chapter 5 unit ii: organization integumentary system part ii
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
Unit II: OrganizationIntegumentary System
Part II
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Five types of Exocrine glands:
1. Merocrine sweat glands
2. Apocrine sweat glands
3. Sebaceous glands
4. Ceruminous glands
5. Mammary glands
Skin OrgansCutaneous Glands
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Skin OrgansCutaneous Glands
Sweat Glands (sudoriferous glands)
• Plasma and waste products– 500 ml of insensible perspiration/day– diaphoresis – visible sweating (1L/hr)
• Merocrine glands is a simple tubular gland – millions of them help cool the body
• Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids– found only near hair follicles after puberty– Scent glands that respond to stress and sex
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Sebaceous glandLumen(hair removed)Wall of hair follicle
Basal lamina
Discharge ofsebumLumen
Breakdown ofcell membranesMitosis andgrowthGerminativecells
Skin OrgansCutaneous Glands
Sebaceous Glands
• Flask-shaped gland – opens into hair follicle– Some onto skin surface (pimples)
• Oily secretion called sebum– contains broken-down cells, fat, wax– lanolin in skin creams is sheep sebum
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Skin OrgansCutaneous Glands
Ceruminous Glands
• Found only in external ear canal
• Produce cerumen
• Functions of earwax:
– waterproof
– keeps eardrum flexible
– bitterness repel mites and other pests
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Skin OrgansCutaneous Glands
Mammary Glands
• Developed glands found only during lactation and pregnancy– modified apocrine sweat gland– Produce milk (lactate)– All individuals have undeveloped glands
– Must have high levels of estrogen to develop
• Mammary ridges or milk lines– 2 rows of mammary glands
• Polythelia – additional nipples– may develop along milk line
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• Melanin = yellow, brown, and black hues– All individuals have same number of cells– Cells stimulated by UV radiation to become more active
• Hemoglobin = red• Carotene = yellow, orange from diet
– concentrates in stratum corneum and hypodermis
Skin Color(Pigmentation)
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• Cyanosis = blueness from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather)
• Erythema = redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)
• Jaundice = yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes due to excess bilirubin in blood (liver malfunction)
Skin ColorAbnormalities
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Skin ColorAbnormalities
• Pallor = pale color from lack of blood flow, dermal collagen shows thru (low blood pressure, emotional stress)
• Albinism = a genetic lack of melanin
• Hematoma = a bruise (visible clotted blood)
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• Friction ridges– formed during fetal development– Unique pattern even for identical twins
• Flexion lines– Formed where skin folds during flexion of joint
• Freckles and moles =– Aggregation of melanocytes– freckles are flat; moles are elevated
• Hemangiomas– discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood
capillaries
Skin Markings
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• Regeneration– replacement of damaged cells with original cells– Restores original function– Epidermis and liver
• Fibrosis– replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (collagen)
• Function is not restored• healing muscle injuries, scarring of lung tissue in TB or
healing of severe cuts and burns of the skin (dermis)
Tissue Repair
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Initial Injury
Immediately after theinjury, mast cells inthe region trigger aninflammatoryresponse.
Bleedingoccurs at thesite of injury.
Epidermis
Dermis
Wound Healing
Plasma carries:•Antibodies•Clotting factors•WBCs
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Wound HealingAfter Several Hours
Blood clot forms to decrease blood lossand spread of microbes
Macrophages patrol thedamaged area
Cells of the stratumbasale undergo rapiddivisions to replace missing cells
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After One Week
Fibroblasts
Wound Healing
• New capillaries grow into wound
• Fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace old material
• Fibroblastic phase begins in 3-4 days and lasts up to 2 weeks
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After Several Weeks
Scartissue
Wound Healing
• Epithelial cells multiply and spread beneath scab
• Scab falls off
• Epithelium thickens
• Connective tissue forms only scar tissue (fibrosis)
• Remodeling phase may last 2 years
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• Production of tissues and organs in the lab
– Build a scaffold - polyester or collagen fibers
– seeded with human cells
– grown in “bioreactor” to supply O2 and nutrients
• Skin grafts already available
– research in progress on heart valves, coronary arteries, bone, liver, tendons
Tissue Engineering
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• Hot water, sunlight, radiation, electric shock or acids and bases
• Leading cause of accidental deaths from: • fluid loss – loose up to 75% of plasma within a few hours• infection
• Treatment – nutrition and fluid replacement, debridement and infection control
Skin DisordersBurns
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Skin DisordersBurns
(b) Second degree (c) Third degree(a) First degree
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• Tumors “swelling”– abnormal growth, cells multiply faster than they die
• Benign = not cancer– slow growth, connective tissue capsule, stays local
• Malignant tumor = cancer– 3 properties:
– fast growing – unencapsulated – metastatic
– stimulate angiogenesis
Cancer
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• Carcinogens – environmental cancer-causing agent
– chemical = cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals
– Radiation = gamma and UV
• Bone density scan = 1 day of natural radiation
• X-rays = 10 days
• CT scans = varies (head = 8 months; abdomin/spine = 3 yrs)
– Viruses = type 2 herpes simplex - uterus, hepatitis C - liver
Causes of Cancer
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Carcinogens
• Mutagens = Carcinogens – trigger gene mutations
• Defenses against mutagens and tumors
− Scavenger cells – remove mutagens
− Peroxisomes – neutralizes free radicals
− Nuclear enzymes – detect & repair damaged DNA
− Natural killer cells – immune surveillance
− Macrophages and monocytes secrete tumor necrosis factor
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Two types of genes responsible:
• Oncogenes – tells a cell to grow
– sis oncogene causes excessive production of growth factors
– ras oncogene codes for abnormal growth factor receptors
– ¼ of human cancers
• Tumor suppressor genes (TS)
– Tells a cell to stop growing
– damage to both removes control of cell division
– ½ the cases of Leukemia, colon, lung, breast, liver, brain
• Requires 5-10 mutations at different loci
• Death results from metastasis not the original tumor
Malignant Tumors
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• 90% of malignancies are carcinomas
• High rate of mitosis
• More exposed to carcinogens
• All skin cancers are malignant!
• Induced by UV rays of the sun
– basal cell carcinoma
• arises from stratum basale and invades dermis
• Most common
• Easiest to treat
Skin DisordersSkin Cancer
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Skin DisordersSkin Cancer
– squamous cell carcinoma
• arises in stratum spinosum
• metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal
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Skin DisordersSkin Cancer
– malignant melanoma
• Commonly arises from melanocytes of a preexisting mole
• Least common
• Most deadly
• ABCDE--asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed and diameter over 6 mm, evolving
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• UVA and UVB are improperly called “tanning rays” and “burning rays”
• As sale of sunscreens has risen so has skin cancer
– Does not protect against skin cancer, just sunburns!
– Higher incidence of basal cell carcinoma because people falsely assume they can stay out longer
– Some chemicals in sunscreen may damage DNA and generate harmful free radicals when exposed to UV rays
• Sunblock is better because it scatters and reflects UV rays
• Learn more at http://www.ewg.org/2013sunscreen/
Skin DisordersUVA, UVB
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Chapters: 3, 4, 5 Spelling matters!
• Fill in the blank 3x5 notecard
• Multiple Choice
• Matching
• Short answer
• True/False
Exam 1