CHAPTER 5

PILOT PROJECT

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CHAPTER 5PILOT PROJECT

5.1 Basic Strategy of the Pilot Project

Bottom-up resource management based on fishing village communities is drawing worldwide

attention as an approach to artisinal fisheries resource management. Reasons for this are, (1) all

attempts to conduct top-down resource management under government initiative have ended in failure

after not being accepted by fishermen, and (2) bottom-up resource management is suited to under-

financed developing countries because it doesn’t entail great costs or human resources.

The same thing is happening in Senegal: whereas government-led efforts are not working, fishing

villages such as Kayar are achieving results in resource management conducted under the initiative of

fishermen.

Japan has been the most successful country in bottom-up resource management, and the Study Team

has know-how that other donors do not possess and is thought to be compatible with the needs of

Senegal. Accordingly, the Study Team decided to apply bottom-up resource management under the

initiative of fishermen by referring to the experiences of Kayar and Japan. Having said that, since

resource management also requires government involvement regarding the enhancement of scientific

knowledge and preparation of fishing methods, the project objective was defined as “constructing a

model of joint management under the initiative of fishermen.”

The basic strategy of the pilot project was a “win-win approach aiming to establish both resource

management and poverty alleviation.” If it is aimed to implement resource management via closed

seasons and closed zones, etc., since immediate fisheries incomes will decrease, fishermen will not

want to lend their support and the project will not be feasible. In order to overcome this problem, it is

important to diversify sources of income for fishermen.

In the pilot project, the effectiveness of the win-win approach was recognized. Projects that require

fishermen to implement resource management alone have not been very successful, however, it has

been shown that projects that include measures to improve the living standard of citizens living in

poverty provide an economic incentive for fishermen to play an active role in resource management.

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5.2 Analysis of the Project Sites

Nianing and Yenne were selected as the project sites because they offered the conditions required for

resource management, i.e. fishermen were willing to take part in the project and there is good

solidarity among existing fishermen’s organizations, etc.

In Nianing, it was originally estimated that two years would be required to achieve the project

objectives, however, the active participation of fishermen in the project allowed the objectives to be

realized in a short time. As a result, it was possible to expand the project activities to Pointe-Sarene

and Mballing located next to Nianing in the second year.

Features of the project sites compared to other fishing villages are as indicated below.

(1) Awareness of fishermen towards resource management

In villages where fishermen have low awareness about resource management, activities must

begin from enlightenment. In the pilot project, in consideration of the time limitation of two

years, it was decided to select fishing villages where awareness of resource management is high.

Concerning the high level of awareness in Nianing and Yenne, it is thought that the good quality

of education of fishermen is a major factor (fishermen are fluent in French, have high

information gathering capacity and hold strong morals regarding resource management).

(2) Solidarity of fishermen’s organizations

Not only do Nianing and Yenne possess fishermen’s organizations, but the organizations

themselves seem to share problems and vision, communicate information, possess leadership of

officers, and have a determination to take an organized approach to resource management. In the

case of Nianing, the high proportion of Serer fishermen (possessing experience of joint farming

activities) contributes to the organizational strength, whereas in the case of Yenne, experience

with an OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) artificial reef project in the past

seems to have benefited solidarity.

(3) Ratio of local fishermen to migratory fishermen

There is a high ratio of local fishermen in Nianing and Yenne. Since behavioral patterns (types of

fish species, fishing seasons, landing areas, lifestyles) and thought patterns (traditional values and

codes, awareness of stock utilization, desire to participate in local activities) differ between local

fishermen and migratory fishermen, it is difficult to bring together both sides. In Senegal, there

are some fishing villages that have a high percentage of migratory fishermen (Saint-Louis

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fishermen are a good example), and it is necessary to consider effective approaches to resource

management in these kinds of villages too.

(4) Ratio of fixed stocks to migratory stocks

At Nianing and Yenne, migratory stocks (fish species) can also be caught, but landed quantities

of fixed stocks are large. Since the management of fixed stocks in such species as shellfish, squid

and octopus can be approached in units of fishing villages, this is an ideal target for the pilot

project. However, as can be gathered from Table 5-1, fish species are mainly caught in Senegal

and many fishing villages are in need of resource management. Accordingly, the target species

were widened to include demersal fish, thereby creating additional case studies of resource

management.

(5) Size of the fishing villages

Nianing and Yenne were selected because they are small and easy to conduct activities in.

However, even though it is easy to conduct resource management in small villages, problems

exist in that, 1) stock recovery effects cannot be expected, and 2) a sense of unfairness arises

among fishermen who take part in the project. Accordingly, in the second year of the pilot

project, effort was made to conduct area-wide resource management by spreading the project

activities to Pointe-Sarene and Mballing located next to Nianing. As the scale of implementation

of the project increased, so too did the level of attention in and impact of the project.

(6) Ripple effects of the resource management model to surrounding villages

Since Nianing and Yenne are located close to one another, they practice similar fisheries and also

conduct mutual exchange via friendship activities, etc., there was thought to be potential for

ripple effects of the resource management mode. The Study Team did not conduct enlightenment

or dissemination activities in particular, however, neighboring villages expressed a desire to

participate when they heard about the results of the project.

(7) Existence of other projects

In order to avoid confusing fishermen, fishing villages where projects by other donors are being

or will be implemented were not selected. The OCFA project in Yenne shown in Table 5-1 was a

Japanese project for artificial reefs, and the pilot project here represented a follow-up to this. The

FENAGIE project in Nianing was an artisanal fisheries group that supported the organization of

fishermen in the past, and the pilot project here developed a partnership with this group.

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(8) Distance from Dakar

Nianing and Yenne are located close to Dakar, where government agencies are concentrated.

Although fishermen play the main role in bottom-up resource management, since it is necessary

for fishermen to hold frequent talks with the government and donors, access to the fishing

villages is an important point. In the case of remote areas, regional branches of the DPM can be

utilized, however, administrative and research support for resource management becomes weak.

(9) Market access

Market access is an important requirement in order for fishermen to conduct economic activities.

In Nianing, joint shipping of shellfish, octopus, squid and sole is carried out in order to make up

for reduced income arising from resource management, however, this is only possible because a

fisheries company is located nearby. In districts (Saloum Delta, etc.) that are not blessed with

such conditions, it is necessary to consider other alternative means of livelihood.

(10) Fisheries infrastructure

Fisheries infrastructure has both positive and negative aspects. Where fisheries infrastructure

exists, landed quantities increase, middlepersons gather and a sellers’ market is formed. On the

down side, higher concentration of landing fishermen means that resource management is

difficult. If resource management can be successfully implemented in Nianing, which has no

fisheries infrastructure, other fishing villages that face similar conditions can utilize this know-

how.

To sum up, the features of the selected project sites can be described as follows: (1) there is high

awareness of resource management; (2) solidarity of fishermen’s organizations is strong; (3) there is a

high ratio of local fishermen; (4) there is a high ratio of fixed stocks; (5) the fishing villages are

compact in size; (6) fishing villages possessing similar conditions are located nearby; (7) there is no

overlapping of projects by other donors; (8) access from government agencies is good; (9) market

access is good; and (10) fisheries infrastructure is under-developed. These are thought to be the

conditions required to commence basic resource management in a country such as Senegal, where

resource management is not well developed.

Table 5-1 Current Condition of Artisinal Fishing Villages in Senegal

VillageResource

managementActivities

Fishermen’sOrganizations

Local/MigratoryFishermen

Type of Stocks FishingBoats

AdjacentVillages

Other Projects Distancefrom Dakar

Market Access FisheriesInfrastructure

Comment

St. Louis Operatingrestrictions

CNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession

100％local fishermen,but they are not therefor half the year.

Pelagic fish,demersal fish 1,611 WWF/OCEANIUM 264 km Very poor Village is too large to conduct resource

management

Mouit 35 260 km Very poor As a riverside fishing village, conditions aretoo different from other villages.

Lompoul Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Demersal fish 44 189 km Poor Facilities suppliedby JICA

Local fishermen are too few.

Fass-Boye Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish

137 Mboro 136 km Very poor Local fishermen are too few.Roads are unpaved.

Kayar

CatchrestrictionsOperatingrestrictions

CNPS, MbalmiGIE interprofessionComité de pêche

Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen

Pelagic fish,demersal fish 551 WWF/OCEANIUM

DPM 58 km Good Facilities suppliedby JICA

Resource management is already in progress.

Hann Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish 167 FENAGIE/Swiss In a city Very good

Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.A fishing boat registration project wasimplemented in the past.

Yoff Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish 348 In a city Very good Fishermen have low awareness and

organizational capacity.

OuakamFishinggrounddivision

APO, Union locale Local fishermen Demersal fish 99 Soumbedioune FENAGIE In a city Very good Problems exist with use of dynamite infishing.

Thiaroye Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish

185 15 km Very good Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.

Rufisque Artificial reefs Union localeUPR

Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish

295 FENAGIE/SwissOFCA,OCEANIUM

28 km Good A fishing boat registration project wasimplemented in the past.

Bargny Artificial reefs Union localeComité de récif

Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish

134 Miname OFCA 33 km Good The village has experience of fish reefs.

Yenne Artificial reefsCNPSUnion localeComité de récif

Local fishermen Demersal fish 318 Sendou OFCA 38 km Good Market facilitiesThe village has experience of fish reefs.Fishermen’s organizations are active.

Ngaparou CNPS Local fishermen Demersal fish,octopus

103 Sali-Portudal 75 km Poor Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.

MbourCNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession

Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen

Pelagic fish,demersal fish,

octopus, shellfish718 DPM

FENAGIE83 km Good

Market facilitiesVillage is too large to conduct resourcemanagement

JoalCNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession

Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen

Pelagic fish,demersal fish

Octopus, shellfish579 FENAGIE 114 km Good Market facilities

Village is too large to conduct resourcemanagement

Nianing Coastalbeautification

Union locale Local fishermen Demersal fish,octopus, shellfish

117 MbalingPointe-Sarene

FENAGIE 90 km Good Village is too large to conduct resourcemanagement

Djifère Migratory fishermen Demersal fish 257 Dionouar 130 km Good More of a camp community rather than avillage

VillageResource

managementActivities

Fishermen’sOrganizations

Local/MigratoryFishermen

Type of Stocks FishingBoats

AdjacentVillages

Other Projects Distancefrom Dakar

Market Access FisheriesInfrastructure

Comment

Missirah Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish 52 270 km Very poor Facilities supplied

by JICA Roads are unpaved.

Niodior Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish

64 UICN, JICA 143 kmboat

Very poor Fishermen are getting themselves organized.

Kafountine 56The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.

Ziguinchor 497The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.

Elinkine 51The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.

Diogue 148The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.

Note） CNPS: Collectif National des Pêcheurs du Sénégal (Senegal Federation of Fishermen), Union locale: village organization of FENAGIE, FENAGIE: Fédération nationale des GIEs（National Federation of fishermen’s groups）, GIE:Groupement d’Interet Economique、UPR: Union des Pêcheurs de Rufisque（Rufisque Fishermen’s Union）, APO: Association des Pêcheurs d’Ouakam（Ouakam Fishermen’s Association）, Comité de pêche: Kayar Fisheries Commission,Mbalmi: Kayar Roundhaul Fisher Association, Comité de récif: artificial reef management committee

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5.3 Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing

5.3.1 Outline of the Pilot Project

In the first year, the project was implemented in Nianing. Since catches of octopus and cymbium

(large spiral shellfish) in Nianing have been small in recent years, in the kickoff workshop some

residents were heard to say, “Stocks will become exhausted if we carry on like this. We need to

regulate the fishery in order to preserve it for our children and grandchildren.” At this time, the

fishermen decided to implement autonomous management measures such as the setting of closed

seasons and release of shellfish fry in order to restore stocks. However, since implementing resource

management alone would lead fishing households into bankruptcy, the fishermen also decided to

augment household incomes through generating revenue from the joint shipping of octopus and

cymbium. Meanwhile, since resource management cannot only be implemented by fishermen but also

requires government involvement, it is important to build joint management between fishermen and

the government. Accordingly, the local government established an ordinance concerning autonomous

management. Also, CRODT decided to provide biological information regarding important stocks to

the fishermen.

In the second year, participation was expanded to neighboring Pointe-Sarene and Mballing that share

the same resources and fishing grounds. The three villages jointly set closed seasons for octopus and

cymbium and reduced the use of gillnets targeting demersal fish (mainly sole). Moreover, in

collaboration with a local NGO, the villages made preparations for the setting of marine protection

zones. Regarding resource management compensation measures, since the treatment of large amounts

of waste shells is a problem in the three villages, they decided to carry out recycling. Specific

measures comprised, (1) small-scale poultry farming making use of shells, (2) octopus spawning reefs

(pots) making use of shells, and (3) development of building materials made from shells. In Pointe-

Sarene and Mballing, fueling facilities were constructed.

Figure 5-1 shows the list of activities in the pilot project.

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Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing

Project objective: To build a model of joint management between the government and fishermen

Octopus and cymbium closedseasons

Octopus spawning reefs Joint shipping

Restriction of gillnets Restriction of seine nets Refueling equipment

Release of cymbium fry Maintenance of fisheries statistics Poultry farming

Technical advice

Supply of equipment

Provision of scientific information Establishment of ordinance

Figure 5-1 List of Project Activities

Resource management Compensation

Activities by residents

Government support Support by JICA

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5.3.2 Cooperation Period

February 2004 ~ February 2006 (2 years)

5.3.3 Cooperation Contents

(1) Overall goal

1) To disseminate a model of joint management to other fishing villages

2) To reflect the project achievements in national plans

(2) Project purpose

To have the model of joint management between the government and fishermen recognized

among fisheries-related persons

(3) Outputs

1) Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen

2) Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management

3) Maintenance of the living standard of local residents

4) Revitalization of local economic activities

5) Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in resource

management

(4) Inputs

Japanese side:

• Three consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s

organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy)

• Supply of facilities and equipment (cymbium storage shed, fish boxes, notice boards, personal

computers, crusher machines, spawning reefs, fueling equipment)

• Vehicles

• Acceptance of two counterparts to training in Japan

Senegalese side:

• Three counterparts (2 from DPM, 1 from CRODT)

• One DPM branch member (a counterpart for practical purposes)

• One CRODT technician (biological survey)

• One employee of FENAGIE-PECHE (artisinal fisheries group) (technical support)

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(5) Cost of above facilities and equipments

• Cymbium storage shed 10,000 thousand FCFA (US$20,000)

(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)

• Fish boxes 6,916 thousand FCFA (US$13,800)

(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)

• Notice boards 1,348 thousand FCFA (US$2,700)

(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)

• Computer set (Nianing) 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700)

• Crusher machine (Nianing) 1,500 thousand FCFA (US$3,000)

• Octopus spawning reefs 1,656 thousand FCFA (US$3,300)

(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)

• Fueling stations (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) 12,000 thousand FCFA (US$24,000)

• Poultry farming (Nianing) *Loan 2,000 thousand FCFA (US$4,000)

Total 36,290 thousand FCFA (US$72,500)

5.3.4 Flow of Pilot Project Activities

Figure 5-2 shows the flow of main project activities.

5.3.5 Pilot Project Outputs

The anticipated outputs described in 5.3.2 and the actual outputs over the two years are indicated

below.

Output 1) “Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen,” the main point concerns how

far the fishermen planned and executed resource management themselves.

• All resource management activities were planned as a result of discussion between the fishermen.

• Concerning participation in the octopus closed season (September 15 ~ October 15), 141 fishing

boats (100%) from Nianing took part in 2004. In 2005, 371 fishing boats (100%) from Nianing,

Pointe-Sarene and Mballing observed the autonomous management rules.

• Regarding the closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~ February 20), only Nianing took part in

2005, when the closed season was observed by 53 fishing boats (75%) at the start but eventually 70

fishing boats (almost 100%) at the end. In 2006, 240 fishing boats (almost 100%) from the three

villages implemented the closed season.

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• Approximately 200 octopus spawning reefs (pots) were set to coincide with the closed season from

September to October in the three villages, and spawning was confirmed in many of the pots. Since

it is considered effective for stock recovery to combine closed seasons with spawning reefs for

octopus, it is hoped that this activity be expanded more in future (see the next figure).

• Concerning the release of cymbium fry, approximately 5,000 shells were released over the two

years. When these shells were recaptured five months later, body growth was confirmed and the

fishermen realized effectiveness of the activity at first hand. Accordingly, it is anticipated that

cymbium stocks can be restored through increasing the number of released shells.

• Regarding the resource management of demersal fish (sole), it was agreed to reduce the quantity of

gillnets by 30%. Although this activity has only just started, there is a strong willingness among

fishermen to observe the rules.

• The effort to protect fry through setting closed zones and regulating the use of seine nets in waters

just off the three villages is being conducted in a joint effort with the local NGO OCEANIUM. This

activity is still at the stage of discussion with fishermen.

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Kickoff WorkshopFebruary 2004

With participation from citizens and governmentofficials, opinions were exchanged concerning thecurrent conditions and problems of villages, planning ofthe project, organizational setup for resourcemanagement, and role of the Government of Senegal.

▽

Start of the Resource management CommitteeFebruary 2004

A resource management committee consisting offishermen, middlepersons and women engaged inprocessing was organized.

▽

Start of the octopus biological surveyFebruary 2004

Biological survey of octopus was conducted for one yearin the villages, in order to clarify the spawning seasonand secure reference data for setting the closed season.

▽

Start of joint shipping of cymbiumMarch 2004

The Study Team coordinated between the resourcemanagement committee and the fisheries company.

▽

Residents’ assembly on the octopus closed seasonJuly 2004

The closed season for octopus (September 15 ~ October15) was decided in a majority vote by residents.

▽

Tour of Nianing by the Minister of Ocean FisheriesOctober 2004

The Minister of Ocean Fisheries visited Nianing andpraised the autonomous resource management activitiesof the fishermen.

▽

Residents’ assembly on the cymbium closed seasonDecember 2004

The closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~February20) was decided in a majority vote by residents.

▽

Decision on project participation byMballing and Pointe-Sarene

April 2005

Following on from octopus and cymbium, resourcemanagement was expanded to demersal fish too.

▽

Setting of octopus spawning reefsAugust 2005

Spawning of octopuses was confirmed, therebyindicating the potential for stock propagation.

