Chapter 8

INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL

PSYCHOLOGY, THIRD CANADIAN EDITION

by John Hunsley and Catherine M. Lee

• Questions

• The person-situation debate

• Self-presentation biases

• Developing culturally appropriate measures

• Self-report checklists of behaviours and symptoms

• Projective measures of personality

• For next class

Overview

Person

Situation

To what extent is behaviour determined by personality or context?

Personality Behaviour

Mischel

• Tony is quiet and thoughtful

• Tony tells jokes

• Tony likes exercising on his own

• Tony always joins in with the group

Using situational variability as an important source of information:

• 3 different types

• Why might someone intentionally try to look good or bad on psychological tests?

• What might inconsistent or random responding indicate about the person completing the test?

Self-presentation biases & Validity scales

Malingering

Faking good

Random responses

• Is the content applicable across different groups?

e.g., smack (England, Australia) and spank (Canada, United States)

• Are constructs related in similar ways across different groups?e.g., links between perfectionism and depression

• Do the cut-off scores developed with one group apply to other groups?

e.g., problematic levels of dependency

• Is the factor structure the same across groups?

Developing culturally useful measures

• Jayawickreme et al. (2012) Sri Lankans affected by war

• Commonly used measures of depression and PTSD predicted functioning

• Prediction enhanced when local wording used

Culturally appropriate measures

• Avoid using scores

• Use tests to generate hypotheses only

• Explicitly acknowledge questionable validity of test with this group

When there are no measures validated for use with a specific group

• Use measures that have been validated for the specific group

• Consult published norms in interpreting findings

• Use multiple assessment methods to reduce bias

Ideally

Culturally appropriate assessment

• Translate from language 1 to language 2

• Back-translate from language 2 to language 1

• Compare the 2 versions and adjust as required

• Pilot test translated version for comprehensibility and adjust as required

• Test reliability of translated version in larger sample and adjust as required

• Re-standardize scores with norms from 2nd language group

• Study construct validity of translated measure

Steps to translate a measure

Clinical utility

Do c

linic

ians

fin

d it

use

ful?

Is t

here

re

plic

ate

d

evid

en

ce o

f re

liab

ility

an

d

valid

ity?

Does it

make a difference?

• Based on idea that we are good sources of information about ourselves– Do others see us the same way we see ourselves?

– Can we really know ourselves?

• Does “digging” lead to self-discovery?

Self-Report Personality Measures

• Many measures available that assess a wide range of psychopathological conditions (including disordered personality characteristics)

• Measures of psychopathology commonly used by clinical psychologists– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent

– Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III

– Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory

– Personality Assessment Inventory

Self-Report Personality Measures

• Many measures of normal personality available

• Measures of normal personality commonly used by clinical psychologists– California Psychological Inventory

– NEO Personality Inventory–3

Self-Report Personality Measures

• Dozens of checklists, with scientific support, available for use

• Examples of commonly used checklists– Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment• Youth Self-Report, Child Behavior Checklist• Adult Self-Report, Adult Behavior Checklist• Older Adult Self-Report, Older Adult Behavior Checklist

– Symptom Checklist-90-Revised

– Outcome Questionnaire-45

– Beck Depression Inventory-II

– Children’s Depression Inventory 2

Self-Report Checklists of Behaviour and Symptoms

• Association techniques (indicate what a stimulus looks like)

• Construction techniques (produce a story, drawing, etc.)

• Completion techniques (finish a sentence, story, etc.)

• Arrangement/selection techniques (rank order preference for stimuli)

• Expression techniques (analysis of handwriting)

Projective Measures of Personality

• Many concerns about standardization (or clinicians deviating from standardized procedures for administration and scoring) and availability of appropriate norms

• Considerable variability in the extent to which there are reliability and validity data supporting the test/technique– Sometimes there appears to be supporting data, but research studies may

use different stimuli or scoring systems than what are typically used by clinicians

Projective Measures of Personality

• Thematic Apperception Test• Rorschach Inkblot Test

Projective Measures of Personality

For next class

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