Chapter 8

From World War to Cold War

Focuses

1. Why did the Cold War break out after WWII?- Difference in ideologies- Feelings of mistrust- Insecurity of USSR- Fear of communism of the West

2. How did Cold War affect Europe?- East vs West

3. How did the Cold War affect the rest of the world?- Case studies – Korea & Cuba

The Cold War – Definition- A war of words, of propaganda and

economic measures rather than military conflict.

- Where the countries tried to scored victories by gaining diplomatic successes or building up huge reserves of weapons.

Context- Occurred after the common enemy of

Germany was defeated at the end of WWII

- Between USA and USSR

From a world war to a Cold War

Background- Cold War lasted between 1945 – 1991. - Affected the whole world, especially

countries in Eastern Europe and East Asia.

- Eg. Germany, Korea, Vietnam & Cuba

From a world war to a Cold War

Korea after 1953

Vietnam after 1954

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

Chapter 8:From a world war to a Cold War

Europe after WWII

Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

1. Differences in ideologies The West - A capitalist economy: private ownership,

private profits, free competition and free enterprise

- A democratic system: people vote for their govt in free elections and their rights are guaranteed

The East- A communist economy: state ownership

of all resources, state control and planning of all economic activities and no individual profits.

- A dictatorial and one-party system: people have few rights and freedoms

Result: The West and East were highly suspicious of each other –

Relations were strained during WWII.

Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

2. Feelings of MistrustDuring WWII- USA was the only nuclear power at the end

of the war- FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

succeeded by Truman who wassuspicious of Stalin and the USSR

- USA withdrew financial aid from USSR immediately after WWII in spite of the damages suffered by USSR.

Result: USSR upset with the USA & relations strained further

Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

The Past- Russian Civil War 1918-1921- Policy of Appeasement in the 1930s- Munich Conference of 1938- Nazi invasion of Soviet Union

• The Allies did not launch invasion of Europe earlier

• USSR felt the Allies wanted Hitler to destroy USSR first.

Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

3. USSR’s insecurity- Invaded three times in modern history:

WWI, Russian Civil War & WWII- Needed to ensure USSR would be safe

from any future attacks along its western border

- Wanted to surround USSR with a buffer of ‘friendly’ countries by extending its influence over the Eastern European countries

Focus 1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

4. The West’s fear of spread of Communism

- Believed that Communism was expansionist by nature

- Saw the USSR creation of satellite states as expansionist, and not a search for security

Focus1Reasons for the outbreak of Cold

War

Focus 2How did Cold War affect Europe?

1. Europe DividedHow the USSR established control over

E.Europe?• Definition of satellite

A country controlled by a bigger country. Refers to the establishment of Communist govt in E. Europe countries.

• The Red Army set free the places previously under German control and occupied them

- Eg: Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria.

1. Europe Divided

• The Red Army supported the Communist Parties

- Usually small but active- Became more influential in politics

• The Eastern European Communist leaders who went to the USSR for training returned to dominate the govt.

1. Europe Divided

• The Communist Parties formed coalition govts with other parties

- Rigged elections eg: Romania, Poland, Hungary

- Refused to allow opposition members to join the govt. Eg: Bulgaria

• The Communists got rid of coalition partners and established one-party rule

- Led coup to seize power eg: Czechoslovakia- Threatened political leaders & forced them to

withdraw from power- Jailed key opponents or forced them to flee

abroad

1. Europe Divided

Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary,

Albania, Bulgaria.- Exception: Yugoslavia – Under Joseph Tito who

refused to be Soviet control

Growth of tensions between the East & the West

- The West’s policy towards USSR establishment – CONTAINMENT: keep communism within its borders.

- Led to the deterioration of the East-West relations and further development of the Cold War

2. Germany Divided

Germany after the war- Germany was temporarily divided 4 and

occupied by USSR, USA, Britain and France

- Berlin (which was in Soviet zone) was temporarily divided into 4 zones.

- The Allied Control Council would administer Germany jointly until it had recovered.