▽

Start of poultry farming and completion offueling equipment

October 2005

Diversification of income sources, necessary forresource management, was realized.

Figure 5-2 Main Flow of Project Activities

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Octopus closed season and spawning reefs (pots)

An octopus pot hauled from waters at a depth of 12 m off the coast of Nianing in Senegal.

Inside can be seen a mother octopus and eggs (white granules) (October 11, 2005)

1. Resident participation in resource management

At first the fishermen wanted the closed season and spawning reefs to be set for the octopus

spawning season of September~October. And just as they said, the octopuses spawned in

September and October. It may be said that this confirmed the importance of utilizing the

experiential know-how of fishermen in resource management.

Moreover, it is thought that the fishermen adhered to the closed season because they

themselves compiled the rules

2. Construction of the joint management model

CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted a yearlong survey of the spawning season and

thereby obtained scientific backing for the opinion of the fishermen (the survey findings

showed the spawning season to be September). Concerning administrative involvement in

resource management, the prefectural government passed an ordinance prior to the closed

season. For Senegal, which faces numerous financial and technical limitations, this may be

said to be the feasible model of joint management at the current time.

Output 2), “Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management,” in

light of the project concept of constructing a model of bottom-up joint management, it was important

that the government and fishermen respectively compiled and executed appropriate action plans. Both

sides confirmed that, 1) the role of the government was to provide scientific information to fishermen

and take the legal measures necessary for resource management, and 2) the role of the fishermen was

to establish autonomous management rules pertaining to local fisheries stocks and to take an organized

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approach to resource management. The fishermen were allowed to take the lead in resource

management, while the government and donors only gave backup when it was needed.

Output 3), “Maintenance of the living standard of local residents,” the change in the living standard of

residents resulting from the project can be gauged by calculating the economic impact of resource

management activities and lifestyle improvement activities (compensation). In Nianing, as a result of

calculating losses arising from resource management and gains arising from joint shipment, it was

found that the gains exceeded losses (details are given later). This was the main reason why the project

gained the backing of residents, and newspapers in Senegal had the following to say about the project:

“The joint shipment of cymbium generates a major increase in income and provides compensation for

the closed season. Ever since the Japanese project started, the price of cymbium is stable and revenue

has increased by 50%. Residents have been freed from harsh labor conditions and are now able to

spend more time with their families.” Thanks to the installation of refueling equipment in Pointe

Sarene and Mbaling, residents no longer need to travel to purchase gasoline and they now have more

time to spend on economic activities such as fishing and farming (see the next section).

Refueling Equipment

Truck bringing gasoline to Pointe-Sarene (November 7, 2005)

1. Reason for selecting refueling equipment

The question of how to compensate or find alternative income for fishermen, who are

disadvantaged by resource management, is a difficult one. Aquaculture and eco-tourism

require time before they can be fruitful; neither is it possible to give money in compensation.

The fishermen came up with the idea of refueling equipment. Reasons for this are: (1)

resolving the greatest problem facing fishermen will provide an incentive for resource

management, (2) since gasoline tanks and pumps can be rented, this measure can be repeated

at other villages too, and (3) residents offered to bear the cost of purchasing gasoline. The

project paid for the construction work (approximately 1,350,000 yen) to lay the foundations,

etc. for the refueling equipment.

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2. Maintenance of refueling equipment

The resource management committee (one leader, one equipment operator, one accountant)

maintains the equipment under the supervision of the DPM. The equipment operator has

experience of maintaining refueling equipment and received training at Fenagie-Peche

(Bargny) before the equipment was installed.

Gasoline is sold between 07.00 and 19.00, and fishermen purchase between 5-10 liters each

time. Between 40~80 fishermen come to buy gasoline every day and they also come from

other villages. The price is 10 Fcfa higher than the market price, however, it still works out

cheaper than traveling long distances to buy. The commission of the committee is used for

operator salaries, equipment maintenance (repair costs, field repair costs), support for

resource management activities and community activities, and the remainder is saved.

3. Potential for dissemination to other fishing villages

Many fishing villages in Senegal do not possess refueling equipment, so it is thought that

such equipment has high potential as a means of complementing fishermen’s incomes. There

are signs that other donors want to copy this project too. In GIRMaC by the World Bank, it is

planned to install refueling equipment in exchange for conducting resource management in

Ngaprou and Funjeune.

Output 4), “Revitalization of local economic activities,” the level of participation in the project by

local companies was checked. Joint shipments of cymbium were started in March 2004, when direct

dealings were commenced with a South Korean affiliated company. When this company does not want

to purchase, the shipments are switched to a Chinese affiliated company. Octopus, cuttlefish and sole

are shipped to a Japanese affiliated company, and some of the fish landed in Nianing are exported to

Europe and Japan, etc. Quantities of dealings with these companies are given in detail in the later

section on economic impacts.

Output 5), “Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in

resource management,” personal computers have been installed in Nianing and the fishermen have

completed training with a view to compiling a ledger on the joint consolidation and shipping of

catches. When this system is completed, more accurate fisheries data than at present will be obtained

for reflection in future resource management.

As can be gathered, the project was a success in terms of realizing joint resource management under

the initiative of fishermen, and as a result the term “bottom-up” came to be heard frequently among

fisheries officials. The project activities were reported in the local press, television and radio, and the

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Minister of Maritime Economy stated that the activities of the fishermen of Nianing would be

acclaimed. As a result, fishermen in other villages have started showing an interest in Japanese

projects.

The issue in future will be to disseminate the joint management model that was constructed in the

project. The World Bank, which has instigated similar projects in other fishing villages, has made a

request to the Study Team for technical support. Moreover, members of the Japan Overseas

Cooperation Volunteers will be dispatched to the Mbour branch of the DPM in order to disseminate

the co-management model during fiscal 2006.

5.3.6 Analysis of Success Factors

The biggest factor in the success of the pilot project was the active participation of residents. Leaving

the question of why residents actively participated in the project to the residents’ assessment (given

later), the reasons for success as viewed by the Study Team are as follows.

(1) Fishermen were made the focal point of the project and were given the responsibility and

authority for resource management.

Most attempts at resource management in the past were based on government leadership and

planning. In this case, the concept of fishermen playing the lead role and government merely

acting as a supporter was thoroughly enforced, and fishermen were given the responsibility and

authority to make decisions on resource management.

(2) Rather than imposing the ideas of the government and donors, the experiential know-how and

technology of fishermen were emphasized.

The reason why numerous resource management projects have failed throughout the world is

because governments and donors have designed projects and imposed them on fishermen. The

principle of this project was to emphasize fishermen’s initiative and utilize the know-how and

technology of fishermen as much as possible. On that basis, cooperation was sought from the

government and activities on the ground were linked to administrative activity and scientific

know-how.

(3) Economic unease over resource management was removed through implementing lifestyle

improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc.

Projects that only strive to impose resource management end in failure due to resistance from

fishermen. In this project, lifestyle improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc. were

implemented simultaneously with the resource management activities. Upon referring to the

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experiences gained at Kayar, fish prices were raised through improving the quality of octopus

and cymbium and implementing joint shipments. The economic effect of fueling facilities also

made a major contribution to the resource management activities by fishermen.

(4) The local government supported resource management through establishing an ordinance, etc.

Because the local government gave its “seal of approval” to the autonomous resource

management activities, this fostered a greater sense of responsibility and tension among

fishermen and made them more willing to follow the rules. This was also an opportunity for the

local government to understand bottom-up resource management and fostered a greater

awareness of participation in the project. The ideal type of resource management is “joint

management by fishermen and local government.”

(5) CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted biological surveys that clarified the spawning

periods, etc. of target species.

The biological surveys in the villages responded to the needs of fishermen to understand the

ecosystems and life histories of stocks. Clarifying spawning periods and so on provided scientific

backup for the resource management. It is important for CRODT to function primarily as a

research agency and advance this kind of work that directly benefits the fishermen.

(6) Equipment and materials necessary for efficiently and effectively implementing resource

management activities and lifestyle improvement activities were supplied.

The equipment and materials supplied for resource management activities comprised notice

boards for encouraging resident participation, T-shirts, name badges, tools for releasing cymbium

fry and octopus spawning reefs, while the equipment and materials supplied for lifestyle

improvement activities comprised cymbium storage sheds, insulated fish boxes and fueling

equipment. In order to limit the initial investment and operating costs, local resources were

effectively utilized. Poultry farming equipment was procured through the self-efforts of the

residents.

(7) The Study Team visited the fishing villages on numerous occasions in order to discuss resource

management and compensation with residents.

In Senegal, it is very rare for government officials or donors to visit fishing villages. If officials

do not visit the villages, they cannot understand the needs of fishermen, and the thinking of

government and donors cannot be transmitted to the fishermen. In the project, close

communications were maintained and relationships of trust were established with fishermen. The

fishermen said that Japan was the first donor ever to have worked so closely with them.

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(8) The DPM branch officials devotedly supported the fishermen in both technical and mental terms.

The DPM Mbour branch officers visited the three villages and gave support to the fishermen

almost every day. They provided counseling on resource management, participated in residents’

assemblies, conducted negotiations in dealings with the fisheries companies, made preparations

for the ordinance and coordinated work with government officials, etc. The fishermen trusted the

branch officers and built up the joint management setup together with them. Without the efforts

of the branch officers, the project goals could not have been achieved.

(9) Employees of FENAGIE-PECHE played an important role as project participants, mainly in

terms of the operation of fishermen’s organizations.

The project was implemented in collaboration with FENAGIE-PECHE, which is well versed in

organizing fishermen and implementing the participatory approach that is essential to resource

management. When the fishermen’s organizations were being established, it provided a code of

conduct, while during the project it passed on know-how on organizational running to the

fishermen. The objective advice of this agency, which is neither the government nor the

fishermen, was helpful to the Study Team too.

(10) The motivation of fishermen was raised through media coverage of the project.

The day after journalists were invited to Nianing to cover the project, it was introduced in local

newspapers and on TV and radio, and the project at once gained nationwide attention. The

favorable media coverage encouraged the fishermen to continue the project activities, and the

project became the pride and joy of the fishermen. The visit to Nianing by the Minister of Ocean

Fisheries was also triggered by the newspaper coverage.

5.3.7 Residents Hearing Survey

A hearing survey of residents in Nianing was implemented 20 months after the start of the pilot

project. The aim of this was to clarify the factors behind the active participation of residents in the

project and so on. An outline of the survey is given below.

Survey objective : To clarify the assessment of the project by residents, changes in the lifestyle of

residents before and after the project, and awareness of residents towards

resource management.

Survey method : Hearing interviews with residents

Survey period : November 21 ~ November 27, 2005

Survey site : All of Nianing Village

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Number of samples : 100 people

Sampling method : Random sampling from fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in

processing and important village figures, etc.

Survey items : 20 items were set: ① Sex, ② Occupation, ③ Impressions of the pilot

project, ④ Fluctuation in income, ⑤ Changes in the village, ⑥

Performance of the resource management committee, ⑦ Confirmation of

membership, ⑧ Octopus closed season, ⑨ Cymbium closed season, ⑩

Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons, ⑪ Octopus

spawning reefs, ⑫ Reduction of bottom gillnets, ⑬ Marine protection

zones, ⑭ Release of cymbium fry, ⑮ Joint shipping, ⑯ Poultry farming,

⑰ Joint resource management with neighboring villages, ⑱ Administrative

response to resource management, ⑲ Continuation of the pilot project, and

⑳ Residents’ ideas on resource management.

Survey implementer : Resource management committee

The results are summarized below:

① Sex?

Out of 100 respondents, 77 were men and 23 were women.

② Occupation?

Out of 100 respondents, 54 were fishermen, 22 were women engaged in processing, 16 were

middlepersons, and 8 were important figures, etc. Most of the fishermen conducted bottom gillnet

fishing for cymbium, cuttlefish and sole, etc. (and also octopus between June and October).

③ What are your impressions of the pilot project?

Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought the pilot project was “good,” 5 thought it was “bad,” and 6

didn’t know or gave no answer. The ratio of people who thought the project was good was 91%

among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing and

100% among important village figures, etc.

As to why the pilot project was good, the following reasons were given:

• It will lead to village in the direction of development.

• It teaches about resource management methods.

• It enables sustainable fisheries.

• The resource management committee purchases catches at a high price.

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• Thanks to joint shipping, it is no longer necessary too travel far to sell catches.

• There is more competition between middlepersons and this has raised fish prices.

• Villagers have come to work together.

• The village has been revitalized.

• The Minister of Maritime Economy came to the village and said congratulations.

• The village became famous thanks to coverage in the press, TV and radio.

• The village has become a model for other fishing villages in Senegal.

• It was shown that the Government of Senegal is interested in artisinal fisheries.

• Reasons given for the project being bad were as follows:

• There is little information provided from the project.

• There are too few residents’ assemblies.

④ Has your income changed compared with before the project?

Out of 100 respondents, 81 responded that income had increased, nobody responded that income

had decreased, and 19 responded that there was no change or they didn’t know. The ratio of

people who experienced increased income was 89% among fishermen, 50% among

middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village

figures, etc.

• As to why incomes increased, the following reasons were given:

• Although this year was a bad catch, income increased thanks to the joint shipping.

• The margin for middlepersons has decreased, while that for fishermen has increased.

• Until now the purchase prices set by the fisheries companies were a mystery. That was because

the middlepersons hid information. Thanks to the resource management committee, excessive

intermediate exploitation has been corrected.

• Thanks to the cymbium storage shed, catches are selling well.

• Needless peddling has been removed.

• I previously conducted farming, but I started fisheries and my standard of living has stabilized.

• I am now able to save money.

• As to why incomes remained the same, the following reasons were given:

• Fish prices have increased but the number of fish has gone down.

• Income would have increased if there were no closed season.

⑤ Has your village changed compared with before the project?

Out of 100 respondents, 86 replied that the village had changed, 12 that it hadn’t, and 2 didn’t

know.

The following changes were given:

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• Joint shipping of cymbium, octopus, sole and cuttlefish has been started.

• A storage shed for cymbium has been built.

• All economic activities are now carried out within the village. Before, catches were sold in

bigger towns.

• The number of unemployed people has decreased.

• Residents’ awareness towards resource management has changed.

• Residents have come to compile and adhere to rules.

• Communication between residents has increased and mutual understanding has deepened.

• People have started talking about the village’s future.

• The coast has become cleaner and more hygienic.

• Fishing boats from Mbour land their catches in Nianing (because of the good beach prices).

• More people work on the beach and the atmosphere is livelier.

• Weddings and other ceremonial occasions are more flamboyant.

• The press comes to report on activities in the village.

⑥ What do you think about the resource management committee?

The resource management committee was established at the start of the pilot project.

Representatives of fishermen and middlepersons were appointed as the secretariat, and the

committee leads resource management and economic activities in the village.

Out of 100 respondents, 83 thought the committee was a good thing, 8 thought it was bad, and 9

didn’t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the committee was a good

thing was 89% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 77% among women engaged in

processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the resource management committee is good, the following reasons were given:

• The committee members are working very hard for development of the village.

• Thanks to the committee, the village has succeeded in making commodities out of catches.

• The committee informs the purchase prices of fisheries companies.

• The committee provides leadership and guides the fishermen.

• The committee conducts active enlightenment activities in order to protect stocks.

• What was impossible by individuals has been made possible together.

• The committee provided funds to purchase fishing nets.

• The committee contributes to the social activities (ceremonial occasions, mosque construction,

etc.) in the village.

Reasons given for why the committee is bad were as follows:

• Information provision on the project is insufficient.

• Renewal of the secretariat is necessary.

• The organization is disorganized and lacks transparency.

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• The committee didn’t provide me with nets or credit.

⑦ Are you a member of the resource management committee?

Out of 100 respondents, 66 responded in the affirmative, 33 responded in the negative and 1 gave

no response.

Reasons given for membership were as follows:

• Because I want the village to grow.

• Because it will be to the advantage of my family and the village.

• Because I am worried about the depletion of fisheries stocks.

• Because I agree with the objectives of the project.

• Because I want to protect funds for future generations.

• Because I want the ocean to get over its malaise.

• Because we can achieve great things if we move together as an organization.

Reasons given for not becoming members were as follows:

• I like to work alone.

• I have my own personal marketing route.

• I’ll become a member if they give me a name badge.

⑧ What do you think about the octopus closed season?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus closed season that was

implemented in 2004 and 2005.

Out of 100 respondents, 86 thought that the closed season was good, 11 thought it was bad, and 3

said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good

thing was 81% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in

processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the octopus closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given:

• Octopuses were larger after the closed season.

• If octopuses become larger, their economic value also increases.

• Octopus spawning becomes possible and stocks increase.

• Fisheries can be passed on to children and grandchildren.

• Because the closed season was a success.

• All fishermen in Senegal should observe the closed season.

• I understand that the closed season is a good thing, but without compensation living would be

tough.

• It is our duty to protect fisheries stocks.

• Because all the residents agreed at the public assemblies.

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• Because closed season is implemented in Mauritania too.

Reasons given for why the octopus closed season is bad were as follows:

• Timing of the closed season should be rethought.

• The effects of the closed season are doubtful.

• The ocean must not be closed off.

⑨ What do you think about the cymbium closed season?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the cymbium closed season that was

implemented in 2005.

Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought that the closed season was good, 9 thought it was bad, and 2

said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good

thing was 91% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in

processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

• Concerning why the cymbium closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given:

• Because the numbers of cymbium increase.

• The most important resource in Nianing must be protected.

• I agreed because the closed season coincides with the spawning season.

• Not many cymbium can be caught in this period anyway. The cymbium are buried under the

sand.

• I know that the mother shells contain cymbium fry during this period.

• If we kill the young, only the old will remain and stocks will disappear.

• If many cymbium can be caught after the closed season, we can save money.

• In order to raise the stock recovery effect, all fishermen must take part.

• I am in agreement, but this measure should be implemented in the sea from Mbour to Joal.

• The effects of the closed season will appear in a few years from now.

Reasons given for why the cymbium closed season is bad were as follows:

• My livelihood depends on cymbium.

• I only have nets for catching cymbium.

• We will no longer be able to process cymbium.

⑩ Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons?

Out of 100 respondents, 87 thought that the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be

continued, 5 thought not, and 8 didn’t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who

thought the closed seasons should be continued was 87% among fishermen, 81% among

middlepersons, 86% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village

figures, etc.

