Chapter 7 -1st Industrial Revolution1700-1914

• Write down 5 things you remember from learning the Industrial Revolution last year

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Notes Read section 1 of chapter 7. (pages 246-249)

Fill in this slide with the following:

•Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

•Definition of Industrial Revolution

•How did farming and industry change?

•Improvements in Transportation

Section 1 Notes Quiz

1. What is Industrialization?

2. How did transformation in farming lead to population growth and industrialization

3. What factors led to industrialization-name three

Chapter 7

Section 1

Industrialization

Innovation in agriculture and industry lead to major social and economic changes during the 1700 and 1800’s.

Objectives for Chapter 9 Section 1• Analyze why life changed as industry

spread

• Summarize how an agricultural revolution led to the growth of industry

• Outline new technologies that helped trigger the Industrial Revolution

Industrialization• Industrialization- when power

driven machinery replaces manual labor done on farms, in homes, and during production.

• Industrialization starts in Britain during the 1700’s.

Life Before Industry• People lived the same way their ancestors had for

hundreds of years.• Seasons and religious traditions measured time• People relied almost solely on Farming to make a

living.• Families were small• High infant death rate• Only 25 % of people lived in towns or cities.• Village life

Village Life• Rural villagers were farmers.• Wealthy land owners rented land out.• Private and public land not separated

off-land used for peasants to farm• Public land-woodlands and pastures• Village economies were self-sufficient• Why?

Early Industries

• Small industry necessary to meet local needs

• Coal, glass, iron, wool• Domestic system used for industry.• Define Domestic System- process of

making cloth in ones home with several people (early factory concept

Beginnings of Change• Open Field system in rural villages is

ended during the 1700’s by the Enclosure Movement.

• Enclosures allowed landowners to take over and fence off private and common lands.

• What will happen to rural farmers??

Beginnings of Change• Rural farmers forced to move to cities to find

work.• Landowners implement new technology and

ideas to raise more crops.Examples-• Planting turnips-to preserve the soil• Crop rotation• Breeding stronger animals• See drillCan you think of technological changes in

farming from today?

Crop RotationCrop Rotation

Seed DrillSeed Drill

Beginnings of Change• Changes in farming= AGRICULTURAL

REVOLUTION

• AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION = more efficient farming that requires less manual labor

This allows for more food to be grown by less people freeing up others to work in industries.

Population Boom• More food led to an increase in population• Increase in food mad up for times of

famine which caused people to starve to death

• People’s eating became healthier• Hygiene and sanitation became better• Medical care improved-Antiseptics

New Technology Develops• New sources of energy to power

machines- Steam Engine (James Watt) powered by coal

• Iron ore- uses coal instead of charcoal-makes iron stronger and less expensive to produce-this leads to bridges and rail roads

Water Transportation•Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807•England’s water transport improved by system of canalsRoad Transportation•British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

ClermontClermont

Steam-Driven Locomotives• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive• In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester• Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities

Rocket Rocket

Section 1 Summary• Starting in the 1700’s machine made goods and

processes replaced man made• Agriculture revolutionized first• This increased population and allowed more

workers to be freed up to work in factories• Birth in new technologies started to modernize

societies• Life will go from small rural farmers to

industrialized cities

Britain Leads the WaySection 2

Objectives

• Understand why Britain was the starting point for the Industrial Revolution

• Describe the changes that transformed the textile industry

• Explain the significance of the transportation revolution.

Start of Industrialization in England

• Why does Industry Start in England?• ________________- Landowners made $

and could invest in industry.• _________________- iron ore, large

network of rivers and harbors, water• _________________supply-displaced

farmers, growing population• ________________-bring all the

resources together

Textiles Lead the Way

• __________________for cloth replaced by the Factory System. AKA-cottage industry or domestic system.

• Textile industry brings in advances in machinery.

• Those advances will eventually be implemented into other industries.

• Know the new machinery introduced to the textile industry in England.

Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves

Water Frame Richard Arkwright

Spinning Mule-Samuel Crompton

Cotton Gin-

Eli Whitney

Flying ShuttlesFlying Shuttles

• invented by John Kayinvented by John Kay• doubled the work a weaver could do in a daydoubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Spinning Jenny

• James HargreavesJames Hargreaves• Allowed spinner to work eight threads at a timeAllowed spinner to work eight threads at a time

Water FrameWater Frame

• Invented by Richard ArkwrightInvented by Richard Arkwright• used waterpower to drive spinning wheelsused waterpower to drive spinning wheels

Spinning MuleSpinning Mule

• Invented by Samuel CromptonInvented by Samuel Crompton• Combined features of a spinning jenny and water frameCombined features of a spinning jenny and water frame

• Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistentMade thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent

Power LoomPower Loom

•Invented by Edmund CartwrightInvented by Edmund Cartwright

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_paddle_steamship.shtml

Revolution in Transportation• Production increased so ways to transport goods

needed to follow suit• Better roads-_______________________-

entrepreneurs built them and charged travelers fees to use them

• ______________________ dug to connect rivers• _______________________(1800’s)-could go

places rivers could not-R.R. sprouted up all over Britain, Europe and North America

Why does Industry Grow at a Fast Pace?

