparse populations.


Population Regulation

•  When a cause of death is density independent, a certain proportion of a population may die regardless of the population’s density.

•  This type of regulation affects all populations in a general or uniform way.

•  Severe weather and natural disasters are often density independent causes of death.


Ticket out the Door

•  What is a population?

•  What is density?

•  What is dispersion?

•  What is the equation for calculating a population size?

•  What is growth rate (an equation would be good also)?

•  What is carrying capacity?

chapter 8 understanding populations section1, how ......understanding populations section 1 how does...

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