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Concerning why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be continued, the following

reasons were given:

• Because sustainable fisheries will be made possible.

• I agree so long as there are corresponding compensation measures during the closed seasons.

• The closed seasons should be set for periods when people can easily take part.

• We must continue, and we probably can.

• I want this to be implemented every year.

• The ocean becomes regenerated.

• Because it will take time for the fish stocks to increase.

• We should learn from Mauritania, which has a 3-month closed season.

Reasons given for why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should not be continued were as

follows:

• I will agree provided that alternative fisheries are enabled.

• I will agree if information on the spawning season is given.

⑪ What do you think about the octopus spawning reefs?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus spawning reefs that were

implemented in 2005.

Out of 100 respondents, 90 thought that the octopus spawning reefs were good, nobody thought

they were bad, and 10 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the

octopus spawning reefs were good was 94% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 82%

among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the octopus spawning reefs were good, the following reasons were given:

• Because they aid the spawning of octopuses and stocks increase.

• Because the pots are small, they are not hindered by fishing lines or nets.

• Because octopuses spawned eggs.

• I saw octopus eggs for the first time in my life.

• Because seashells were used as the raw material for pots.

• The reefs should be disseminated through all Senegal.

• If we had known about this four years ago, stocks of octopus would never have decreased.

• The number of pots should be increased.

⑫ What do you think about the reduction of bottom gillnets?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the reduction in bottom gillnets that was stated

in October 2005.

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Out of 100 respondents, 47 thought that reducing bottom gillnets was good, 34 thought it was

bad, and 19 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the reduction of

bottom gillnets was good was 46% among fishermen, 44% among middlepersons, 45% among

women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the reduction in bottom gillnets was good, the following reasons were given:

• Management of demersal fish stocks can be realized with a small effort.

• This is connected to protection of sole and cymbium.

• The number of nets should be restored to what it was before.

• Regulations on fishing gear are working well in Kayar.

Reasons given for why the reduction in bottom gillnets is bad were as follows:

• Fishermen will become poor.

• Fishermen want to increase the number of nets.

• The number of nets goes down as nets become damaged.

• If the number of fish increases, I won’t mind reducing my nets.

• We should reduce catch sizes rather than the number of nets.

• It would be better to increase the mesh size of nets.

• It would take around 5 years for all fishermen to give their agreement.

⑬ What do you think about the marine protection zone?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the setting of the marine protection zone

currently being prepared.

Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was

bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the marine

protection zone is good was 98% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 95% among

women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the marine protection zone is good, the following reasons were given:

• This will aid the propagation of fish.

• If small-size fish are protected, fish stocks will increase.

• Seine net fishermen catch small-size fish.

• It is not good to draw nets on sandy beaches in front of hotels.

Reasons given for why the marine protection zone is a bad thing were as follows:

• Fishing grounds will become more restricted.

⑭ What do you think about the release of cymbium fry?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the release of cymbium fry that was

implemented in 2005.

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Out of 100 respondents, 99 thought that the marine protection zone was good and 1 thought it

was bad. The ratio of people who thought the release of cymbium fry was good was 98% among

fishermen, 100% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in processing, and 100%

among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the release of cymbium fry was good, the following reasons were given:

• Stocks will not increase if shellfish fry are killed.

• Young shellfish reach commodity size in two months after release.

• If cymbium disappear, it will no longer be possible to conduct joint shipping.

• Women and children can also take part.

• Women can benefit two times: once when they sell young shells to the committee, and once

more when they sell grown shells to the committee.

• It is possible to recapture grown cymbium and confirm the release effect.

Reasons given for why the release of cymbium fry is bad were as follows:

• Young shellfish are possibly dying after being released.

⑮ What do you think about the joint shipping?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the joint shipping that was started in 2004.

Out of 100 respondents, 92 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was

bad, and 7 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of

cymbium fry was good was 98% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 95% among

women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the joint shipping was good, the following reasons were given:

• Fish prices rise and fishermen’s livelihoods are improved.

• This provides compensation for resource management.

• It would be even better if there were collaboration with middlepersons.

• It is necessary for the closed season to be successful.

• Women are freed from harsh labor.

• Prices of caught fish went up.

Reasons given for why joint shipping is bad were as follows:

• Project support for middlepersons is inadequate.

⑯ What do you think about the poultry farming?

Residents were asked about what they thought of the poultry farming that was started in 2005.

Out of 100 respondents, 82 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was

bad, and 17 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of

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cymbium fry is good was 78% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 86% among

women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why poultry farming was good, the following reasons were given:

• The fish catch effort is reduced.

• It is a good method of resting the ocean.

• It leads to the creation of employment in the village.

• The village requires poultry meat and eggs.

• Frozen meat does not taste good.

• The scale of poultry farming should be increased.

• In addition to poultry farming, I want to start vegetable cultivation and dress making.

• In addition to poultry, sheep and cattle would also be good.

• Women should be involved more.

Reasons given for why poultry farming is bad were as follows:

• It is strange for fishermen to keep chickens

⑰ What do you think about the joint resource management with neighboring villages?

Residents were asked about what they thought of joint resource management with neighboring

villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballin).

Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was

bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought joint resource

management was good was 96% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 91% among

women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why joint resource management with neighboring villages was good, the following

reasons were given:

• Because the three villages utilize the same resources in the same fishing grounds.

• We have to think of them, and they have to think of us.

• If the three villages cooperate, stocks will recover faster.

• Fishermen who were dubious about the closed seasons may come to agree with the project.

• We want to share the benefits of the product with our brothers and sisters and relatives in

neighboring villages.

• We should increase the number of participating villages from 3 to 5 or 10.

• The more participants there are, the more the nation will advance.

• A major impact will be imparted to villages that do not practice resource management.

• The fishermen of Nianing will lose their sense of unfairness.

• Exchange will deepen in fields other than fisheries.

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Reasons given for why joint resource management with neighboring villages is not good were as

follows:

• It is difficult to work with other villages.

⑱ Administrative handling of resource management?

Out of 100 respondents, 33 thought the administrative handling of resource management was

good, 49 thought it was bad, and 18 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who

thought it was good was 31% among fishermen, 25% among middlepersons, 36% among women

engaged in processing, and 50% among important village figures, etc.

Concerning why the administrative handling of resource management was good, the following

reasons were given:

• Administration plays an important role in this project.

• Administration has supported the resource management activities through establishing an

ordinance and so on.

• CRODT came to the village to implement the octopus biological survey.

• Joint management cannot be performed without administration.

• From now on, fishermen and administration must work together.

• The administrative side listed to the views of women in this project.

Reasons given for why the administrative handling of resource management is bad were as

follows:

• Administrative projects do not last a long time.

• Administrative officials do not come to the village.

• They are all talk and no action.

• Administration is interested in education and medical care rather than fisheries.

• Prices of outboard motors and gasoline are too high.

⑲ Do you think the pilot project activities will continue?

Out of 100 respondents, 93 replied that the pilot project activities will continue and 5 that they

will not, and 2 said neither or gave no response.

Concerning why the pilot project activities will continue, the following reasons were given:

• Because the project fits with the interest and benefit of villagers.

• Because compensation is provided for resource management

• Residents have a high awareness of resource management

• Residents are cooperating for the sake of the project.

• Residents are aware of the depletion in stocks and realize that something must be done.

• The project activities would be even more effective if responsibility was give to women.

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• Because the results of the project have been positive.

• Japan has paved the way to sustainable fisheries.

• Fisheries have changed for the better.

• Continuation is desirable, but the resource management committee must provide information to

residents.

Reasons given for why the pilot project activities will not continue were as follows:

• It will only continue if fishermen adhere to resource management rules.

• It all depends on how well the resource management committee works.

⑳ Residents’ ideas on resource management.

Upon asking residents about the types of resource management they want to try, the following

responses were given:

• Rather than just octopus and cymbium, resource management should be conducted with respect

to all fisheries.

• Regulation of roundhaul nets and seine nets (because they kill young fish)

• Closed seasons of 1 month are too short. They should be set at 3 months.

• Widening of net mesh sizes

• Prohibition of plastic dumping at sea

• Return to traditional fishing methods

• Fisheries companies should stop purchasing during closed seasons.

• Closed seasons for prawns, sole and cuttlefish.

• Artificial reefs

• Prohibition of dynamite fishing

• Surveillance of industrial fishing boats

• Banning of monofilament nets

• Raise the price of gasoline

• Improve fish quality and sell at higher prices.

• Find other work in order to give the ocean a rest.

• Investment in agriculture

• Aqua farming

• Domestic livestock such as ducks, etc.

• Operation of hotels and restaurants

The results of and observations on the hearing survey are summarized into the following points.

(1) The hearing survey targeted not only the fishermen, who benefit most from the project, but also

middlepersons who are in economic competition with the fishermen, women whose lifestyles

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have been completely changed as a result of the joint shipping of cymbium, and persons who are

not members of the resource management committee. In terms of the balance of surveyed

persons, there is thought to be no problem.

(2) The fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in processing and important village figures all

support the project. The project aims to correct the relationship between middlepersons

(dominating) and fishermen (dominated) through improving physical distribution and there were

concerns over opposition from the middlepersons, however, judging from the results of the

survey, the middlepersons also support it.

(3) Concerning the reasons given for supporting the project, many people pointed to the joint

shipping. In other words, many people would not have supported the project if there had been no

joint shipping. This indicates that economic support measures for local residents are an essential

factor in resource management projects.

(4) More than 80% of respondents indicated that income had increased compared with before the

pilot project, indicating that the twin goals of resource management and poverty mitigation could

be achieved. The main reason for increased incomes is joint shipping. Originally it was not

expected that the income of middlepersons would also increase. According to the resource

management committee, the middlepersons, 1) increased their handled quantities in line with

larger catches, even though their intermediate margin was decreased, and 2) purchase catches

from fishermen to whom they lend money and sell them to the resource management committee

at a margin.

(5) The project imparted various positive socioeconomic impacts to the village. For example,

because all activities from fishing to selling came to be conducted within the village, residents

found they had more time and money than before. Women spoke of having more time to do part-

time jobs and raise their children. Many respondents said that the number of unemployed people

had gone down, although the link between this and the project is unclear.

(6) The performance of the resource management committee was generally well received, however,

some people pointed out that running of the organization was undemocratic and funding was

opaque. In order to raise the sustainability of the project, it is necessary to, 1) involve as many

residents as possible in the project activities, 2) realize the democratic running of the resource

management committee and fairness of secretariat composition, and 3) enhance transparency of

the organization through disclosing information.

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(7) The large majority of people agree with the octopus and cymbium closed seasons (including the

question of continuation), indicating high public awareness regarding resource management. The

enlightenment activities of the resource management committee played a major part in enhancing

the awareness of residents. Regarding octopus, elucidation of the spawning period through the

biological survey helped raise motivation towards the closed season.

(8) One of the reasons for why the octopus closed season was supported was because octopuses

actually spawned eggs and the fishermen were able to see the effects with their own eyes.

Another reason was that residents obtained income from the sale of shells as raw materials for

spawning reefs (shells were previously scrapped).

(9) Support for reduction of bottom gillnets was the lowest of all project components. It seems that

the regulation on bottom gillnets was introduced without sufficient discussion taking place

between the resource management committee and residents. In Nianing, bottom gillnets are the

most important means of production, and there is fear that reducing such nets even partially

would impart major economic losses to fishermen and women engaged in processing. Having

said that, there have so far been no reports of fishermen violating rules.

(10) Many residents supported the marine protection zone. This is a result of the enlightenment

activities that have been conducted by a local NGO with respect to fishermen of Mbour in the

past few years. This campaign has been so successful that “AMP” has become something of a

buzzword. Setting a marine protection zone is not a bad thing, but some voices say activities

should first be bolstered with respect to the most important stocks (in Nianing, cymbium).

(11) There was also a high level of support for the release of cymbium fry shells. The fact that equal

work opportunities were provided to men and women through purchasing young shells from

women and children and so on, and the fact that the effects of release could be seen through

recapturing marked shells, contributed to this.

(12) Concerning poultry farming, because the beach seine net fishermen did not approve at first, the

resource management committee conducted demonstration experimentation. Upon seeing that

profit was obtained from keeping 300 chickens in the first experiment, the beach seine fishermen

became interested. Many residents viewed poultry farming in a positive light as a future means of

compensating income during resource management.

(13) Concerning project participation by neighboring villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing), the

residents believe that the effects of resource management would be enhanced if the three villages

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worked together. After the three villages, the next goal is to expand resource management to all

villages in the Mbour region.

(14) Although the lack of administrative support for residents is certainly a problem, officials from the

Mbour branch of the DPM did their best in the project. There seems to be an unhealthy

dependency on administration by the residents.

(15) The residents forecast that the project activities will be continued. Reasons given for this were,

the resource management activities and lifestyle improvement activities are conducted under the

initiative of residents, and awareness of resource management is adequately developed among

residents. The residents are also increasingly aware that their village is a model for resource

management activities.

5.3.8 Nianing

(1) Village Overview

Nianing, located approximately 90 km south of Dakar, is a medium-size village with a population

of 6,232 (as of 2004) and the following characteristics. First of all, the population is equally

composed of Muslims and Christians. The village contains a mosque and a church, which act as

centers for bonding residents and supporting their respective faiths. Whenever village events are

held, the citizens listen to messages given by the Muslim imam (spiritual leader) and Christian

priest and they pray together. Secondly, the overall education level of residents is high, so many

people are fluent in French and some can understand English. E-mails can be exchanged with

fishermen using the personal computers that were supplied under the project, and this is useful

for maintaining communications. Thirdly, due to its white sandy beaches and relative proximity

to Dakar, Nianing is a popular resort among tourists from Western Europe. Tourist hotels are

located a little way from the village and, although not directly related to the lifestyles of

fishermen, collaboration with tourism is one means of achieving the regeneration of fisheries (for

example, through expanding sales to hotels). A negative impact of tourism has been that because

a lot of sand was excavated during resort development, this eroded the coast and caused mooring

sites to move inland. As a result, the ocean has advanced right up to the inhabited areas.

Lifestyles in the village were previously built equally on farming and fisheries, however, due to

the effects of drought these past few years, many residents who can no longer make a living have

turned to fisheries to obtain whatever cash income they can, and this has led to the depletion of

fisheries resources. This phenomenon whereby fishermen struggle in a downward cycle of

poverty can be seen in various parts of Senegal. In Nianing, because shellfish, which are prone to

5 - 33

the effects of fisheries, form the basis of fishermen’s livelihoods, there is concern that poverty

will become even worse if the current situation is left untouched.

Concerning infrastructure, the village has electricity and wells, however, because there are no

landing or market facilities, middlepersons find it difficult to gather. There is a fueling station for

outboard motors, however, because there is no ice-making plant, fishermen have to travel to

Mbour 7 km away in order to obtain ice. Moreover, because there is no warehouse for processed

fisheries products as can be seen in neighboring fishing villages, the fishermen have to store dried

shellfish products in their homes. Nianing is a traditional fishing village that has so far been

largely bypassed by assistance from the government and donors, and it was necessary to

simultaneously deal with the twin issues of resource management and poverty alleviation in the

project.

(2) Outline of Fisheries

According to the survey of March 2004, there are 177 fishing boats in Nianing. At the time of the

survey, 70 boats were out on seasonal fishing trips (campanue), and 107 boats were moored in

the village1. Both large family fishery household economy and small family fishery household

economy can be seen in Nianing. Large family units own four or five pirogues, while small

family units own one or two pirogues. In terms of fishing methods, bottom gillnet fishing for

cymbium, triple net fishing for cuttlefish, etc., summer octopus fishing, squid basket fishing and

seine net fishing, etc. are practiced.

Figure 5-4 shows fisheries production in the Nianing area in 19982. It is no exaggeration to say

that the fishery household economy of Nianing is held up by cymbium. This is because the

shallow reaches that stretch out to sea from the beach in Nianing are a prime fishing ground for

cymbium.

Two types of cymbium are caught in waters around Nianing: Cymbium cymbium, which has a

small shell that is long and narrow in shape, and Cymbium pepo, which is larger and rounder.

Catches of the latter are larger, however, the unit price of Cymbium cymbium is higher.

1 Some of the 107 fishing boats later embarked on seasonal fishing.2 Statistics for the Nianing area include production amounts at Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing. Approximately 70%

of catches are landed at Nianing.

5 - 34

Figure 5-3 Cymbium cymbium (left) and Cymbium pepo (right)

Figure 5-4 Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998)

Looking at the management of a cymbium bottom gillnet fishing household3, cymbium fishing by

the nyaral method is carried out throughout the year. In this method, which targets slow-moving

cymbium, casted gillnets are left to rest on the seabed for three days before they are raised. In the

summer, this is combined with octopus fishing. The annual number of fishing days is 190~220

days; the value of landed fish is 4,440,000~4,500,000 Fcfa; operating costs are

2,400,000~2,470,000 Fcfa; and annual operating profit is 2,040,000 Fcfa (profit ratio of

45~46%). In the case of a family size of 8~11 members, the total annual household expenses are

2,230,000~2,480,000 Fcfa (assuming depreciation cost of 540,000~710,000 Fcfa on production

assets). Some of the landed cymbium are dried and stored for later sale at high prices. Income

3 In the case of the small family fishing households of informant Nos. 21 and 35.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Production amount(tons)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Season

Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998)

OtherOctopusCuttlefishMurexCymbium

5 - 35

from this source amounts to around 500,000 Fcfa per year, and this ensures that the annual

balance is almost equal.

(3) Economic Impact

In the case of an impoverished fishing village such as Nianing, it is only natural that interest is

concentrated on the economic impact of the project. Accordingly, the Study Team actively

supported activities aimed at alleviating or compensating the negative impacts of resource

management on poor fishermen.

The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:

① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and cymbium pepo

② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets (triple nets) and 100 sole nets (single nets) per year

③ Developing a sale market for octopus and cymbium and conducting joint shipping

④ Releasing cymbium fry

⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village

⑥ Setting seine net closed zones

⑦ Introducing poultry farming and recycling cymbium shells as poultry fodder

Out of the above, ① and ② have negative impacts when viewed in terms of short-term fishing

household economy, whereas ③ is a positive factor. Here, the economic impact on fishing

household economy is examined for activities ①~③4.

1) Impact of the octopus closed season

The octopus closed season was implemented two times: that is for 31 days from September

15 to October 15, 2004 and for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, 2005.