• Industrial Capitalism• Interchangeable Parts• Division of Labor• Partnerships• Corporations• Capitalism• Laissez-Faire government policy• Better Transportation-Railroads, steamboats, road

transportation(turnpikes)

Summary• Britain had the necessary resources to

develop industry-labor, capital and natural resources

• Textile Industry was the first area to industrialize

• Industrialization grew due to Entrepreneurs, faster technology and transportation methods

Assessment Questions• Explain how each of the following helped

contribute to demand for consumer goods in Britain:

a.Population explosionb.General economic prosperity

• What was the significance of new machines to the textile industry?

• Explain how advances in Britain helped lead to global trade.

More affordable goods caused

still lower prices.

Lower prices created more consumers and greater demand.

Greater demand led to new inventions and still more affordable goods.

The new technology set off a cycle that dramatically affected how people lived.

Chapter 7 Section 3Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

• Explain what caused urbanization and what life was like in the new industrial cities.

• Compare and contrast the industrial working class and the new middle class.

• Understand how the factory system and mines changed the way people worked.

• Analyze the benefits and challenges of industrialization.

Chapter 7 Section 3 Objectives

•urbanization – the movement of people to cities

• tenement – crowded, multistory building divided into apartments

• labor union – workers’ organization

Terms and People

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization.

• Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers led people to migrate to cities.

• Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines mushroomed.

• Manchester grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.

The middle class lived in clean neighborhoods with running water and paved streets. Women stayed home to raise their children.

They included merchants, inventors, investors, and “rags to riches” individuals who were admired for their hard work and “get-ahead” attitude.

The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class, or bourgeoisie.

• The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory tenements packed into vile-smelling slums.

• Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench.

• Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water and spreading disease.

The cities where the working class lived were crowded, dark, dirty, and smoky.

Frustrated workers tried to organize secretly, but they lacked a political voice and were powerless to affect change.

•Between 1811 and 1813, textile workers rioted.

•Groups called Luddites smashed labor-saving machines that were replacing workers.

Frustration at times turned to violence:

Organizations such as labor unions were illegal.

See Chart Group Notes for this section also

Child labor reform laws called “factory laws” were passed in the early 1800s.

New laws in the 1830s and 1840s further reduced hours for women and

children, sent inspectors into factories, and required that children be educated.

•Children’s workdays were reduced to 12 hours.

•Children under eight were removed from the cotton mills.

The industrial age brought great hardship. Pay was low, conditions were terrible, and housing was dismal.

Workers later gained the vote and political power. Wages rose in time. The cost of new products and of travel dropped.

Since the 1800s people have debated whether industrialization was a blessing or a curse.

Minor labor laws

• http://www.com.ohio.gov/laws/docs/laws_MLLPoster.pdf

• Good site for child labor information during England's industrial revolution

• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRchild.htm

Chapter 7 section 4Chapter 7 section 4

New Ways of Thinking-New Ways of Thinking-Reforming the Industrial WorldReforming the Industrial World

Chapter 7 Section 4Chapter 7 Section 4Reforming the Industrial WorldReforming the Industrial World

• Section 4 is about trying to fix the problems Section 4 is about trying to fix the problems that industry bringsthat industry brings

1.1. Big gap between the rich and poorBig gap between the rich and poor2.2. Working conditions Working conditions 3.3. UrbanizationUrbanization

• Section 4 proposes different economic Section 4 proposes different economic theories to make people in society more theories to make people in society more equalequal

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems• Industrialization opened a wide gap between the Industrialization opened a wide gap between the

rich and the poor.rich and the poor.• Workers demanded more rights and some felt Workers demanded more rights and some felt

that government needed to change the way that government needed to change the way economies were organizedeconomies were organized

• By the 1800’s By the 1800’s big business big business viewed government viewed government involvement in the economy involvement in the economy negativelynegatively while the while the poor poor working class working class viewed government regulation viewed government regulation in the economy as a in the economy as a positivepositive..

• Too many problems in society = changeToo many problems in society = change

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems• Some countries will change the way their society Some countries will change the way their society

organizes their economy and makes decisions on organizes their economy and makes decisions on how people get the resources they need such as how people get the resources they need such as money and jobs.money and jobs.

