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Chapter 5 Spatial data standard and metadata 1. Introduction
2. Standard and standardization
2.1 Definition of standards
documents establishing a common language, terminology, accepted practices and levels of
performance, as well as technical requirements and specifications, that are used consistently for
the development and use of products, services and systems
TechnicalSpecifications
Conventions Guidelines
Mandatory
Voluntary
InformationSystem
DataStructures
DataContents
DataValues
Implementation
Form of the standard
Level of granularity
PermissiveRestrictive
General
Detailed
Legallyenforced
Used by popularacceptance
Fig 5-1 A 3-D matrix definition of standards
2.2 Classification of standards
standard can be classified in different ways and different perspectives (Fig 5-2) 2.3 Standards organizations 1) category : international, national, Industry consortia
international : ISO(International Standard Organization) TC211(GIS)
CEN(Comite Europeen de Normalization)
national : ANSI(US), NIST(US), 국토지리정보원, 한국정보통신기술협회
industry : OGC(Open GIS Consortium), W3G(World Wide Web Consortium)
s
Standard
Open Standard ProprietaryStandard
Mandatory (dejure) Standard
Voluntary (defacto / Industry)
Standard
PurposeImplementationSpecification
AbstractSpecification
Development /Stewardship
Privateorganisations
Standard developmentorganisations /
Industry consortia
Implementation
PopularAcceptance
Legislation andregulations
Is alw ays
High-leveldescription
Technicaldetai ls
Public DomainStandard
Communalstew ardship
Developerstew ardship
Is alw ays
Fig 5-2 Classification of standards
s
3. Spatial data standards
3.1 Importance of spatial data standards advantage of standards include :
quality assurance and control, accountability in spatial design and implementation,
accessibility and interoperability, best practice in spatial data management, equal opportunity for
all spatial data suppliers and users, technological innovations, synergy and scale of economies in
the use of spatial data 3.2 Standards for spatial database systems (Fig 5-3) 3.3 Examples of spatial data standards (Fig 5-4 to Fig 5-9)
Spatial DatabaseSystems
Standards
HardwareStandards
SoftwareStandards Data Standards
DesktopComputer /WorkstationStandards
CommunicationsNetwork and Web
ServicesStandards
OperationSystems (OS)
Standards
ApplicationStandards
ModellingStandards
AccuracyStandards
SpatialData
Standards
Non-spatialData
Standards
VectorData
Standards
RasterData
Standards
ServerStandards
DBMSStandards
DevelopmentEnvironmentStandards
ProfessionalPractice
Standards
EncodingStandards
MetadataStandards
TransferStandards
RepresentationStandards
QueryStandards
InterfaceStandards
ReferenceData Sets
Object /Feature
Catalogue
Fig 5-3 A typology of standards applicable to spatial DB systems
StandardsCouncil ofStandards
(SCC)
Canadian GeneralStandards Board
(CGSB)
ISO/TC 211Map Library
CatalogNational
Standards
Maintains
Inter-agency Committeeon Geomatics (IACG)
NationalStandards
System
Canadian Council onGeomatics
(CCOG)
NaturalResources Canada
OpenGeospatialConsortium
Co-ordinates thedevelopment of
References
References
References
Accredits
Oversees
Is a committee of
Maintains
Par
tner
ship
International SpatialData Standards
Canadian SpatialData Standards
Is a member of
Is a member of
Develops and maintainsDevelops andmaintains
Adopts and endorses
Are included in
Advises SCC onmatters relating to
Works under
International StandardsOrganisations
Represents Canada in
Par
tner
ship
Canadian GeospatialData Infrastructure(CGDI)
GeoBasePortal
Oversees
Priv ate sectorGeomatics companies
Prov incial geospatialdata standards
Adv isoryCommittee
on ISO
Committee onGeomatics (COG)
Standards Councilof Canada Act
Fig 5-4 Standard development in Canada
International Committee onInformation Technology
Standards(INCITS)
INCITS TechnicalCommittee L1-GIS
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ISO TechnicalCommittee (TC) 211
International Organisation forStandardisation (ISO)
Open GeospatialConsortium (OGC)
Federal GeographicData Committee
(FGDC)
Is a member of
Sets pol icies for
Is a votingmember of
Is an advisorymember of
Is a Sub-committee of
Accredits
Accredits U.S. TAG to
Is m
embe
r of Is a committee of
Counties / Cities
Participate in standardsdevelopment
Softw areVendors
Federal SpatialData Standards
Standards DevelopmentOrganisations
Industry Consortia
Office ofManagementand Budget
Inter-organisational liaison
States
OtherConsortia
Members of
Members of
Member of Academic &research
community
Fig 5-5 Standard development in United States
OtherProfiles
TopologicalVectorProfi le
RasterProfi le
PointProfi le
CADDProfi le
DigitalLine
Graphics
TIGER
Shapefiles
DigitalElevation
Model
DigitalOrthophoto
Quads
NGSControl
AutoCAD
Micro-Station
Profiles
BaseStandard
DataProducts
Profiles-ProductMapping
Environment
Spatial DataTransfer Standard
(SDTS)
OtherProducts
OtherProducts
Fig 5-6 Implementing the SDTS
SPECIFICATIONS
Harmonisation
Standardisation
Integration
USERS
Metadata
Discovery Service
Data Policies
Licensing FrameworkCoordinating Structures
Geodetic FrameworkSeamless DataQuality AssuranceCertificationData Model
Catalog ServicesObject Access ServiceGeneralisation ServicesGeoprocessing Services
....