If it is assumed that 80% of the 177 fishing boats in Nianing engage in octopus fishing, then

141 fishing boats are impacted by setting of the octopus closed season. The consolidated

amount of octopuses over the nine days from July 26 to August 3, 2004 by the resource

management committee was 1,400 kg (139 landing boats in total). The purchase price was

2,230,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per boat per day was

10 kg, having value of 16,000 Fcfa. Assuming that fishing is conducted for 20 days per

4 2,250 cymbium fry pepo shells were released between March 24 and April 28, 2005. 120 octopus spawning reefs were set

in coastal waters off Nianing, and a spawning effect was confirmed in these. OCEANIUM is playing the central role insetting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing. A poultry farm was constructed and 300 chicks wereraised. The economic impact of the first two activities is currently negligible, while the latter two have only just beenstarted or are currently in progress and cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time. Accordingly, it wasdecided to limit the assessment of economic impact in the pilot project to ①~③.

5 - 36

month, the value of octopuses that would be landed during the closed season works out as

320,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole of Nianing (141 boats), this works out as a total

landed value of 45,120,000 Fcfa.

In contrast, 2005 was a bad year for the octopus fishery, and the resource management

committee was unable to make any collection of cargoes. Accordingly, it is estimated that

the economic impact incurred by fishermen over the octopus closed season from September

15 to October 15, 2005 was close to zero.

Next, the landed value is estimated assuming that 141 octopus fishing boats switch to

cymbium fishing during the octopus closed season. The quantity of Cymbium cymbium

cargoes consolidated by the resource management committee over the 72 days from May 14

to July 29, 2004 was 17,600 kg (by a total of 1,756 landing boats)5. The value of purchases

amounted to 7,120,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per

boat per day was 10 kg, having value of 4,055 Fcfa. At the same time, if it is assumed that

60 kg of Cymbium pepo is caught, the daily catch value per boat amounts to 14,500 Fcfa6.

Since cymbium fishing is conducted by the nyaral method, the number of operating days per

month is around 10. Accordingly, the value of fish landed during the octopus closed season

in 2004 was 145,000 Fcfa per boat, and the overall value (141 boats) was 20,450,000 Fcfa.

Meanwhile, the consolidated amount of Cymbium cymbium cargoes over the 31 days from

September 15 to October 15, 2005 was 6,049 kg (by a total of 771 landing boats). Since the

value of purchases was 2,570,000 Fcfa (at 425 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and value of

catches per boat per day were 7.8 kg and 3,333 Fcfa respectively. The consolidated quantity

of Cymbium pepo over the same period was 4,932 kg (by a total of 424 landing boats), and

since the value of purchases was 990,000 Fcfa (at 200 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and

value of catches per boat per day were 11.6 kg and 2,326 Fcfa respectively. When the two

are combined, the value of fish landed per boat per day works out as 5,659 Fcfa. Assuming

that boats would operate for 10 days during the closed season, this works out as 57,000 Fcfa

per boat or 8,040,000 over all Nianing (141 boats).

As a result of the above examination, the reduction in landed income for octopus fishing

boats in Nianing over the octopus closed seasons in 2004 and 2005 works out as 118,000

Fcfa per boat or 16,640,000 Fcfa over all Nianing (141 boats).

5 Since it wasn’t possible to acquire landed figures for cymbium between September 15 and October 15, 2004, figures for

between May 14 and July 29 have been substituted here.6 The catch ratio of Cymbium pepo to Cymbium cymbium is assumed to be 85: 15, and the sale price of Cymbium pepo is

assumed to be 3,500 Fcfa per 20 kg.

5 - 37

2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season

The cymbium-pepo closed season was initially planned for between December 25, 2004 and

February 10, 2005, however, because of delay in issue of the ordinance, it was eventually

implemented over 32 days from January 20 to February 20, 2005. As was stated above, the

average daily catch of Cymbium pepo is 11.6 kg with a value of 2,326 Fcfa per boat per day.

Assuming that boats would operate for 11 days during the closed season, the reduction in

landed revenue works out as 26,000 Fcfa per boat or 3,610,000 Fcfa overall (141 boats).

3) Impact of reduction in gillnets

An ordinance for the reduction of gillnets was promulgated from the district of Sindia in

Mbour prefecture on October 28, 2005. According to this, mesh size was limited to between

46~50 mm throughout the year and boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets

and 100 sole nets per year.

The fishermen of Nianing have actually been acting in accordance with this ordinance since

July 2005. Over this period, no squid net fishing has been conducted, and the fishermen

have exclusively caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. Upon asking 10 fishermen, who

land catches for the resource management committee, how many sole nets they own, five

said they had 50 nets or less, two had between 51~100, one had 120, and two had no sole

nets at all. Therefore, the number of fishermen possessing 100 or more nets was small.

However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously comply with the

regulation to reduce the number of gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the

assumption that all the fishermen of Nianing reduced their sole nets by a uniform 15%.

The resource management committee consolidated 35,866 kg of Cymbium cymbium from a

total of 3,475 boats over the four months from July 1 to October 31, 2005. The total

purchase value was 15,790,000 Fcfa. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after

reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.8 kg

or 803 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that each boat makes 62 fishing trips over the four

months, the reduction in catches over all Nianing (141 boats) works out as 15,736 kg or

7,020,000 Fcfa.

4) Joint shipping of octopus

The following table shows octopus purchase prices offered by Ika Gel Co., which receives

consolidated shipments from the resource management committee. Apart from some

variation according to the size of octopuses, the prices in 2004 were more or less the same

as in 2003.

5 - 38

Table 5-2 Octopus Purchase Price by Ika Gel Co.

Purchase price by Ika Gel Co. (Fcfa/kg)Octopus size2003 2004

PP (less than 600g) 1,200 1,425P (600-1000g) 1,700 1,700M (1000-1500g) 2,400 2,250MP (1500-2000g) 2,600 2,250G (2000-3500g) 3,300 3,150GG (more than 3,500g） 3,600 3,550

In contrast, the price of octopuses purchased by Nianing middlepersons from fishermen was

between 600~1,000 Fcfa/kg irrespective of octopus size. The resource management

committee, which started the joint shipment of octopus in 2004, purchases from fishermen

at the Ika Gel Co. price minus commission of 50~100 Fcfa/kg. The average purchase price

from July 26 to August 3, 2004 was 1,600 Fcfa/kg. Based on these figures, the sale price of

octopus by fishermen has increased by 600 Fcfa per kilogram thanks to the implementation

of joint shipping by the resource management committee.

Assuming that each fishing boat catches 10 kg of octopus per day, the landed value is

16,000 Fcfa. If it is assumed that the octopus fishing season in 2004 was the three months

following the closed season, and fishing was conducted on 60 days during this period, it

works out that the annual landed quantity per boat was 600 kg. Since the price differential

arising from joint shipment is 600 Fcfa per kilogram, the positive impact works out as

360,000 Fcfa per year per boat, and overall (141 boats) the benefit is 50,760,000 Fcfa.

In contrast, catches of octopus in 2005 were poor and hardly any octopus fishing was

conducted in Nianing. Because the resource management committee didn’t implement

octopus purchasing in this year, there was no positive impact on revenue.

5) Joint shipping of cymbium

Until the resource management committee started joint shipping on March 22, 2004, the

purchase price of cymbium-cymbium in Nianing was 200 Fcfa/kg. In negotiations with Elim

Peche Co., which is the buyer of consolidated shipments, the purchase price was originally

set at 300 Fcfa/kg, but it was later raised to 450 Fcfa/kg. Here, assuming that the sale price

before joint shipping was 200 Fcfa/kg, the positive impact of the pilot project is examined.

Looking at the figures for January 1 to October 31, 2005, the resource management

committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 113,761 kg of cymbium

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from 9,980 boats over 10 months (304 days). The average amount landed per boat per day

was 11.4 kg. If it is assumed that all these boats adopted the nyaral method (landing once

every three days), it means that 100 fishing boats in Nianing landed 11.4 kg of Cymbium

cymbium once every three days. When this figure is applied to the performance from March

22 to December 31, 2004 (285 days), it works out that 100 fishing boats went on 95 fishing

trips and landed 108,300 kg of Cymbium cymbium.

Combining the figures from both years, it works out that 222,061 kg of Cymbium cymbium

was shipped over 589 days from March 22, 2004, when the resource management

committee started joint shipping, to October 31, 2005. Assuming the price differential from

joint shipping to be 200 Fcfa, the positive impact works out as 44,410,000 Fcfa.

Joint shipping by the resource management committee was suspended from May 18 to

August 11, 2005, but was resumed after that. The resource management committee resumed

purchasing on August 26, 2005. Therefore, if the annual number of purchasing days is

assumed to be 3 months (90 days) and the purchase price to be 200 Fcfa, based on the actual

figures from September 15 to October 15, 2005, it works out that 29,592 kg (2,544 boats)

was purchased for 5,920,000 Fcfa over the two years of 2004 and 2005.

Fishermen in Nianing sell Cymbium pepo to village women at 3,500 Fcfa per pile

(approximately 20 kg). The price per kilogram works out as 175 Fcfa. If the differential in

sale price of 25 Fcfa is considered to be the positive impact of the join shipping, the

combined benefit over all Nianing since the start of the pilot project has been 740,000 Fcfa.

Accordingly, the combined positive impact for both Cymbium cymbium and Cymbium pepo

has been 45,150,000 Fcfa per year.

6) Balance of economic impacts

The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Nianing from

the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities

against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen of

68,640,000 Fcfa. This is thanks to the efforts of the Nianing resource management

committee in smoothly implementing joint shipping activities.

5 - 40

Table 5-3 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Nianing

Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 16,640,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season - 3,610,000 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 7,020,000 FcfaJoint shipping of octopus 50,760,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium 45,150,000 Fcfa

Total 68,640,000 Fcfa

(4) Social Impact

1) Return of boats

Until now, Nianing fishing boats avoided landing catches in Nianing because landed prices

were lower than at neighboring ports such as Mbour, etc. However, since price differentials

for cymbium disappeared following the start of joint shipping by the resource management

committee, local fishing boats have returned to Nianing to land catches. Figure 5-5 shows

this trend.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

14 May,2004

16 May, 2004

18 May,2004

20 May,2004

22 May, 2004

24 May,2004

26 May,2004

28 May,2004

30 May, 2004

1 June, 2004

3 June, 2004

5 June, 2004

7 June, 2004

9June, 2004

11June, 2004

13June, 2004

15June, 2004

17June, 2004

21June, 2004

23June, 2004

25June, 2004

27June, 2004

29June, 2004

1July, 2004

3July, 2004

5July, 2004

7 July, 2004

9 July, 2004

11July, 2004

13July, 2004

16July, 2004

19 July, 2004

22 July, 2004

24July, 2004

26July, 2004

28July, 2004

日　付

集荷量（kg)

Figure 5-5 Consolidated Shipments of Cymbium-cymbium at Nianing

The purchase price of Cymbium cymbium by the resource management committee was

raised from 300 Fcfa/kg to 400 Fcfa/kg on June 26, 2004, and from this date the average

consolidated shipment size jumped from 150 kg per day to 400 kg per day. In terms of the

number of boats landing catches, this also increased 2.7 times from an average of 15 boats

per day to 40 boats per day.

Date

5 - 41

Accordingly, the beaches of Nianing became much more prosperous thanks to

implementation of the pilot project.

2) Increased communication in the village

Until now fishermen conducted individual fisheries management and had few opportunities

to exchange information. With the establishment of the resource management committee,

opportunities to exchange various kinds of information have increased and there is a general

willingness to take part in joint activities based around the committee.

3) Competition with middlepersons

By starting the purchase of octopus and cymbium, which was previously conducted by

middlepersons in the village, the resource management committee has created competition

with the middlepersons. If it is assumed that the start of joint shipping by the resource

management committee has imparted a positive impact of 600 Fcfa per kilogram to

fishermen, this means that the profits of middlepersons have decreased by that amount. As

of August 2, 2004, middlepersons had reduced their commission to 50 Fcfa/kg in an effort

to survive. In future, in order for the project activities to be sustainable, it is desirable for

both sides to build a symbiotic relationship through mutually complementing each other,

etc.

5.3.9 Pointe-Sarene

(1) Village Overview

The main industry in the village is fisheries, whereas only a few people are engaged in

agriculture. The main tribal group is the Serer, while other groups include the Wolof, Peul and

Toucouleur, etc. The central part of the village is composed of three districts, the largest of which

is Diamaguene on the north side. The other districts are Leona in the center and Garage on the

south side. There is little difference between the districts in terms of racial composition and main

industry. The built-up area of Point-Sarene originated on the south side and has spread

northwards in line with population growth. There is a rocky stretch on the coast in the middle of

the village, and landing areas and fishing boat mooring beaches can be found on both sides of

this.

The following communities located around the village are counted as part of Pointe-Sarene:

• Keur Doudy Bo: a community of Peul people, who mainly conduct livestock farming

5 - 42

• Keur M’Bad: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock

farming

• Keur Koly: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock

farming

• Cro-isement Peul: a community of Serere and Peul people, who mainly conduct agriculture and

livestock farming

(2) Outline of Fisheries

There are no village-specific fisheries statistics, however, according to the CRODT officer in

charge of Pointe-Sarene, the village has 180 fishing boats, comprising 167 motor-powered boats

and 13 non-powered boats, as of 2005. Each motor-powered boat has a crew of four members

and each non-powered boat has a crew of 1~2 members, and just under 700 fishermen are

engaged in fishing boat fisheries. There are approximately 400 fishery households engaged in

fish catching, processing and selling.

Many of the powered fishing boats conduct bottom gillnet fishing and switch to octopus fishing

in the summer. Many of the non-powered boats conduct hand-line fishing, and five of the beach

seine nets are operated by villagers, while seven are operated by migratory fishermen. In

addition, 10 households conduct squid basket fishing, while two households are engaged in

fishing by diving. Between 800-1,200 kg of products (fish, shellfish, octopus and others) are

landed in Pointe-Sarene every day. Prawns are exclusively caught by seine net for four months

between June and September.

Compared to surrounding villages, Pointe-Sarene has a lot of middlepersons who deal in fisheries

products. There are more than 20 middlepersons, including eight middlepersons who have a

quota with fisheries products export companies. In addition, there are household middlepersons

who consolidate the catches landed by their own boats or boats owned by friends and relatives

and sell them to the village middlepersons. Accordingly, almost all the fishing boats in Pointe-

Sarene have fixed sale destinations.

(3) Economic Impact

The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:

① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo

② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year

③ Developing a sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping

④ Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel

⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village

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⑥ Releasing cymbium fry

⑦ Setting beach seine net closed zones

Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when

viewed in terms of fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of cymbium and

construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on fishing

household economy is examined in terms of these four activities7.

1) Impact of the octopus closed season

The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15,

2005. The fishermen of Pointe-Sarene started hand line fishing in May 2005 and obtained

the following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September 15 for the closed

season. Here, the loss arising from the closed season is assumed to be 33,000,000 Fcfa,

which was the value landed in the month immediately before the closed season.

Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium pepo during the octopus

closed season. If 80 fishing boats started Cymbium pepo fishing for 10 days during this

period (due to using the nyaral method), assuming that the value landed per boat per day

was 11,774 Fcfa (according to the joint shipping performance at Pointe-Sarene), the value of

catches landed by 80 fishing boats over this period works out as 9,420,000 Fcfa.

When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed

season woks out as 23,580,000 Fcfa.

Table 5-4 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Pointe-Sarene

2005 May June July August September October

Fishing boat fishing trips (boats) 140 140 140 80 80 0

Monthly operating days (days) 15 15 15 15 7 0

Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 15,000 15,000 15,000 27,500 27,500 0

Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 33,000,000 15,400,000 0

Data: According to hearing interviews in November 2005

7 60 octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Pointe-Sarene, and parent octopuses and eggs were confirmed in

70% of these. 1,373 cymbium fry-pepo shells and some Cymbium cycmbium shells were released between April and May2005. Moreover, OCEANIUM is playing the central role in setting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are stillongoing with fishermen. Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are notincluded in the examination here.

5 - 44

2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season

The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to

February 20, 2005.

Pointe-Sarene joined the project from March 23, 2005, but did not participate in the closed

season at this time. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into

account here.

3) Impact of reduction in gillnets

From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets

per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Pointe-Sarene conduct squid net

fishing; instead they conduct octopus fishing and Cymbium pepo fishing8. Around 20 fishing

boats fish for cymbium-cymbium using sole nets. Many of these fishing boats do not have

100 nets. However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously reduced

their gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the assumption that 20 fishing boats

reduced their nets by 15% on average.

Since the Pointe-Sarene resource management committee does not ship Cymbium cymbium,

referring to catch statistics from Mballing, the value/amount landed per boat per day was

3,896 Fcfa/9.2 kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%,

the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per

day. Assuming that 20 boats started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from

July 2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the

number of operating days is assumed to be 92 days (20 operating days per month), the

combined loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 1,270,000

Fcfa.

4) Joint shipping of cymbium

After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium pepo from September 14, 2005, the Pointe-

Sarene resource management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated

shipment of 13,387 kg of Cymbium pepo from 254 boats over 46 days until November 14

the same year. The total amount paid for purchasing was 2,990,000 Fcfa. The products were

sold to female middlepersons in the village who have quotas with Sangomar Co. and Elim

Peche Co. that have plants in the village. As of November 17, 2005, the resource

management committee doesn’t have a quota with Elim Peche Co. It ships Cymbium pepo to

the former company at 0.5 kg/pc or more and to the latter company at less than 0.5 kg/pc.

8 Nets used for Cymbium pepo fishing are not included in the reduction of fishing gear here.

5 - 45

The resource management committee buys Cymbium pepo from fishermen at 225 Fcfa/kg

and sells these to Sangomar Co. for 250 Fcfa/kg and Elim Peche Co. for 225 Fcfa/kg. The

female middlepersons who have quotas with Elim Peche Co. purchase from both the

resource management committee as well as directly from fishermen before selling to the

company. Therefore, the differential in price between that paid by the female middlepersons

and that paid by the resource management committee can be calculated as the impact of this

activity. Since the purchase price from fishermen is 225 Fcfa/kg in both cases, there is no

economic impact on fishing household economy.