• An An economic system economic system is the way in which countries is the way in which countries answer the 3 questions of answer the 3 questions of

1.1. Who should own resources in society?Who should own resources in society?2.2. What and how to produce?What and how to produce?3.3. Who gets the finished goods from production?Who gets the finished goods from production?

Industrialization leads to problemsIndustrialization leads to problems• Industry leads to problems in societyIndustry leads to problems in society• SolutionSolution--change the current economic system from change the current economic system from

Laissez-faireLaissez-faire capitalism to a system with government capitalism to a system with government intervention.intervention.

• Laissez Faire theoryLaissez Faire theory-industries and businesses make -industries and businesses make decisions without government telling them what to decisions without government telling them what to do.do.

• CapitalismCapitalism-factors of production are privately owned -factors of production are privately owned and invested to make a profit.and invested to make a profit.

• Thinkers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thinkers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo supported laissez-faire theoriesDavid Ricardo supported laissez-faire theories

• How did capitalism bring about the Industrial Rev.?How did capitalism bring about the Industrial Rev.?

Solutions to problems with Industry-make Solutions to problems with Industry-make economies more equaleconomies more equal

Proposed economic theories in the 1800’sProposed economic theories in the 1800’s

• Economic System_- Economic System_- means of production-means of production-capital, raw materials, land, factories, etc. capital, raw materials, land, factories, etc. should be owned by society and controlled should be owned by society and controlled through govt.through govt.

• Wealth would be distributed equally Wealth would be distributed equally throughout societythroughout society

Solutions to problems with industry Solutions to problems with industry continued…continued…

• Utilitarianism_-Utilitarianism_-everyone in society should put in everyone in society should put in equal work and receive equal benefits. equal work and receive equal benefits.

• Laws should be judged by usefulness.Laws should be judged by usefulness.• Education for allEducation for all• Public health service for allPublic health service for all• Improved PrisonsImproved Prisons• Bentham’s ideas were supportedBentham’s ideas were supportedBy John Stewart Mill-he actually setBy John Stewart Mill-he actually setUp a mill and town where wages were good and no Up a mill and town where wages were good and no

child labor was used.child labor was used.Jeremy Bentham

• Communism-Communism- society without private society without private property and class distinctions. Govt. property and class distinctions. Govt. would control property and wealth. would control property and wealth. Extreme socialismExtreme socialism

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels thought Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels thought of theoryof theory

• Believed that capitalism was Believed that capitalism was temporary phase in societytemporary phase in society

• ProletariatProletariat or the working class would or the working class would eventually overthrow the eventually overthrow the bourgeoisiebourgeoisie or the middle class to create an equal, or the middle class to create an equal, classless societyclassless society

Karl Marx

Frederich Engles

Solutions to problems with industry continued…

New Economic Theories = New Economic Theories = Creation of New Economic Creation of New Economic

SystemsSystems

Economic Systems ReformEconomic Systems Reform• Countries move away from a market system to fix Countries move away from a market system to fix

the problems of industrializationthe problems of industrialization• Governments get involved and put regulations on Governments get involved and put regulations on

businessesbusinesses• Most countries do not become communist even Most countries do not become communist even

though the government gets involved in the though the government gets involved in the economyeconomy

• Instead they become Mixed economies which call Instead they become Mixed economies which call for some government regulation while individuals for some government regulation while individuals still own private property and have freedom to still own private property and have freedom to make choices in the economymake choices in the economy

Force of ChangeForce of Change• Countries’ economies are forced to change Countries’ economies are forced to change

due to the spread of different economic due to the spread of different economic theories –socialism, communism and theories –socialism, communism and utilitarianismutilitarianism

• Unions develop and strikeUnions develop and strike• At first, governments did not allow unions.At first, governments did not allow unions.• Eventually unions are allowed to come Eventually unions are allowed to come

together with their employers to collective together with their employers to collective bargain. bargain.

Industrial Reforms Industrial Reforms

• Factory Act 1830-illegal to hire children under age 9, 9-12 years old could not work longer than 8, 13-17 no longer than 12

• Mines Act-no women and children working underground

• 10 hrs. Act-women and children can not work longer than 10 hours

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

• Abolition of slavery in EnglandAbolition of slavery in England• Women’s rights movement begins for Women’s rights movement begins for

higher wages, better education, and votinghigher wages, better education, and voting• Cities regulate housing through building Cities regulate housing through building

codes, fire and police protection, garbage codes, fire and police protection, garbage removal and try to clean up pollution (very removal and try to clean up pollution (very little)little)

ConclusionConclusion• By the late 1800’s and early 1900’s people could By the late 1800’s and early 1900’s people could

not ignore problems from industrializationnot ignore problems from industrialization• Economies became mixed balancing out private Economies became mixed balancing out private

interests with the good of the communityinterests with the good of the community• Some countries became totally equal-communism Some countries became totally equal-communism

in Russiain Russia• Industrialization continued to advance societies Industrialization continued to advance societies

and provide for a modern way of life while slowly and provide for a modern way of life while slowly addressing problems for the poor working classesaddressing problems for the poor working classes

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems

TraditionTradition MarketMarket CommandCommand MixedMixed

Relies on custom, habit, or ritual. Little room for innovation or change. Associated with low standard of living.