Germany after 1947

2. Germany Divided

Issues of disagreement about Germany

1. Treatment of Germany- USSR: Wanted a weak Germany that

would never be a military threat again- The West: Wanted a strong, prosperous

and democratic Germany that would not fall into Communism

2. Germany Divided

Issues of disagreement about Germany

2. Reparations- Decisions at Potsdam

USSR given 25% of German industrial goods as reparations and industrial machinery from its zone

USSR to send food, coal and raw materials to western zone

- USSR took more from its zone than what was agreed at Potsdam – manufactured goods, machinery and industrial plant

- USSR refused to send food and coal to the western zones

2. Germany Divided

Issues of disagreement about Germany

3. Berlin- USSR: Saw the Allied presence in Berlin

as a threat- The West: Determined to stay in Berlin

to maintain control over the capital4. Refugee issue- Refugees from Soviet zones fled to the

Western zones- The West had to provide food for them

2. Germany Divided

Issues of disagreement about Germany

5. Economic issues- The West wanted to bring about

economic recovery of Germany Merged their zones (to form Bizonia) to

receive aid under the Marshall Plan Stopped food rationing, black markets and

price controls Introduced new currency (the Deutschmark)

- Result Economy in the Western zone slowly recovered while the Soviet zone poor

2. Germany Divided The Berlin Blockade

June 1948 Action: Closed all road, rail and canal links

between West Berlin and West Germany- To starve the people in West Berlin in order to force

them to Communist rule- To get the West to withdraw from Berlin

The West’s response- Airlifted food, clothing, medicine and other supplies

into Berlin everyday

Stalin’s response- Reluctant to shoot the planes down- Gave in and lifted the blockade one year later

June 1948 Significance: West Berlin was a symbol

of the West’s determination to resist communism

Results:- The Cold War intensified- Germany became 2 separate countries

- West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)- East Germany (Germany Democratic Republic)

- The Western Allies realised they were militarily unprepared to deal with Soviet threat – Needed to join together to form defensive alliance against USSR

2. Germany Divided The Berlin Blockade

The Cold War Confrontations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB-0e7xEOSs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyKSx2RycEE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TseFz0qv9Lk&feature=related

3. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

The ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech- Winston Churchill’s speech in the USA in

1948- “From Stettin (Germany) in the Baltic, to

Trieste (Yugoslavia) in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent

- Refers imaginary border between the Soviet-dominated countries in the east and the free democratic countries in the West.

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Europe after WWII

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

The Truman Doctrine – March 1947Context- The USSR and its allies were helping Communist

rebels in Greece to overthrow the Greek monarchy- Britain was supporting the Greek monarchy and

appealed to the USA for helpOutline of the Doctrine- USA had responsibility to “support free peoples who

are struggling against attempted takeover by armed minority or outside pressure”

Effects- Gave arms and supplies to Greece to help defeat the

Communists- Provided money to Turkey who was threatened by

Communists

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan, June 1947Context- Truman believed that Communism grew in

poor countries with post-war problems. So?- Architect of the plan: US Secretary of State,

George MarshallOutline of the Plan- Provide financial and economic aid to help

countries rebuild after the war- Build up strong and prosperous countries in

Europe that will not be vulnerable to communist threat

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan, June 1947Results- 16 countries including Britain, France, Italy

and Austria accepted US assistance- They received US$13 billion in aid, loans &

goods- USSR forbade its satellite states to accept US

help

Significance- USSR felt this was a plan to spread US

influence in Europe.

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan

Measures implemented by USSR ( Retaliation)

COMINFORM, 1947- An organization to draw all Communist parties in

Europe together- To ensure all parties adopted policies under Stalin’s

controlCOMECON – Council for Mutual Economic

Cooperation 1949- A council to rival the Marshall Plan (dollar

imperialism)- To help Eastern European Economies to develop into

Soviet styled economies- To encourage trade & coordinate economic polices

among communist countries

4. NATO and Warsaw Pact

The Formation of NATO, 1949 Comprised USA, Canada, Britain, France,

Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Turkey, Greece and West Germany (by 1953)

Agreed that an attack against any one member would be considered an attack against all members

Placed armed forces under a joined NATO command organisation

The Warsaw Pact Comprised USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,

Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania

Provisions:- All members promised to defend one

another against any outside attack- All members agreed to have USSR military

units stationed in their countries

Result?

4. NATO and Warsaw Pact

• http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/conflict/coldwar.cfm

Asia in Perspective 1945-1955Circumstances leading to Korean War1. China becoming Communist2. USA’s insecurity3. USSR’s boost of confidence4. Division of Korea

- Nationalism- Internal Conflicts between North & South Korea

Focus 2 How did Cold War affect the rest of

the War?

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm

Background

Read pg 202-216 of textbook

Korean War

In 1949 - Chinese Communist Party defeatedKuomintang after 3 years of civil war.

China came under the rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with Mao Zedong as the leader.