Table 5-5 Joint Shipping of Cymbium pepo by the Management Committee in Pointe-Sarene

Consolidated weight Purchase unit price

(kg) （boats） (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa) Fcfa/Boats 26,117 254 200~225 2,990,675 215~250 3,286,235 295,560 11,774

Producer fishing boats Sale unit price Total purchase value Profit Sale turnover Production value per boat

Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Pointe-Sarene Resource management Committee

5) Impact of construction of the fueling station

The factors examined in respect of the economic impact of fueling station construction are

the following five points:

① Fuel purchase cost

② Loss arising from shortening of operating time

③ Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port

④ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days

⑤ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel

The economic impact of these five items is quantified below.

① Fuel purchase cost

Because Pointe-Sarene is located approximately 4 km from the main road, it is difficult

to secure public means of transport. Accordingly, groups of fishing households

sometimes conduct joint purchasing of fuel. In such cases, a driver and an assistant

load 20 tanks of 20~30 liter capacity onto a truck, purchase fuel in Joal, Mbour and

Nianing and deliver it to individual households, The consignors pay wages of between

200~300 Fcfa per household If fuel were purchased individually, the transportation

cost alone would be 1,000 Fcfa/trip. Assuming that boats operate for 25 days per

month, it is imagined that joint purchasing is done on 20 days and individual

purchasing on 5 days. The cost of fuel purchase per household works out as 10,000

5 - 46

Fcfa per month and 120,000 Fcfa per year. In terms of the whole village, the cost is

19,200,000 Fcfa.

② Loss arising from shortening of operating time

In order to purchase fuel for going fishing the next day, ships must return to the beach

by five o’clock in the evening. The loss arising from this is that fishing cannot be

conducted at dusk, which is the prime time for catching octopus. It is not easy to

quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000 Fcfa per boat per

day. By applying the number of operating days and number of operating boats from

July to September from the earlier table of octopus catches for 2005, the overall loss in

Pointe-Sarene works out as 19,300,000 Fcfa.

③ Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port

Fishing boats are sometimes delayed in returning to port because they start to catch

octopus in the evening, and in such cases fishermen need to charter vehicles in order to

go and purchase fuel. The cost of doing this is 4,000 Fcfa per trip. Assuming that each

boat does this five times between July and September, the total cost per boat is 20,000

Fcfa and the cost over the whole village is 3,200,000 Fcfa.

④ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days

Fishermen are unable to purchase fuel due to rain and thus cannot go fishing for 2~5

times per year. Assuming that the average landed value is 7,288 Fcfa per day (the

average daily catch value of multiple fishermen conducting squid net fishing in

Nianing), and that the operating cost is 4,000 Fcfa/day, the daily landed profit works

out as 3,288 Fcfa. If it is assumed that fishing boats could not go fishing on 3.5 days

between July and September, the total loss per boat is 11,508 Fcfa and that over the

whole village is 1,840,000 Fcfa.

⑤ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel

The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost

of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million

CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as

10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 167 motor-powered

pirogues, the total cost is 1,670,000 Fcfa/year.

Table 5-6 shows economic value of fueling station construction.

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Table 5-6 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the

Fuelling Station in Pointe-Sarene

Item Annual village unitFuel purchase cost 19,200,000 FcfaLoss arising from shortening of operating time 19,300,000 FcfaIncrease in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port 3,200,000 FcfaInability to purchase fuel on rainy days 1,840,000 FcfaAversion of fire risk when transporting fuel 1,670,000 Fcfa

Total 45,210,000 Fcfa

6) Balance of economic impacts

The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Pointe-Sarene

from the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component

activities against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen

of 20,360,000 Fcfa. Even though the joint shipping of cymbium has not so far generated a

positive impact, due to the remote location of the village from the main road, the economic

benefit from construction of the fueling station has been confirmed to be large.

Table 5-7 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Pointe-Sarene

Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 23,580,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season 0 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 1,270,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium 0 FcfaConstruction of the fueling station 45,210,000 Fcfa

Total 20,360,000 Fcfa

5.3.10 Mballing

(1) Village Overview

The village was founded with the establishment of an isolated care facility for leprosy patients in

1955. In the 50 years since then, the people living in the care facility have married and had

children, and the present Mballing Village has developed. Almost 90% of adult workers are

engaged in fisheries-related industries. Some villagers are engaged in agriculture, but hardly any

of the fishing population conduct farming. Almost all fishermen are full-time fishermen, while

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women are engaged in the processing and selling of fisheries products. Residents mainly consist

of Serere, but there are also Wolof and Toucouleur people too.

(2) Outline of Fisheries

There are no village-specific fisheries statistics. The village has 125~130 motor-powered fishing

boats and 15~17 non-powered fishing boats. Two families own three or more boats; five or six

families own two boats, and the remainder own just one boat. Accordingly, there is not a great

deal of monopolization of fishing boats. Assuming that five or six crew operate powered fishing

boats and single fishermen operate non-powered boats, there are between 650~800 people

engaged in fisheries, and 100 of these are migratory workers from outside the village. If it is

assumed that each fisherman supports a family of 20~30, the fishing household population works

out as around 15,500 people.

Many of the motor-powered fishing boats conduct octopus fishing during the rainy season from

June to October. Not many boats catch cymbium or murex (a relative of top shell) by gillnet

during this period. The period from November to February is the off-season for bottom gillnet

fishing; in particular, cymbium catches are very low in January and February. It is reported that

Cymbium pepo bury themselves under the sand during this period, and many Cymbium pepo that

are accidentally caught at this time have fry inside. The squid net fishing season lasts from

February to June. Catches of cymbium recover from March onwards.

Many of the non-powered boats set bottom gillnets over the shallow rocky reefs that stretch in

front of the village in order to catch spiny lobsters hiding in the rocks. Caught spiny lobsters are

sold to hotels. Because the area around the village is a tourist resort and has many hotels, there is

a high demand for spiny lobsters and these fishermen fish for lobsters throughout the year. Spiny

lobsters are small during the rainy season, but they become bigger and fetch higher prices after

the rainy season ends.

There are four influential middlepersons in the village: two of them purchase catches from more

than 80 motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to fisheries export companies. Almost half of

these 80 boats are affiliated to the middlepersons and are obliged to sell their catches in return for

receiving economic support to renew fishing gear. The remaining two middlepersons consolidate

catches from 8~10 fishing boats respectively. Also, there are almost 20 artisinal brokers

(ragragle), who purchase catches from motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to the

influential middlepersons.

(3) Economic Impact

The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:

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① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo

② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year

③ Developing a domestic sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping

④ Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel

⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village

⑥ Releasing cymbium fry

⑦ Setting beach seine net closed zones

Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when

viewed in terms of short-term fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of

cymbium and construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on

fishing household economy is examined in terms of these four activities9.

1) Impact of the octopus closed season

The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15,

2005. The fishermen of Mballing started hand line fishing in June 2005 and obtained the

following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September because of lower catches

and the closed season. Here, the loss in fishing household economy arising from the closed

season is assumed to be 27,000,000 Fcfa, which was the value landed in the month

immediately before the closed season.

Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium cymbium using sole nets

during the octopus closed season. If 90 fishing boats started Cymbium cymbium fishing for

15 days during this, assuming that the value landed per boat per day was 3,896 Fcfa

(described later), the value of catches landed by 90 fishing boats over this period works out

as 5,260,000 Fcfa.

When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed

season woks out as 21,740,000 Fcfa.

9 60 octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Mballing, and octopus spawning was confirmed in these. 600

Cymbium pepo fry and some Cymbium cymbium shells were released in the waters off Mballing. Moreover, OCEANIUMis playing the central role in setting the beach seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing with fishermen.Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are not included in the examinationhere.

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Table 5-8 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Mballing

2005 June July August September OctoberFishing boat fishing trips (boats) 90 90 90 0 0Monthly operating days (days) 15 21 10 0 0Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 37,500 60,000 30,000 0 0Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 50,625,000 113,400,000 27,000,000 0 0

Data: According to hearing interviews in November 2005

2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season

The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to

February 20, 2005.

At this time, Mballing was not participating in the pilot project and did not take part in the

closed regulations. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into

account here.

3) Impact of reduction in gillnets

From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets

per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Mballing conducted squid net

fishing; instead they caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. This was because the high

water temperature from summer meant that catches of cuttlefish and sole were poor. Upon

surveying the number of sole nets owned by fishermen in Mballing, most were found to

own between 40~76, whereas no fishermen had more than 100 nets. Having said that, even

fishermen with less than 100 nets were found to stock between 10~40 nets and not use them

for fishing. There are two reasons for this: first, because catches are poor at this time of

year, fishermen choose to save their nets for better conditions rather than risk having nets

damaged or stolen; and secondly, fishermen agreed to reduce nets in accordance with the

restriction on gillnets (even though they owned less than 100 anyway). Therefore, the

fishermen of Mballing, even the ones who have less than 100 nets, reduced their nets by

30%, of which it is assumed that 15% was for the protection of fisheries stocks.

According to the Cymbium cymbium purchase ledger of the resource management

committee, the value/amount landed per boat per day during this period was 3,896 Fcfa/9.2

kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction

in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming

that 90 boats in Mballing started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from July

2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the

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number of operating days is assumed to be 69 days (using the nyaral method), the combined

loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 4,270,000 Fcfa.

4) Joint shipping of cymbium

After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium from September 1, 2005, the resource

management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 5,911 kg of

Cymbium cymbium from 645 boats over 61 days until November 7 the same year. The total

amount paid for purchasing was 2,510,000 Fcfa. Because the resource management

committee couldn’t acquire a quota with Elim Peche Co., it had to ship products to female

middlepersons in the village who have a quota with the said company. As a result, the

resource management committee purchases Cymbium cymbium from fishermen at the prices

that are quoted by the female middlepersons on each occasion.

As of November 2005, the resource management committee paid 425 Fcfa/kg to fishermen,

whereas the female middlepersons were buying at 500 Fcfa/kg. Since there is always a price

differential of 25~75 Fcfa/kg between the two, fishermen who sell to the resource

management committee are at a disadvantage and are unhappy with the committee for not

securing a quota. The resource management committee is in ongoing negotiations with Elim

Peche Co. with a view to securing a quota.

Summing up, the impact caused by joint shipping of catches by the resource management

committee is currently negative. Assuming the price differential per kilogram to be 50 Fcfa,

the accumulated negative impact so far works out as 300,000 Fcfa.

The results of joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Mballing resource management

committee are indicated below.

Table 5-9 Joint Shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Management Committee in Mballing

Purchasingdays (days)

Consolidatedweight Producers Unit price Total landed

valueProduction

value per boat

61 5,911 645 500/400/425 2,513,175 3,896

Note) Purchasing period: September 1 ~ November 7, 2005Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Mballing Resource management Committee

5) Impact of construction of the fueling station

The economic impact of fueling station construction in Mballing is quantified based on the

following items. As of November 2005, the fueling station wasn’t in operation, however,

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since it is still necessary to examine positive and negative impacts, the impact is calculated

for the hypothetical case assuming the fueling station was in operation for four months from

July to October 2004.

① Fuel purchase cost

Because Mballing is located on a main road, there is no joint purchasing of fuel like

that seen in Pointe-Sarene. Fuel can be purchased in Mbour or Nianing and a return

trip takes between 90 minutes and two hours. The fare to Nianing is cheap at 350 Fcfa,

however, because there is only one fueling station there and stocks sometimes run dry,

there is a risk that fuel cannot be bought. The fare to Mbour is 500 Fcfa, however,

because there is no danger of fuel running out, fishermen prefer to go there. Assuming

that 10 fishing boats operate for 6 days (because of the nyaral method) over the four

months between July and October, the overall transport cost entailed in purchasing fuel

over the whole village is 3,720,000 Fcfa. Moreover, assuming that the personnel cost

for fuel purchasers is an hourly rate of 350 Fcfa, the overall cost is 5,210,000 Fcfa,

while the combined cost of fuel purchase works out as 8,930,000 Fcfa.

② Loss arising from shortening of operating time

In the case of octopus line fishing, the fishing is better at dusk. However, fishermen

must return to the beach by five o’clock in the evening in order to purchase fuel for the

next day. This is because the means of transport to Mbour stop running at this time.

Accordingly, fishermen incur no little loss from being unable to catch octopus at prime

time. It is not easy to quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000

Fcfa per boat per day. If it is assumed that 90 fishing boats operate for 31 days during

the octopus fishing season from July to August, the overall loss works out as

13,950,000 Fcfa.

③ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days

Since Mballing is located on a main road and access is not affected during the rainy

season like in the case of Pointe-Sarene, the positive impact of fueling station

construction in terms of this point is negligible.

④ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel

The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost

of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million

CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as

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10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 130 motor-powered

pirogues, the total cost is 1,300,000 Fcfa/year.

Table 5-10 shows economic value of fueling station construction.

Table 5-10 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the Fueling Station in Mballing

Item Annual village unitFuel purchase cost 8,9300,000 FcfaLoss arising from shortening of operating time 13,950,000 FcfaIncrease in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port 0 FcfaInability to purchase fuel on rainy days 0 FcfaAversion of fire risk when transporting fuel 1,300,000 Fcfa

Total 24,180,000 Fcfa

6) Balance of economic impacts

The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Mballing from

the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities

against one another, the balance works out as a decrease in revenue for fishermen of

2,130,000 Fcfa. Considering that joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium has only just been

started and the resource management committee is currently negotiating with Elim Peche

Co. over a quota, it is inevitable that the economic impact is negative.

Table 5-11 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Mballing

Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 21,740,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season 0 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 4,270,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium -300,000 FcfaConstruction of the fueling station 24,180,000 Fcfa

Total - 2,130,000 Fcfa

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5.4 Yenne

5.4.1 Outline of the Project

In Yenne, the aim of the project is to build a model of joint management of fisheries stocks between

the government and fishermen via the setting of artificial reefs. In other words, the project concept is

that, based on a contractual relationship between fishermen and government, the government

guarantees resource exploitation rights to fishermen, and the fishermen take responsibility for

appropriately sustaining and managing resources. Two factors underpin this approach: first, the

government does not possess the human resources to conduct resource management on the village

level, and second, administrative authorities are starting to realize that top-down resource management

unilaterally decided by the government does not work very well. In this concept, since it is difficult

claim the ownership of stocks in Senegal, i.e. to say that the fisheries stocks of a certain place belong

to the fishermen who live there, it was decided that there should be little problem in claiming

ownership of stocks that attach to fishing grounds that have been created by fishermen. The project

here aims to demonstrate a certain style of management, in which fishermen build artificial reefs

offshore of Yenne and manage the resources that gather there.

5.4.2 Overview of the Fishing Village

(1) Socioeconomic Conditions

Yenne, situated approximately 40 km south of Dakar,

is a fishing village composed of seven smaller

communities. Moving from the north, these are

Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao, Nditakh,

Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw (see Figure 5-6),

and Table 5-12 shows the population of each. The

combined population of these communities is just

over 17,000. In terms of administrative division,

Yenne belongs to the Yenne Rural Community

(Communauté Rurale de Yenne), which is part of Rufisque Prefecture (Département de

Rufisque).

These seven communities separated during the course of their development; they were originally

part of Toubab-Dialaw. Therefore, many of the villagers are related to one another. The main

tribal group is Lebou. There is extensive farmland in the village hinterland, and sweet corn and

peanuts were cultivated in the past, however, agriculture went into decline with the development

of fisheries and now agriculture is limited to cultivation of sweet corn and manioc (cassava) for

Table 5-12 Population of Yenne

Village PopulationYenne Todd 1,514Yenne Guedj 4,707Yenne Kao 2,987Nditakh 1,366Nianghal 4,724Kelle 653Toubab-Dialaw 1,617

Total 17,568

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home consumption and mangoes for tourists. Because of its proximity to Dakar and its extensive

beaches, Yenne is doted with second homes of foreigners who live in Dakar and is also visited by

a lot of tourists from Europe.

Yenne has branch offices of the nationwide organizations FENAGIE-PECHE and CNPS. There

is also PAMECAS, a small-scale financial institution, which provides loans to fishermen and

other small business owners and provides funds for fishermen to purchase outboard engines and

other equipment every year. In Nianghal, there is a landing quay (Quai de peche) that was

constructed with government funding, and a cold storage (not operating as of March 2006) that

was constructed under support from Spain. A management committee has been formed to

manage the landing quay, and this collects charges from fishermen and middlepersons and uses

the revenue to pay the facilities maintenance costs.

(2) Fisheries Situation

The types of fishery operations in each of the seven villages of Yenne are distinct and can be

divided into bottom gillnet fishing, coastal longline fishing and offshore longline fishing. Table

5-13 shows the distribution of fishing boats in Yenne between the seven communities as of

January 2002. In total there are 219 engine-powered boats, 51 sailboats and the motorization ratio

is 81%. In terms of fishing method, all fishing boats in the four northern communities of Yenne

Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao and Nditakh conduct bottom gillnet fishing, whereas fishing

boats in the three southern communities of Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw mainly conduct

line fishing (longline fishing and hand line fishing). Among the three southern communities,

Nianghal contains a lot of offshore longline fishing households, whereas Toubab-Dialaw has

many coastal longline fishermen. Kelle has a mix of both types.

Table 5-13 Number of Fishing Boats in the Yenne Area in January 2002

CommunityMotor-

poweredfishing boats

Sail fishingboats

Total fishingboats

Beach seinenet fishing

boats

Bottomgillnet

fishing boats

Line fishingboats

Yenne Todd 35 7 42 0 42 0Yenne Guedj 18 9 27 0 27 0Yenne Kao 41 2 43 0 43 0Nditakh 19 5 24 0 24 0Nianghal 69 18 87 3 0 84Kelle 8 2 10 0 2 8Toubab-Dialaw 29 8 37 0 0 37

Total 219 51 270 3 138 129

Source: Poste de contrôle de Yenne

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A combination of agriculture with fisheries can be seen in Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Nditakh,

Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw. Yenne Kao has a lot of specialized fishermen whereas, in Nianghal,

there is a division between age groups with younger people engaging in fisheries while the older

generation practices agriculture. Income from fisheries accounts for a very high ratio of the total

revenue of fishing households.