....
....
Deliver Information Services
Request Information Services
ISO 19100 and OGCCOMPLIANT
Local DataEuropean Data
National andSub-national SDI
DATA RESOURCES
Members ofthe public
NGOs and otherNon-Profit Organisations
Research and EducationCommunities
Commercial/ProfessionalServices
Utilities andPublic Services
Government andAdministration
Fig 5-7 The INSPIRE spatial infrastructure high level model
User Applications Clients
Middleware
ServersDistributed
ContentRepositories
Catalogues
Metadata search& retrieval fordata & services
Service chaining,search, display,access,e-business
Direct dataaccess ISO 19136
Metadata UpdateISO 19119ISO 19125ISO 19128
ISO 19135ISO 19119
ISO 19128/WMSWFS
Access to transformeddata, maps, multi-media
ISO/TS 19103ISO 19109ISO 19110ISO 19115
ISO 19103ISO 19107ISO 19108
ISO 19111ISO 19112ISO 19113
ISO 19118ISO/TR 19121ISO 19123
ISO 19120ISO 19109
Fig 5-8 The INSPIRE architecture reference model including example ISO19100 standards
ISOBase Standard
AbstractSpecification
ImplementationSpecification
NationalStandards(Profiles)
International Organizationfor Standardisation (ISO)
Open GeospatialConsortium(OGC)
Reference
Deployment Revision
Amendment
Amendment
Development
Specif icimplementationrequirement
Implementation and Services
Deployment Revision
National / RegionalStandardsOrganisations(see Figures 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 )
Reference
User Community
StandardsPolicy
Governs
Fig 5-9 A model of a global spatial data standards infrastructure
(Fig 5-3)
4. Concepts and methods of metadata
4.1 Definition of metadata data or information about data 4.2 Importance of metadata uniformity of data collection, data management, data use, data understanding, data sharing, data
achieving and warehousing 4.3 Spatial metadata standards (Fig 5-10) 4.4 Spatial metadata tools (Fig 5-11) 4.5 Process of implementing spatial metadata (Fig 5-12)
ISO 19115 - Metadata
Metadata
Basic metadataelements
LanguageCharacter SetHierarchyStandard NameVersionDate
Metadata Contact
Content Information
Reference System
Metadata Constraints
Responsible Party
Online Service
Citation
Required
Conditional /Optional
CSDGM
CEN 287MetadataStandard
Other MetadataStandards
Data identificationinformation
Extension information
Portrayal catalogueinformation
Application schemainformation
Data qualityinformation
Spatial representation
Distribution information
Fig 5-10 Organization of ISO 19115 metadata standard
CSDHMISO 19115 Mapping /Crosswalk
DATA
IntelligentExtraction
Form /Wizard
TextEditor
XML
Parser
Form /Wizard
TextEditor
XML
Parser
Portrayal
User
Metadata Server
SearchEngine
Metadata Metadata
Pre-parser
Form /Wizard
TextEditor
DataMining
GSML HTML
Automatedmetadata collection
Manualmetadatacapture
Manualmetadatacapture
Data entryData entry
Formatting in a markup language
Encoding in a text file format
Metadata content correctionand maintenance
Using metadata
Fig 5-11 Implementing spatial metadata
CSDGM
Fig 5-12 Implementing spatial metadata
5. Data standards and metadata in spatial database systems
5.1 Issues with implementing standards and metadata in spatial DB systems embedding metadata within the data set : tight couple w/ data, but need to collect each time
storing metadata in a separate database or registry : easy to manage w/o affecting the content of
data set, but require more complex procedure in case data set is updated 5.2 Model of using standards and metadata in spatial database design and implementation (Fig 5-13)
Systems OperationStandards
Systems Dev elopment /Management Standards
Enterprise ResourcePlanning Standards
Technologyviewpoint
Applicationviewpoint
Systemsengineering
viewpoint
ContentViewpoint
Workflow / Processviewpoint
Businessplanningviewpoint
Strategic visionviewpoint
Policyviewpoint
Constraint on
Constraint on
Govern
Specify
Metadata Dataviewpoint
Constraint on
Used by
Govern
Is part of
Fig 5-13 A model of a standards-based spatial DB system