China was declared as the Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC) on 1 Oct

1949

1. China becoming Communist

Significance to Cold War China was now perceived by the USA as a

threat to the capitalist bloc in the west. - Mao’s close relationship with USSR was feared by the USA. It was feared that USSR would provide resources to China to build more nuclear weapons.- China’s massive population was also a force to be reckoned with. It had the world’s third largest population and third largest territory.

Thus communism was now seen by the USA as a single united enemy that was determined to conquer the world

1. China becoming Communist

USA’s government was blamed to have lost China to CCP. The Nationalist government that had received support from the USA, fled to Taiwan and set up Republic of China (ROC) on 10 Oct 1949.

USA, in turned, decided to recognise ROC as the only China in the UN in hope to reduce PRC’s political power.

USA also turned to Japan as its main Asian ally against Communism

1. China becoming Communist

China’s role in the Korean War China becoming communist definitely lent

some weight to North Korea’s decision to embark on the war against South Korea

With its closest neighbour as a communist powerhouse, North Korea’s communist government now had boosted confidence to reunify Korea as one.

When China’s sovereignty was threatened in October 1950 by the UN forces invasion into North Korea, China joined in the Korean War, forcing the UN troops to South Korea.

1. China becoming Communist

Korea’s geographical position- North Korea is close to the communist bloc,

with China and USSR as major powerhouses.

- South Korea is near to Japan, a close ally of the USA.

- A strong and unified Korea under the ideology of democracy would mean a buffer against communism in Asia.

2. USA’s Insecurity

‘Domino Theory’- Truman was convinced that after China fell

communist in 1949, other countries in Asia would, too, follow, like a line of dominoes.

- The prevention of Japan, USA’s strongest ally in Asia, falling to communism, was probably the most important reason for USA’s involvement in the war.

- The support that was given to the South Korean side was also part of the American’s plan to ‘roll back’ communism.

2. USA’s Insecurity

Impact on the outbreak of Korean War

- South Korea was not mentioned in the US defence perimeter in January 1950 (pg 218)

- Gave Kim Il Sung confidence of invading South Korea

- This sparked off USA’s decision to get involved in the war.

2. USA’s Insecurity

China becoming communist- With China becoming communist, the communist bloc

had become stronger internationally.

North Korea’s strong connections with USSR

- USSR, like the USA, saw North Korea as a potential buffer against the capitalistic bloc

- North Korea was good platform for the 2 superpowers to prove their prowess

USSR’s success in creating its own nuclear weapon in 1949

- Korea War became a strategic tool for USSR to display its newfound power.

3. USSR’s Boost of Confidence

Korea’s hopes of being independent dashed

- Korea was annexed to Japan from 1905-1945.- Its was divided into 2 at the 38th parallel by

USA and USSR during the Potsdam Conference- It was to be a temporary division but became

permanent- North and South Korean governments were

set up, supporting the USSR and USA ideology respectively.North Korea – Democratic Republic of KoreaSouth Korea – Republic of Korea

4. Korea’s Internal Conflicts

Both North and South Korea wished to unify all of Korea again under their own form of government.

19481948

North Korea was communist and was formed as the Democratic People's

Republic of Korea, and Kim Il Sung was placed

as prime minister.

His invasion of South Korea in 1950 demonized him in

the eyes of all South Koreans and the multitude of nations aligned against

Communism.

In South Korea, Syngman Rhee

became president, he was anti Communist.

South Korea wished to bring democracy to all

of Korea

The hostility between the two states spilled into open warfare in 1950

1. A general election was to be held in Korea.

2. Suspicious of foul play by the U.S., the Soviets refused to allow the election to be held in North Korea

3. May 1948, South Korea held its first general elections. Soon thereafter, the Republic of Korea (ROK) was established and was promptly recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate government of Korea

4. During the same time the north followed with similar actions by holding its own elections.

5. Kim Il Sung was declared president of the new Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPKR) which was immediately recognized by the Soviet Union and other communist countries as the legitimate government of North Korea.

United States pulled out from South Korea, dropping from 40,000 troops

to approximately 500 troops

The United States also limited the number of weapons given to South Korea in fear of an attack on North

Korea

The Soviets had developed a nuclear bomb by 1949. The communists in

China and the Soviet Union were also powerful.

The United States felt the best way to aid the area would be non-military in

hopes of avoiding further wars

Unfortunately, North Korea had plans of their own.

On June 25th1950, North Korean armies crossed the 38th parallel, in hopes of unifying Korea by force.

The Korean War thus began.

Impact of Korean War

1. On the progress of Cold War- Becoming a ‘HOT’ war- The balance of the ‘scale’

2. On Asia- Korea- China- Japan- Taiwan