Taking the case of bottom gillnet fishing households in the four northern communities, annual

operating days are 200~270 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 5,510,000~11,300,000

Fcfa, operating costs are 2,680,000~5,370,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is

2,770,000~6,370,000 Fcfa. In the case of coastal longline fishing households, annual operating

days are 245~255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 9,330,000~10,200,000 Fcfa,

operating costs are 6,340,000~6,520,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is

2,990,000~3,680,000 Fcfa. As for the case of offshore longline fishing households, annual

operating days are 255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 13,230,000 Fcfa, operating

costs are 7,190,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is 6,050,000 Fcfa.

Yenne Todd is the most prosperous community for bottom gillnet fishing households, however,

this is the exception to the rule: in the other communities, annual operating profit is almost the

same as for coastal longline fishing. Meanwhile, in the offshore longline fishery, landed value

and operating costs are both higher, while annual operating profit is 1.6~2.2 times higher than in

coastal longline fishing.

5.4.3 Cooperation Period

June 2004 ~ November 2005 (1 year 6 months)

5.4.4 Cooperation Contents

(1) Overall goal

To establish artificial reefs as a means of fisheries resource management.

(2) Project purpose

To realize management of fisheries stocks around fish reefs by the concerned fishermen.

(3) Outputs

1) The parties involved in managing fisheries stocks around fish reefs were clarified.

2) Fish gathered around the artificial reefs and stocks were regenerated.

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3) Rights and obligations concerning the exploitation of stocks around fish reefs were given to

the fishermen.

4) Survey capacity in related fields was increased.

(4) Inputs

Japanese side:

• Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s organization/

participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey)

• Supply of facilities and equipment (two types of artificial reef concrete blocks, rafts for setting

fish reefs, underwater photography equipment, marine safety equipment, information

processing equipment

• Vehicles

Senegalese side:

• Two counterparts (2 from DPM)

• One DPM branch member

• FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities)

(5) Cost of above materials and equipment

• Fabrication of artificial reef (concrete blocks and gabions) 4,720 thousand FCFA (US$9,440)

• Installation of artificial reef 5,060 thousand FCFA (US$10,120)

• Fabrication and installation of octopus spawning reef 5,000 thousand FCFA (US$10,000)

• Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,300 thousand FCFA (US$2,600)

• Computer set 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700)

• Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046)

Total 17,473 thousand FCFA (US$34,906)

5.4.5 Course of Implementation

(1) Kickoff Workshop (February 18~19, 2004)

Approximately 60 people gathered in the village community center, and the vice director of the

Yenne Rural Community chaired the proceedings. The meeting started with a thorough review of

the fisheries problems faced by Yenne and moved onto discussion of the experience of Bargny

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with an artificial reef project and the approach to advancing the project in Yenne. The meeting

closed with a declaration by the fishermen to, “Create and manage our own fishing grounds.”

(2) Preparatory work before the full-scale start (March~May, 2005, when the Japanese Study Team

members were absent)

Focal members continued to implement enlightenment activities using videos and other tools, and

they distributed ID cards (with facial photograph) and T-shirts for participating fishermen in

order to boost interest in the activities. Moreover, they consigned collection of data on fishing

household economy in order to obtain materials for estimating the economic impact before and

after installation of artificial reefs. 28 fishermen, that is four from each community, were sampled

and handed simple household economy data ledgers to detail their everyday operating activities.

(3) Fishing ground survey (June 29, 2006)

Approximately 10 fishermen representing

each of the communities took part in the

survey of fishing grounds. Survey items

included the location of natural reefs,

water depth, seabed conditions,

appearing species and relation to the

mainland, etc. Appearing speies and

bottom sediment were surveyed by line

fishing, while location and depth were

surveyed by GPS and simple depth

sounder. The findings were combined

with the experience of fishermen in order

to provide materials for determining the

position of artificial reefs. Figure 5-6

shows the surveyed sea area.

(4) Workshop to discuss the fish reef

manufacturing arrangements (July 7,

2004)

Approximately 30 fishermen representing each of the communities took part in discussions on

the type and quantity of fish reefs and arrangement for manufacture. So far, four types of fish reef

have been used in Senegal, i.e. abandoned vessels, abandoned cars, concrete blocks and natural

stones. The first two have been used by the Sports Fishing Federation of Senegal (Fédération

Sénégalaise de Pêche Sportive) in waters around Dakar and have been confirmed to have a fish

Figure 5-6 Map of Fishing Ground SurveyMeasuring Points

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gathering effect, albeit not quantitatively demonstrated. The latter types have been installed by

OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) in waters off Bargny and have also been

confirmed to have a fish gathering effect. The fishermen of Yenne are also involved in the

Bargny artificial reef project and are interested in these types of reef. Accordingly, the Study

Team proposed fish reefs based on these types but smaller in size to make handling by the

fishermen easier, and this idea was accepted. In specific terms, it was decided to manufacture and

install artificial reefs composed of small blocks and gabions made by filling natural stones into

wire netting. Reasons for proposing these two types of fish reef were as follows.

GabionAdvantages ① Materials are easy to acquire

② Heavy machinery is not needed in manufacture

③ No special technology is needed

④ Cost is cheap

Disadvantages ① Compared to block reefs, capacity is small in relation to the unit weight.

② Gaps between stones are easily clogged

③ There is a risk of burying in sand

Block fish reefsAdvantages ① Shape and size

can be freely

designed② Manufacture is

possible using

only local

materialsDisadvantages ① Manufacture by

fishermen alone

is difficult;

cooperation from

plasterers, etc. is

necessary.② Manufacturing

cost is expensive

(5) Workshop to decide the fish reef setting

position (August 3, 2004)

Approximately 50 representative fishermen

Figure 5-7 Map of the Fish Reef

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gathered for this workshop. Upon taking into account the marine conditions data obtained in the

said fishing ground survey, the ease of monitoring activities and equal access conditions, etc.from each community, it was decided to set the fish reef at lat. 14゜37’ N. and long. 17゜12’ W.

roughly in a central location for the seven communities about 2 miles off the coast (see Figure 5-

7). Underwater survey confirmed that the water depth here is 15 m, bottom sediment is sand and

there are almost no bottom currents.

This workshop also decided on the establishment of a resource management committee following

installation of the fish reef. This committee will unify the fishermen, while determining the

management rules and negotiating with administrative authorities. The management rules will be

decided after setting of the fish reef, but the fishermen have already voiced the following ideas.

① Make waters within a 300 m radius of the fish reef a closed zone, and permit line fishing in

the area 200 m beyond this (between the radius of 300~500 m).② Levy a fishing tariff (1,000 Fcfa per day) from line fishing boats.

③ Limit fishing to between 07.00 and 12.00 and only allow five boats at a time.

④ Set an upper limit on catches of 20 kg per boat and prohibit fishing of fry.

⑤ Alternate between one month of fishing and one month of closed.

⑥ As a rule conduct surveillance for fishing violations from 08.00 to 18.00 every day.

⑦ Impose harsh penalties on violators.

⑧ Conduct joint fisheries in order to raise surveillance costs (boat fuel costs).

(6) Fish reef manufacturing work

A. Gabion manufacture

Gabions were manufactured separately in all seven communities. Each community used

horse-drawn carts to collect natural stones and deposit them in set locations. Since the carts

made 10 trips and collected approximately 20 stones of 20~30 kg each time, each

community collected approximately 200 stones weighing between 4~6 tons. After that, wire

netting on general sale10 was used to make simple bags, into which the stones were inserted

to make gabions. Former employee of the Marine fisheries department provided guidance in

manufacture, and the fishermen who received the initial guidance later helped with gabion

making in the other communities. Five or six stones weighing between 100~120 kg were

packed into each gabion. Approximately 50 people participated in the work in each

community and it was finished in less than a day.

10 Mesh size was 50 mm (half size) and metal wire was 2.4 mm in diameter and vinyl coated. This wire netting is generally

used in net fences.

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B. Manufacture of concrete blocks

As was mentioned above, the size and shape of concrete blocks can be freely designed,

however, because the concrete blocks had to be installed by the fishermen themselves, they

needed to consist of size and weight that could be carried by the fishermen and secure the

maximum possible capacity. The blocks were cubic shapes measuring 75 cm in each

direction; braces measures 10 cm across, and three reinforcing bars measuring 4 mm across

were arranged inside. Assuming the unit weight of concrete to be 2.3, the total weight of

blocks worked out as 170 kg. Since most of the fishermen indicated that they could lift up to

180 kg, it was decided to limit the blocks to this size. Manufacture of 75 such blocks was

consigned to a building contractor in the village.

Figure 5-8 Gabions (left) and Concrete Blocks (right)

(7) Fish Reef Setting Work

Ideally, fishermen should

install the fish reef that they

have made themselves. It

would have been easiest to

use the fishermen’s pirogues

for carrying the fish reef

into position, however,

because of the large number

of gabions and concrete

blocks and the risk entailed

by the heavy weight,

consideration was also given

to consigning work to a Figure 5-9 Drum Tank Raft As-built Drawing

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marine works contractor in Dakar. Eventually, however, it was decided to locally build a raft for

carrying the fish reef materials in consideration of the following two factors: 1) awareness of

fishermen could be raised by encouraging their participation, and 2) in the event of fish reef

expansion in the future, it is desirable to establish an autonomous and independent approach.

Former employees of the Marine fisheries department cooperated and made a major contribution

to this work. The raft measured 5 m x 4 m and buoyancy was obtained by using 18 drum cans.

The deck was made from wood planks for easy working, and a pulley was installed for lowering

the concrete blocks onto the seabed. See Figure 5-9 for a detailed image.

The work at sea started on August 23. First, four marking buoys were set in the fish reef setting

area. These provided markers for the setting of gabions and concrete blocks. Since the gabions

were small enough to load onto pirogues, carrying and setting work by pirogues was conducted

simultaneously with the raft work. Because the raft was not motor-powered, it was towed by

pirogues. Two 40 HP powered boats towed the raft, and the journey to the setting site took

approximately 1 hour even with only 10 concrete blocks loaded. Since the raft comprised 18

drum cans each with capacity of 200 liters, it had gross buoyancy of approximately 3.6 tons,

however, after deducting the weight of drum cans and other members, the net buoyancy was

approximately 2.5 tons. Since each block weighed 170 kg, 10 blocks weighed 1.7 tons and,

combined with the weight of workmen, the maximum loaded weight was set at 2.0 tons.

(8) Octopus spawning reefs

In the second year of the Yenne pilot project,

demonstration testing of octopus spawning

reefs was carried out. Unlike the earthenware

pots used in Nianing, the pots were made from

PVC pipe, which was attached to small

concrete blocks, wrapped withhold trawl net to

make it easier for living organisms to attach.

This type was adopted because experience in

Japan has indicated that pots alone do not allow

sufficient feed to be obtained in the early stage

after hatching and depletion is large in this

stage. By combining pots with concrete blocks,

this attracts plankton, small demersal organisms and fish, which become feed for the octopus fry,

thereby helping the fry to overcome the initial stages of growth.

The octopus spawning reefs were installed in the following areas and in the following numbers:

Figure 5-10 Octopus Spawning Reef

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① The sea area known as “Casao” off the coast of Yenne Todd in the north

Lat. 14°38.12’ N., Long. 17°12.007’ W.: 40 reefs

② Waters where artificial reefs were installed in the previous year: 20 reefs

③ The sea area known as “Devo” off the coast of Toubab-Dialaw in the south

Lat. 14°36.062’ N., Long. 17°10.698’ W.: 40 reefs

The size of blocks was 58 cm x 48 cm x 38 cm, which was smaller than those installed the

previous year. Accordingly, all the blocks could be loaded onto pirogues and taken out to sea for

setting. The fishermen carried out the setting work.

(9) Implementing Organization

A resource management committee (Comité de gestion) was established in the village to

implement and promote the pilot project as well as manage fisheries resources from now on. The

management committee is responsible for determining the resource management rules and

thoroughly informing them to the village fishermen.

5.4.6 Project Assessment

(1) Social Impact

Currently, the village fishermen, who are also members of the resource management committee,

check the waters around the artificial reef when traveling back and forth from fishing grounds,

and they report any abnormalities to the persons in charge on the committee. It may be said that

the artificial reef is placed under the loose surveillance of a lot of people. If the reef management

setup aimed for in the code of conduct is referred to as “tight management,” then the current

management setup is one of “loose management.” Judging from the present state of coastal

resource management in Senegal and the resource management awareness of artisinal fishermen,

then coastal fishing ground management that uses the artificial reef as a tool is at the stage of

loose management.

The social impacts of introducing coastal fishing ground management based on the artificial reef

are, 1) the organization of fishermen, and 2) heightening of awareness of coastal fishing rights.

The former impact refers to the creation of an artificial fishing reef by the fishermen themselves,

thereby generating an awareness of shared ownership and leading to the establishment of

fishermen’s organization based on common interests. Although the fisheries sector has

traditionally been a difficult sector to foster solidarity, the experience of Yenne, in which

fishermen from seven different communities jointly constructed and set an artificial reef and also

implemented management activities, albeit loose management, based on the common interest of

the artificial reef, indicates that there has been a certain degree of impact in terms of organizing

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the local fishermen. As for the latter impact, the fact that fishermen have established and manage

the artificial reef through investing their own labor and funds has generated greater awareness of

fishing rights in coastal waters among the fishermen. An indicator of this impact is the execution

of the code of conduct indicated by the resource management committee; however, it has to be

said that this impact is currently not strong enough.

(2) Economic Impact

Regarding the economic impacts of the artificial reef, it was anticipated that there would be a

production increase effect, a fishing ground proximity effect, and a stock protection effect, etc.

Although the code of conduct established by the resource management committee only allows

hand line fishing under license around the artificial reef, this system is not functioning and the

area is not being utilized as a fishing ground. Therefore, there is no way for the production

increase effect and fishing ground proximity effect to be realized. Having said that, judging from

observations thus far, numerous fish species have been observed gathering around the artificial

reef, so there can be little doubt over its effect in this respect.

In the event where the present loose management is revised to tight management as prescribed in

the code of conduct, it will be important to first clarify the benefit structure, i.e. who will obtain

what kind of benefits?

Judging from the purport of the code of conduct that only permits hand line fishing and the

characteristics of the fishing ground around the artificial reef, it is expected that fishermen who

conduct hand line fishing in hand-rowed pirogues will be the beneficiaries of the fishing ground

around the artificial reef. There are just over 70 hand-rowed boats in the seven communities of

Yenne, and almost 70 fishermen are engaged in hand line fishing. Next, the benefit structure

imparted by the artificial reef fishing ground is clarified through analyzing the mode of fisheries

of these fishermen.

If these fishermen incorporate the artificial reef fishing ground into their annual operating plans,

obtain a certain degree of profit from this, and then fulfill their beneficiary’s burden by becoming

the managers of the artificial reef, then the system for fishing ground management by coastal

residents using the artificial reef as a tool becomes feasible.

1) Analysis of beneficiaries

The following table gives an outline of the hand line fishermen that use rowboats in each

village. Modes of hand line fishing operation in each village differ according to the season

and ocean conditions, and fishing grounds are divided between natural reefs distributed

around offshore and coastal waters. Whereas the hand line fishermen of Yenne Todd utilize

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offshore natural reefs when the ocean conditions are calm and natural reefs near the coast at

squally times, the hand line fishermen of Yenne Guedj only exploit natural reefs close to the

coast all year round. Since the artificial reef is located adjacent to the natural reefs in

offshore waters, then the fishermen who utilize offshore natural reefs will be the ones to

benefit from the artificial reef in future.

Table 5-14 Canoe Hand Line Fishermen and their Mode of Work in Yenne

CommunityNumber of

rowboat handline fishermen

Numberof

piroguesMode of work

Potential forbenefit from the

artificial reef

YenneTodd 8 8

Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days are220. The fishermen utilize offshore natural reefswhen the ocean conditions are calm and naturalreefs near the coast at squally times.

Possible

YenneGuedj 9 8

Between July and September, fishermenconduct octopus fishing as motor-poweredpirogue crewmembers. Between October andJune, they conduct hand line fishing aroundcoastal natural reefs in rowboats.

None

YenneNditakh 3 3

Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing throughoutthe year. Annual operating man-days are 255days.

None

Nianghal 44 44

Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days arebetween 234 and 250. The fishermen utilizerelatively distant natural reefs during warmseasons and natural reefs near the coast duringcool seasons.

Possible

YenneKelle 2 2

Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days are240. The fishermen utilize relatively distantnatural reefs during warm seasons and naturalreefs near the coast during cool seasons.

Possible

ToubabDialaw 4 4

Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing, longlinefishing and hand line fishing. Out of 245operating days per year, around 30 days arespent on hand line fishing.

None

Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November

Meanwhile, Ndanghal is home to numerous hand line fishermen who use rowboats. They

utilize relatively distant natural reefs during warm seasons and natural reefs near the coast

during cool seasons. It is said they do this in response to the seasonal migration of target

fish species. Fishermen who are extremely knowledgeable about the local natural reefs live

in Yenne Kelle and they alternate their operations between offshore and coastal natural reefs

throughout the year. The hand line fishermen of Toubab Dialaw alternate between gillnet

fishing and hand line fishing according to the season. Since they conduct hand line fishing

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for between 30~96 days per year and utilize coastal natural reefs, they are unlikely to be

beneficiaries of the artificial reef.

To sum up, the fishermen that will benefit from the artificial reef in future are the hand line

fishermen based in Yenne Todd, Nianghal and Yenne Kelle.

2) Quantitative analysis of the benefit value

The numerical information used here was basically obtained through hearing surveys with

the target fishermen. In addition to asking about the number of fishing days per fishing

season and the average value of daily catches, clarification was carried out regarding the

name, location and depth of natural reefs and species of fish caught. As a result, it was

found that the hand line fishermen of Yenne utilize nine offshore natural reefs. Upon

obtaining the monthly value of landed fish based on figures heard from the fishermen in the

survey and dividing catches according to the season when coastal natural reefs are utilized

and the season when offshore natural reefs are utilized, the value of catches landed only

during the season when the offshore reefs are utilized was sought. Next, by adding the

future artificial reef to the nine offshore natural reefs and assuming that fishermen obtain

landed value equally from the 10 resulting fishing grounds, the future benefit from the

artificial reef was calculated as one-tenth of the landed value calculated above. The

following table translates that amount into benefit according to the number of benefiting

fishing boats in each community.