Economic decisions made by individuals. Freedom, competition, and profit are valued in this system.

Central gov’t or authority answers economic questions. Lack of consumer goods. Heavy in military spending.

Combines all three previous economic systems. Traditional and free market with limited government involvement.

CommunismSocialismUtilitarianism

Simple Exchange

Laissez-faire/Capitalism

Combination of all theories

New Science and Medicine During New Science and Medicine During 1800’s and 1900’s1800’s and 1900’s

• Not only were there problems with working Not only were there problems with working conditions in society but there were also conditions in society but there were also problems with disease and sickness.problems with disease and sickness.

• New Discoveries were being made during the New Discoveries were being made during the 18 and 1900’s which will improve the 18 and 1900’s which will improve the standard of living and life expectancy.standard of living and life expectancy.

• New Discoveries also help explain the way New Discoveries also help explain the way the world worksthe world works

New DiscoveriesNew Discoveries• Cell Theory and Evolution-Charles DarwinCell Theory and Evolution-Charles Darwin• Genetics-Gregor MendelGenetics-Gregor Mendel• Vaccines-Edward JennerVaccines-Edward Jenner• Discovery of Bacteria-Louis PasteurDiscovery of Bacteria-Louis Pasteur• Safe Surgery-Joseph ListerSafe Surgery-Joseph Lister• Atomic Theory-John DaltonAtomic Theory-John Dalton• Social Sciences-scientific study of human Social Sciences-scientific study of human

behaviorbehavior

Growth in PopulationGrowth in Population

• By 1900 advances in science and medicine By 1900 advances in science and medicine were showing resultswere showing results

• By 1900 most people could expect to live to By 1900 most people could expect to live to the age of 50.the age of 50.

• Europe’s population almost doubled.Europe’s population almost doubled.

Population and Transportation Population and Transportation

• Population grew and people became more mobilePopulation grew and people became more mobile

• RailroadsRailroads

• SteamshipsSteamships

• Transportation led to emigration and immigration.Transportation led to emigration and immigration.

ImmigrationImmigration

• Immigration- Immigration- coming to settle permanently into a coming to settle permanently into a foreign landforeign land

• Emigration-Emigration- leaving your home land to settle leaving your home land to settle elsewhere.elsewhere.

• Between 1870 and 1900 more than 25 million people Between 1870 and 1900 more than 25 million people left Europe. Most immigrated to the United Statesleft Europe. Most immigrated to the United States

ImmigrationImmigration

• Europeans left for different reasonsEuropeans left for different reasons

• Escape crowded citiesEscape crowded cities

• Find better jobs and livingFind better jobs and living

• Escape discrimination and persecutionEscape discrimination and persecution

Population and Growth of CitiesPopulation and Growth of Cities• Even though many Europeans immigrated to Even though many Europeans immigrated to

escape crowded cities they often found escape crowded cities they often found overcrowding in their new place of residence.overcrowding in their new place of residence.

• Urbanization-Urbanization- is the movement of people into is the movement of people into cities and the spread of city life.cities and the spread of city life.

• By 1914 80% of British people lived in cities.By 1914 80% of British people lived in cities.• Urbanization also spread to America, Urbanization also spread to America,

Germany, and FranceGermany, and France• What caused urbanization?What caused urbanization?

Problems of UrbanizationProblems of Urbanization

• Growing cities meant growing problemsGrowing cities meant growing problems• overcrowdingovercrowding• Poor building structures with fire a constant dangerPoor building structures with fire a constant danger• Factories create pollution-dirty smoky air.Factories create pollution-dirty smoky air.• crimecrime• sanitationsanitation• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=06802228-http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=06802228-

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Problems in Cities ReformedProblems in Cities Reformed

• Many of the problems listed will be Many of the problems listed will be improved through government reformsimproved through government reforms

• Think of how you made your city plansThink of how you made your city plans• Cities now implemented Cities now implemented building codes, fire building codes, fire

and police forces, regular sanitation pick up, and police forces, regular sanitation pick up, better town planning, and places for better town planning, and places for entertainment such as parks and libraries.entertainment such as parks and libraries.