Table 5-15 Estimated Benefit from the Artificial reef

CommunityNumber

ofpirogues

Annualoperating

days

Days whenthe artificialreef can be

used

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual total

Yenne Tode 8 boats 220 days 80 days 200,000 176,000 200,000 200,000 776,000 Fcfa

Ngadiam 20 boats 250 days 119 days 190,000 190,000 190,000 450,000 450,000 225,000 1,695,000 FcfaNdianghal

Diakhle 24 baots 234 days 138 days 120,000 120,000 120,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 150,000 690,000 Fcfa

Yenne Kel 2 boats 240 days 240 days 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 480,000 Fcfa

Total 54 boats 550,000 350,000 350,000 490,000 666,000 265,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 190,000 240,000 240,000 3,641,000 Fcfa

Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November

In future, there is a possibility that the artificial reef will impart a benefit of 3,640,000 Fcfa per year to

54 rowboats in the Yenne area. In terms of monthly breakdown, the benefit will be highest between

January and June when it ranges from 270,000 to 670,000 Fcfa per month. The benefit between July

and December will vary between 100,000 and 240,000 Fcfa per month.

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Next, validity of the said artificial reef benefit is examined judging from the present effect in terms of

attracting fish. Table 5-15 shows the species and quantities of fish gathering around the artificial reef

based on underwater observations implemented in September and October 2004 and February 2005,

and also translates these data into economic value based on market prices for each fish species and fish

size. According to this, the economic value of gathered fish observed around the artificial reef on

September 9, 2004 was 450,000 Fcfa. Similarly, the value was 1,840,000 Fcfa on October 6, 2004 and

520,000 Fcfa on February 21, 2005. Comparing with the monthly benefits shown in the table above, it

is judged that the artificial reef generates a sufficient fish gathering effect to enable these.

Table 5-16 Economic Value of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Yenne

学名 和名 size/quantity size/quantity size/quantity

Acanthurus monroviae クロハギsp. 30cm/30±18 150 F/kg 4,500 Fcfa 5cm/1±0 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 30cm/1±0 200 F/kg 100 Fcfa

Batrachoides liberiensi 20cm/1±0

Caranx sp. ギンガメアジsp. 30cm/4±0 400 F/kg 800 Fcfa

Chaetodon hoefleri チョウチョウウオsp. 15cm/2±0 200 F/kg 62 Fcfa

Dasyatis sp. アカエイsp.Decapterus punctatus クロホシムロアジ 9cm/6,650±4,824 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa

Diplodus bellottii アフリカチヌsp. 13cm/2,904±334 550 F/kg 319,440 Fcfa 13cm/6,422±577 550 F/kg 706,420 Fcfa 15cm/285±114 800 F/kg 45,600 Fcfa

Diplodus puntazzo アフリカチヌsp. 23cm/467±274 1,000 F/kg 233,500 Fcfa

Epinephelus aeneus マハタsp. 40cm/1±0 2,500 F/kg 5,000 Fcfa 40cm/1±0 2,500 F/kg 5,000 Fcfa 40cm/2±0 2,500 F/kg 10,000 Fcfa

Epinephelus costae マハタsp. 25cm/353±103 700 F/kg 123,550 Fcfa 25cm/91±29 2,000 F/kg 91,000 Fcfa

Mugil sp. ボラsp. 30cm/11±0 750 F/kg 2,750 Fcfa

Parapristripoma octolineatum イサキ属 15cm/2±0 400 F/kg 133 Fcfa

Plectorhinchus mediterraneus コショウダイsp. 25cm/9±0 400 F/kg 900 Fcfa 23cm/661±234 450 F/kg 59,490 Fcfa

Pomadasys incisus ニシミゾイサキ 18cm/144±77 400 F/kg 16,457 Fcfa 13cm/17,100±1,096 400 F/kg 684,000 Fcfa 13cm/1,311±342 400 F/kg 40,338 Fcfa

Pseudupeneus prayensis ベニヒメジ 4cm/504±150 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 15cm/980±240 750 F/kg 105,000 Fcfa 10cm/365±234 650 F/kg 19,771 Fcfa

Serranus scriba ヒメスズキsp. 30cm/1±0 600 F/kg 780 Fcfa 18cm/3±0 800 F/kg 600 Fcfa

Sphoeroides marmoratus ヨリトフグsp. 5cm/216±75 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 5cm/125±33 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 5cm/46±23 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa

Trachinotus ovatus コバンアジsp. 30cm/8±0 600 F/kg 2,400 Fcfa

Trachurus trecae マアジsp. 12cm/6,456±3,990 200 F/kg 107,600 Fcfa 12cm/12,464±4,552 200 F/kg 207,733 Fcfa

observed species number 22 9 454,177 Fcfa 14 1,838,553 Fcfa 14 523,635 Fcfa

Fish species 9 September, 2004 6 October, 2004 21 February, 2005

unit price Amount unit price Amount unit price Amount

Bodianus speciosus タキベラsp. 25cm/2±0 300 F/kg 240 Fcfa

Diplodus vulgaris アフリカチヌ 23cm/114±0 600 F/kg 22,800 Fcfa

Labridae sp. ベラ科 25cm/1±0 400 F/kg 400 Fcfa

(3) Confirmation of the Achievement Indicators of the Project purposes

1) Resource management rules

The Code de Conduit (resource management code of conduct) was compiled by the resource

management committee, however, it requires some revision because a mismatch has arisen

with current conditions. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into

the first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area (see

Figure 5-11), however, as in the case of Yenne where the sea area faces the outer sea,

because offing waves directly enter coastal waters, buoys for marking sea area boundaries

have repeatedly been washed away by waves. Furthermore, it is also stipulated that fishing

around artificial reefs be practiced beyond a radius of 300 m, however, since hardly any fish

gather so far away from reefs, hardly any catches can be anticipated.

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Figure 5-11 Schematic of Fishing Ground Management around a Fish Reef

2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting

The resource management committee has organized a fishing ground surveillance team that

monitors for the setting of gillnets and so on in fishing operations around the artificial reef.

The team members check for gillnets and when they operate in the area or pass through on

their way to fishing grounds, and they report their findings to the resource management

committee. However, reports are only made orally and are not retained as written records

since many fishermen are still unable to read or write, it is extremely difficult to enforce

written reports.

3) Resource management fund

An attempt was made to introduce a system for collecting fishing tariffs from fishing boats

conducting operations in the second zone, however, because the fish reef is small and the

fishing ground is not attractive enough to fishermen for them to pay a tariff for entry, only a

handful of fishermen had paid the tariff by the end.

Apart from the fishing tariff method, other means of raising funds are, 1) staging joint

fishing and selling catches under the sponsorship of the resource management committee

and saving the resulting income, and 2) collecting contributions from management

committee members (cotisation). The former approach has been implemented three times

and has raised minor returns, whereas the contribution is 250 Fcfa per pirogue owner. The

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total fund comprising joint fishing returns and contributions reached 142,000 Fcfa by the

end.

(4) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators

Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out.

The reason for this is because things were held up on preparing the registration database.

Microsoft Access was selected as the software and the database was constructed in Japanese,

however, this did not function in the French OS. An attempt was made to reconstruct the

database, however, this had to be abandoned due to a lack of time.

Output 1-2. The resource management organization was established and registration documents

were presented to related offices, however, official registration has not yet been completed

because the office procedure is taking so much time.

Output 2. Large demersal fish such as Thiof, which were not seen before the fish reef was

installed, are now being observed. Refer to the underwater survey report for the confirmed fish

species and numbers of fish.

Output 3-1. No ordinances or ministerial orders were issued regarding fishing concessions

Because the code of conduct that was autonomously prepared by the resource management

committee was incomplete, it was deemed too difficult to implement the Japanese style system of

conferring stock utilization rights and management responsibility to users.

Output 3-2. No resource management manual has been prepared.

Throughout the whole survey, based on the judgment that preparation of a manual was

incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities, no such documentation has been

prepared at all.

Output 4. Surveys of water depth and bottom sediment of fishing grounds were implemented

under direct management; however, the tide survey consigned to CRODT was not implemented.

The reason was that the CRODT technicians in charge of marine biology were involved in a

separate survey and could not find the time to perform this work.

Survey of fish species (underwater survey): The team member in charge of biological survey

implemented survey of fish species four times in September 2004, February 2005, July 2005 and

October 2005. The timing of these surveys was the equivalent of five months, 10 months and 1

month after establishment of the fish reef.

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Survey of fish species (line fishing test): The resource management committee implemented this

survey four times. Four or five fishermen boarded a boat and tested what kinds and how many

fish they could catch in a certain time.

Fishing household economy survey: 28 monitor fishers were selected from the local fishermen

and were asked to record operating data after every fishing trip. However, since many of these

fishermen left Yenne in line with seasonal migratory fishing, they gradually stopped taking

records and all the monitors ended up scrapping their ledgers. The semi-completed records were

retrieved and used for assessing the economic effect.

(5) Outline of the Assessment Results

Efficiency: Medium

The human resources and equipment and materials invested in establishment of the artificial reef

have been hugely useful in forming the fish reef fishing grounds. Meanwhile, the introduction of

human resources has not been efficiently reflected in terms of software. Moreover, information

processing equipment has not made a significant contribution to the realization of effects.

Effectiveness: Medium

Although detailed management techniques have not been realized like originally planned, loose

fishing ground management has been achieved through enforcement of the rule not to use net

fishing gear around the fish reef.

Impact: Positive impacts can be seen throughout the country, whereas negative impacts have not

been seen as yet.

Because the artificial reef is too small, hardly any impact has been confirmed in terms of biology

and fishery resources. The gathering of fish is limited to immediately around the fish reef,

however, fishermen reported that no fish could be caught at all beyond a few meters from the

reef. However, in both the advance case of Bargny and this case of Yenne, gathering of seven

band grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, local name “thiof”), which is the most sought after fish in

Senegal, was confirmed around the artificial reef, so there are many fishermen who want a

similar type of fish reef established in waters off their own village. In response, the local NGO

OCEANIUM has started tests on artificial reefs made from old tires. Moreover, the Sport Fishing

Federation of Senegal (Fédération Sénégalaise des Pêches Sportives), which has so far provided

artificial reefs for tourists by sinking abandoned boats and abandoned cars, is making moves to

provide fish reefs for artisinal fishermen too.

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Relevance: Pros and cons

Since the assessment of artificial reefs is split two ways throughout the world, it is to early to

pass judgment on validity as a means of resource management in Senegal. Opponents argue that

artificial reefs accelerate the exploitation of stocks, while proponents say that they contribute to

the conservation and propagation of stocks and help prevent incursions by foreign trawlers;

however, so far there is no scientific evidence to back up either argument. What is certain is that

numerous natural reefs that previously existed in Senegalese waters have been destroyed by

commercial trawlers, and habitats for marine life have been lost. If artificial reefs are established

with the goal of replacing lost reefs and work is carried out to restore fishing grounds, they

should be permitted as a means of restoring habitats. Needless to say, if artificial reefs only serve

to increase catch pressure, they need to be approached with great care. Whereas installing gillnets

in waters around fish reefs can bring about abundant catches, there is a risk of ghost fishing

occurring or nets being lost if nets get caught in artificial reefs. Since local fishermen, who do not

have many financial resources, refrain from installing gillnets around artificial reefs in order to

avoid such risks, the waters around fish reefs naturally become closed zones.

Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their

own funds.

It would be difficult for fishermen to fully cover an amount similar to the initial investment of

approximately 15,000,000 Fcfa (approximately 3,000,000 yen) in the project. However, taking

into account the ease of maintenance, and because the fish reef is installed inside a gillnet fishing

ground, which is relatively close to the coast (approximately 2 miles), where the water is shallow

(15 m) and where surveillance can be carried out at all times, it should be amply possible for the

fishermen to monitor the fish reef fishing grounds from now on.

Concerning buoys, because it became apparent that zoning does not work very well, there is not

considered any need to install multiple buoys. Having said that, there is a risk that other fishing

boats will cast nets without being aware of the artificial reef. This is a difficult judgment, but it is

considered appropriate to install one buoy in order to inform about the fish reef.

Since these waters have a high degree of biological productivity, any objects floating on the

surface are soon covered in barnacles. These sometimes become so heavy that they sink the

buoys they are attached to. At the same time as continuing surveillance work, it will be necessary

to knock off barnacles from the buoys.

There are basically no fishing nets tangled around the artificial reef, however, this does not mean

that dishonest persons will not set nets and cause such trouble. In such cases, it will be necessary

for divers to remove such nets, and to budget for the cost of this work.

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(6) Results of the Questionnaire Survey

1) Survey method

The Study Team prepared the draft survey sheet and incorporated comments from the

Yenne Fisheries Bureau branch manager and representatives of the Yenne resource

management committee into the final version. The survey targeted 10 fishermen in each of

the seven communities, i.e. the survey was implemented on 70 people in the seven

communities from Yenne Todd to Toubab Dialaw. When implementing the actual survey,

villagers able to read and write were employed in each community to interview the target

fishermen based on the survey sheets and fill in their responses. The survey was

implemented in all communities on November 20, 2005. The resource management

committee collected the survey sheets and the Study Team entered the results on Excel.

2) General conditions of the survey targets

The 70 survey samples consisted of 5 fishermen who own fishing boats, 63 crewmembers

and 2 boat owners (not involved in fishing activities). In terms of fishing method, the

samples broke down as 34 gillnet fishermen, 27 line fishermen and 6 longline fishermen.

Considering that gillnet fishing is the main fishery in the three northern communities

(Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj and Yenne Kao) and line fishing is the main fishery in three of

the four southern communities (Nditakh, Kelle and Toubab Dialaw) apart from Nianghal,

where fishermen mainly operate in waters off Casamance, this distribution of samples

according to fishing method was appropriate.

3) Interpretation of the survey findings

① Fishermen still believe that depletion of stocks is caused by outside factors, and they

cannot understand that problems exist with artisinal fisheries.

This question was intended to discover the thinking of fishermen regarding fisheries

problems. The responses indicated that the fishermen of Yenne still tend to be

unmindful of their own shortcomings in this respect. The actual responses were as

follows.

Question: What are the causes behind the depletion of resources? (Multiple responses

permitted)

- Over-fishing by foreign fishing boats 63

- Over-fishing by Senegalese commercial fishing boats 38

- Over-fishing by artisinal fishermen 9

- Environmental destruction 16

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In a similar survey that was consigned to SENAGROSOL Co. in December 2003before the start of the pilot project, 44 out of 44 respondents pointed to over-fishing byforeign fishing boats, while 34 pointed to over-fishing by Senegalese commercialfishing boats. In this survey, 22 out of the 44 respondents (45%) indicated that over-fishing by artisinal fishermen was a cause.

The two sets of results cannot be simply compared because different methods wereadopted in the two surveys, however, it seems that the number of artisinal fishermendisplaying awareness over self-responsibility for the depletion of stocks is on thedecline.

Alternatively, it may be said that not enough care was taken when arranging optionalresponses in the survey sheet preparation stage. This is because, when options aregiven as 1 to 4, respondents inevitably tend to hold a strong impression towards thefirst option. When preparing the questions and options, in cases where the trend ofresponses can be predicted to an extent, it may be necessary to consider changing theorder.

For reference purposes, in the survey implemented in December 200311, villages wherea high ratio of respondents (50% or more) pointed to over-fishing by artisinalfishermen were as follows: Lompour 58%, Fass Boye 84%, Kayar 80%, Mbour 84%,Nianing 70%, Joal 52%, Jifere 52%, Misira 52%, Niodior 69%, Djogue 60%,Kafountine 88%, Erinkine 92%, Ziguinchor 68%.

Incidentally, villages where the ratio of such respondents was less than 50% were thosearound Dakar and Saint Louis. Saint Louis is inhabited by specialized fishers known asGuendarian, whereas Dakar and its environs are inhabited by specialized fishers knownas Lebou.

② Support for fishing method regulations and limits on the body length of caught fish,

and opposition to limits on catch size

This was the result concerning the question of support for or opposition to a number of

resource management methods. Since the same question was also asked in the survey

of December 2003, a comparison of the results is given below. The following tale also

shows a comparison between responses from gillnet fishermen and line fishermen.

Figures show percentage values, so the figures for and figures against amount to 100.

11 The socioeconomic survey of December 2003 targeted 21 villages, i.e. moving from the north, Saint Louis, Lompour, Fass

Boye, Kayar, Yoff, Hann, Thiaroye, Rufisque, Bargny, Yenne, Ngaparou, Mbour, Nianing, Joal, Jifere, Missira, Niodior,Djogue, Kafountine, Erinkine, and Ziguinchor.

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Table 5-17 What the Fishermen Think About Resource management Methods

November 2005Overall

November 2005Gillnet Fishermen

November 2005Line Fishermen

December 2003Overall

For Against For Against For Against For Against

Closed season 45 55 36 64 58 42 55 45Fishing method regulation 77 23 78 22 84 16 75 25Closed zone 43 57 38 63 54 46 75 25Body length limit 72 28 67 33 88 12 89 11Catch size limit 14 86 16 84 17 83 14 86

As of December 2003, irrespective of actual actions, the majority of fishermen were in

favor of all the stock control methods apart from limiting catch sizes. In particular,

concerning limits on the body length of caught fish, a high ratio of fishermen were in

favor. This trend remained the same in November 2005, however, the ratio opposed

exceeded the ratio in favor regarding closed seasons and closed zones. It was hoped

that the pilot project would encourage an improvement in stock control awareness

among fishermen, however, in reality the opposite occurred. Since it is hard to imagine

that the pilot project activities had a negative impact on awareness, it is thought that

the poor catches this year greatly affected the thinking of fishermen.

Next, upon analyzing whether there was a difference in stock control awareness

between gillnet fishermen and line fishermen, the gillnet fishermen displayed similar

thinking to the overall trend, i.e. the majority were in favor of regulations on fishing

method and body length of caught fish, whereas most were opposed to closed seasons,

closed zones and limits on catch sizes. As for the line fishermen, the majority was in

favor of all the proposed methods apart from limiting the size of catches.

It is generally said that line fishermen are more considerate of stocks than gillnet

fishers, and these results showed that line fishers have a more open-minded attitude

towards resource management.

③ Half the respondents felt that catches had increased as a result of the fish reef, whereas

half were not sure.

The fishermen were asked whether they felt some changes, not necessarily

quantitative, had taken place as a result of installing the fish reef. As a result, out of 69

respondents, 38 (55%) responded that catches had increased, 6 (9%) said the opposite,

and 27 (36%) didn’t know. Similarly, regarding the question about whether landed

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income had increased, out of 67 respondents, 33 (49%) responded that income had

increased, 7 (10%) said the opposite, and 27 (40%) didn’t know.

In reality, because the installed fish reef was extremely small in size, its effects were

very limited. There may be some people who are convinced that fish reefs will enable

more fish to be caught, after seeing the prior experience of Bargny. Catch size and

revenue differ according to fishing conditions and fish prices every year. However,

since there are no fishermen who keep detailed operating records or ledgers, it is

extremely difficult to demonstrate trends using specific figures. However, the fact that

not a few fishermen feel that there has been an effect is good reason to view the

artificial reef project in a good light.

④ Even in the case of a self-made fishing ground and stocks caught there, there is a

strong feeling that fish belong to all the fishermen of Senegal.

The question aimed to find out about awareness of Japanese style fishing concessions,

however, the feeling that fisheries resources belong to all the fishermen of Senegal was

found to remain strong. Out of 63 respondents, 15 (24%) replied that fish around the

fish reef in Yenne belong to the fishermen of Yenne, 42 (67%) that they belong to all

the fishermen of Senegal, and 6 (10%) that they belong to the government.

On numerous occasions during the course of the pilot project, efforts were made to

encourage a sense of ownership and responsibility through telling the fishermen that

stocks around the fish reef belonged to them, however, this type of thinking didn’t

catch on. This result showed that the thinking that fisheries resources belong to all

fishermen, which has been nurtured over many years, cannot be changed overnight.

Alternatively, it may be possible that enlightenment activities to this effect were not

carried out enough.

⑤ Half the fishermen are not aware of the fisheries code of conduct.

Out of 67 respondents, 32 (47%) replied that they knew about the fisheries code of

conduct, whereas 35 said they didn’t know it. This clearly shows that the

enlightenment activities were insufficient.

Meanwhile, out of 34 fishermen who attended at least one meeting during the pilot

project period, 24 (70%) knew about the code of conduct. This indicates that

participation in activities as well as enlightenment activities play an important role in

providing information to fishermen.

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5.5 Bargny (Sub Project)

5.5.1 Outline of the Pilot Project

In Bargny, ongoing follow-up was carried out on stock regeneration based on an artificial reef (the

first one to be installed in Western Africa by OFCA) and fish reef resource management under the

initiative of fishermen, and an attempt was made to construct a model of joint management between

fishermen and administration. The major difference with Yenne is that, whereas fishermen were

involved from the manufacture and installation of the artificial reef in Yenne, manufacture and

installation was fully consigned to a contractor and the fishermen were only involved in management

following reef installation in Bargny.

5.5.2 Overview of the Fishing Village

(1) Socioeconomic Conditions in the Village

Bargny is a fishing village situated 33 km from Dakar, and it is composed of the three

communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou. Most of the villagers are Lebou and fisheries are

the central economic activity.

Inland parts of the village have extensive farmland, which is used to cultivate millet, sweet corn,

watermelons, okra, and mangoes. Since the village is located close to the city, this farmland

offers work opportunities to migratory laborers from the south. Meanwhile, due to water

shortages and cases of theft before harvest and so on, cultivation of millet, sweet corn and

watermelons has been slow in recent years and there is a growing tendency to switch to okra as a

cash crop.

Despite being a fishing village, Bargny displays an urban way of life with tariffs being charged

for water and electricity supply and butane gas being used for cooking purposes. The villagers

generally eat bread in the morning, fish and rice for lunch, and couscous for dinner. The annual

cost of living is 1,350,000 Fcfa for a family of nine and 2,940,000 Fcfa for a family of 20, while

the per capita cost of living is around 150,000 Fcfa. Among both family sizes, food costs account

for the largest share of living expenses (54%, 62%), while luxury items account for the next

largest share (20% and 21%). Heat, light and water expenses account for between 8~10% of

overall living costs.

(2) Fisheries situation

Table 5-18 shows the number of fishing boats according to fishing method in the three fishing

communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou (Bargny area) as of August 2004. The 75 motor-

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powered hand line fishing boats in Sendou switch to bottom gillnet fishing when the summer

octopus fishing season ends. Fishing boats that engage in hand line fishing in natural reef fishing

grounds comprise the 105 engine-powered boats and 45 sailboats of Bargny and Miname. These

fishing boats catch octopus in the summer season, while in other seasons they fish for black sea

bream, pigfish and horse mackerel in natural reef fishing grounds in other seasons.

Table 5-18 Number of Fishing Boats by Fishing Method in Bargny

Hand lineengine-powered

boatsSailboats Purse seine net

boatsBeach seine

net boats Gillnet

Bargny 95 40 34 14 35Miname 10 5 0 1 5Sendou 75 4 0 2 0Total 180 49 34 17 41

Source: Fisheires Department (August 2004)

Many of these hand line fishermen combine fishing with cultivation of okra, however, fisheries

revenue accounts for the overwhelmingly large share (82~96%) of their total income.

Looking at household economy in the case of a hand line fishing family with engine-powered

boat in Miname, the annual number of fishing days is 220, the value of catches landed per boat is

5,260,000 Fcfa, operating expenses are 2,060,000 Fcfa, and the profit margin is 61%. Since the

family of the informant own two engine-powered pirogues, the annual fisheries income is

3,430,000 Fcfa (partly paid to the crew as a dividend). In addition, income from outside of

fisheries is 125,000 Fcfa. The annual living cost of a family of 20 (including depreciation cost of

production assets) is 3,530,000 Fcfa, so the annual household balance is almost even. However,

since hand line fishing is subject to large catch fluctuations, there are years when income doesn’t

cover household expenses.

(3) OCFA Artificial reefs and their Effects

The said project was started in September 2001. Waters off the shore of Bargny on the southern

coast (see Figure 5-12) were selected because proximity to Dakar was good for following up on

the project, the sea here was calm, and it was easy to see the effects of fish reef installation

because natural reefs in the area were rare. The specifications and quantities of the artificial reefs

were examined in Japan, and tender documents were prepared based on these. After that, in

February 2002 designated competitive tender was implemented in Dakar in order to select the

contractor. As a result, FOUGEROLLE Co. of Dakar was selected and it signed a contract with

OFCA. The execution period was approximately three and a half months and all the fish reefs

were installed in June before the start of the rainy season and rough seas. Six fish reefs

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comprising 3 m concrete blocks (each reef weighing 9 tons) were arranged in a circle of 30 m

diameter, and the middle of this was filled with 130 m3 of natural stones (approximately 500 kg

each) to make a hybrid fish reef comprising a conical mound measuring 13 m across at the base

and 3 m high (see Figure 5-13).

Figure 5-12 Map of OFCA Artificial reefs Figure 5-13 Layout Drawing of OFCAArtificial reefs

After the fish reef was installed, the DPM and CRODT carried out enlightenment activities and a

management committee composed of representatives from five coastal villages (Rufisque,

Bargny, Sendou, Miname and Yenne) was formed. The committee, acting on the advice of

CRODT from the viewpoint of stock protection, designated all waters around the fish reef as a

total closed area and made this into legislation as a Rufisque Prefecture ordinance. Moreover, to

ensure that fishermen upheld the ordinance, the committee members took turns in conducting

surveillance activities around the fish reef three times a week. CRODT regularly collected

landing data and conducted catch tests in order to assess the scientific and economic effects of the

artificial reef. Also, the local NGO OCEANIUM was contracted to observe and photograph fish

gathering around the fish reef. OFCA paid all the expenses incurred in these follow-up activities.

A year and a half after establishment of the fish reef, in December 2003, a summing-up seminar

was staged in Dakar and this marked the end of the project activity and financing by OFCA.

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Artificial reef projects by OFCA in the past were simply intended to confirm the fish gathering

effect and stock propagation effect of fish reefs. In this sense, since the pictures take by

OCEANIUM confirmed the gathering of fish around the fish reef and numerous fishermen in the

surrounding villages stated that previously uncaught fish were now being caught, it may be said

that the artificial reef here had a certain effect. Other fishermen said that the number of small

pirogues not fitted with outboard motors had increased in the surrounding villages. This is

because the artificial reef brought the fishing grounds closer to the coast and made them

accessible to non-powered fishing boats too.

However, following the end of the OFAC activities, funding for the management committee has

been cut and budget problems have emerged in that there is no money to replace marker buoys if

they are washed away or purchase fuel for fishing ground surveillance missions. At the root of

this, it is pointed out that fishermen lack a sense of involvement in the project because they were

not actively involved from the start. Moreover, because all initial funding was provided by an

outside agency, a culture of dependency was fostered among the fishermen. In any case, even

though a little late, it became necessary to build a setup whereby the fishermen themselves

manage stocks around the artificial reef. The Study Team decided to target Bargny as a sub

project of the pilot project in order to verify the effectiveness of artificial reef installation as an

effective tool of resource management with Yenne in mind.

5.5.3 Cooperation Period

April 2004 ~ November 2005 (approximately 1 and a half years)

5.5.4 Cooperation Contents

(1) Overall goal

To establish artificial reef installation as an effective means of fisheries resource management

(2) Project purpose

To realize management of fisheries stocks in waters around the artificial reef by the fishermen

concerned.

(3) Outputs

1) Clarification of the stakeholders who will manage fisheries stocks around the fish reef

2) Conferment of rights and obligations concerning stocks around the fish reef to the fishermen

concerned

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(4) Inputs

Japanese side:

• Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s

organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey)

• Supply of facilities and equipment (locally made pirogues, 15 HP outboard engine, GPS, life

jackets, rainwear, buoys)

• Vehicles

Senegalese side:

• Two counterparts (2 from DPM)

• One DPM branch member

• FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities)

(5) Cost of above materials and equipment

• Local made pirogue 1,170 thousand FCFA (US$2,340)

• Outboard engine 1,064 thousand FCFA (US$2,092)

• Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,118 thousand FCFA (US$2,236)

• Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046)

Total 3,875 thousand FCFA (US$7,714)

5.5.5 Project Assessment

(1) Confirmation of Project purpose Achievement Indicators

1) Resource management rules

The style of fishing ground management combining a closed zone and operating zone that

was adopted in Yenne was based on the one in Bargny. However, as in the case of Yenne,

this complex style of fishing ground management didn’t function in reality.

2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting

Not one fishing ground surveillance report has been made since follow-up was started on

this activity as a sub pilot project of the development study. The fund cooperation necessary

for surveillance activities has already been finished, and no fishing ground surveillance

activities are actually being conducted at the present time. All the marking buoys that were

established during the period of OFCA involvement have been washed away and there are

currently no objects to indicate the fishing grounds.

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3) Resource management fund

This idea was introduced based on the same concept as that in Yenne, however, ideas for

fishing charges, joint operation and contributions have not even been proposed let alone

implemented, and the fund has not taken shape at all.

(2) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators

Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out.

Since the computer that was installed in the Bargny fisheries branch office at the start of the sub

project was supplied to the local smoke processing women’s association, it was removed from

the fisheries branch office during the project. Moreover, because the project did not cater for the

supply of computer equipment, the whole idea of registration collapsed at this point.

Output 1-2. The resource management organization was not established.

When the sub project was launched, the project implementation committee (Comité de pilotage)

and fishing ground surveillance committee (Comité de surveillance) that were established during

the OFCA era were in existence, however, these organizations disappeared when the financial

assistance was discontinued.

Output 2-1. No resource management manual has been prepared. This is because it was deemed

that preparation of a manual was incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities.

Output 2-2. No budget was secured for fishing ground surveillance.

The main reason for this was the extinction of the management organizations. There is no chance

of a fund being established or budget being secured without any organization.

(3) Outline of the Assessment Results

Efficiency: Low

Conduct joint operation in order to generate the budget necessary for fishing ground surveillance.

Use the returns from fish sales to establish a fund. Also, rather than using fishing boats, use the

surveillance boat belonging to the management committee to monitor the fishing grounds. In

response to such suggestions from the management committee, a locally made pirogue (8 m),

outboard motor (15 HP) and various other equipment were supplied, however, following the

natural extinction of the management committee, these equipments have been placed under the

management of the Bargny fisheries branch office. Accordingly, equipment supply has made

only a minimal contribution to the outputs.

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Effectiveness: Hardly achieved at all

Since fishermen understand there is a high risk of losing nets if they cast in waters around the fish

reef, they naturally avoid doing this. As a result, waters around the fish reef have become a

closed zone. However, it is of course possible that fishermen who are unaware of the fish reef

will set nets in these waters.

Impact: Positive impacts can be seen, whereas negative impacts have not been seen as yet.

Net fishing gear has naturally been regulated around the fish reef, whereas line fishing is being

practiced. These waters are already recognized as a good fishing grounds, and thiof, which is a

high quality demersal fish, is being landed in Rufisque and so on. Although it is not possible to

indicate quantitative data here, waters around the fish reef are generating an ample positive

economic impact as a new fishing ground.

Relevance: Pros and cons

Discussion of the pros and cons is omitted here because it was already explained in the section on

Yenne.

Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their

own money.

Since this project was totally implemented by external parties under financial support from

OFCA, the fishermen do not possess the know-how or funds to repeat the same work themselves.

(4) Social Impact

1) Difference between form and reality

The artificial reef in Bargny was established under the initiative of OFCA. Artificial reefs in

OFAC projects so far have been used to make closed zones in order to protect fisheries

resources. Accordingly, fishermen were unable to utilize artificial reefs as fishing grounds.

When this work was succeeded in the development study, it was decided to combine a

closed zone with a fish reef fishing ground in order to build a management setup operated

by residents. In order for residents to conduct autonomous management, since it is essential

for residents to raise management costs themselves, various methods of allowing residents

to sustain the management activities were investigated after the support from external

donors was stopped.

The code of conduct (Code de conduit), which is based on opening the artificial reef as a

hand line fishing ground and levying a fishing charge from fishing boats that enter the area,

has been established. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into the

first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area, and it

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prescribes details concerning fishing access. However, the code of conduct has so far failed

to function and there are no users of the fishing license system. The engine-powered pirogue

that was supplied to enable surveillance activities by the fishermen is not operating as

planned.

Meanwhile, the artificial reef is recognized by the local fishermen as a fishing ground where

stable catches can be secured even when catches go down in surrounding fishing grounds,

and it is frequently utilized by gillnet and hand line fishers. According to the local gillnet

fishermen, the artificial reef was used everyday while buoys were in place. Since the buoys

were spaced at intervals of 150 m, the fishermen could set their nets between the buoys

without getting them caught in the artificial reef. In November 2004, since fish couldn’t be

caught in any of the surrounding fishing grounds, many fishermen set their nets on the

artificial reef. Assuming that each fishing boat cast two nets, this means that there are

always between 40~50 bottom gillnets set in the water at any given time. In reality the

artificial reef is already functioning as a stable fishing ground for the local fishermen.

This difference between “form” and “reality” is proving to be an impediment to the

construction of a setup of coastal fishing ground management by local residents based on

the artificial reef.

2) From tight management to loose management

Since the goal of the sub project is to build a setup of coastal fishing ground management by

local residents based on the artificial reef, a fishing access system has been introduced to

allow residents to manage the fish reef fishing grounds. This is a form of so-called tight

management, whereby the fishing ground management committee manages the fishing

grounds while raising operating costs. However, because this tight management hardly

functions at all, it is proposed that this be changed to a system of loose management more

suited to current conditions.

In specific terms, loose management comprises the following methodology:

• Fully open the waters around Bargny artificial reef to hand line fishermen only. For this

purpose, do not install buoys around the artificial reef because they provide markers for

gillnet fishermen to operate. Since gillnets are an expensive asset for the local fishermen,

they do not want to risk getting them caught in an artificial reef not marked with buoys.

Although fishermen can understand the rough position of the fish reef without buoys, they

cannot be sure about the exact location. As a result, so long as no buoys are set to mark

the fish reef, the fishing grounds will only be used by hand line fishermen.

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• Since hand line fishing will be the only fishing method practiced around the fish reef,

only fish of commodity size will be caught, while fry gathering around the reef will be

protected. As a result, the artificial reef will function as a protection and nurturing reef.

• Fishing charges cannot be levied without the aid of marking buoys, however, these can be

sacrificed in return for keeping surveillance activities by the management committee to a

minimum.

• Instead of surveillance activities by the management committee, hand line fishermen can

be obliged to enter and submit operating logs regarding their utilization of the artificial

reef.

• The management committee will utilize the engine-powered boat supplied by JICA to

implement joint operations and use the profits from this as operating costs. It can then use

these funds to consign regular underwater observations to an external organization and to

gauge conditions around the artificial reef. This will prevent ghost fishing around the

artificial reef.

(5) Economic Assessment of the Artificial reef

As was mentioned above, the first step towards building a setup for coastal fishing ground

management by residents using the artificial reef as a tool is to eliminate the disparity between

the “form” of a closed zone and the “reality” of recognition as a fishing ground. For this reason,

based on comments by gillnet fishermen that have used the fish reef as a fishing ground for some

time, economic assessment of the artificial reef is carried out through estimating the value and

quantity of fish caught in the area.

The gillnet fisherman Mr. A set gillnets in the artificial reef fishing grounds and caught fish every

day for two weeks in November 2004. During this period, there were always between 20~25

fishing boats conducting gillnet fishing in the surrounding area. Since each fishing boat sets at

least two gillnets, this means that between 40~50 gillnets were set around the artificial reef at any

time during this period.

Mr. A recorded a net profit of 25,000 Fcfa over the two weeks. Operating costs of this period

were 66,500 Fcfa (4,750 Fcfa per day), while the value of landed catches was 91,500 Fcfa. The

catches mainly consisted of 30 cm of sar, sole and sompatt. Based on the ratio of caught species

and unit sale prices, the total size of catches corresponding to 91,500 Fcfa works out as 99 kg

(see the following table).

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Table 5-19 Estimated Landed Quantity per Fishing Boat at the Artificial reef in Bargny

(2 weeks in November 2004)

Species Sar 30cm 66% 1,000 F/kg 65 kg 65,000 Fcfa

Sole de roche 33cm 3,000 F/kg

Sole de longue 33cm 750 F/kg

Sole tigre 33cm 500 F/kg

Sompate 25cm 17% 120~240 F/kg 17 kg 3,060 Fcfa

Total 100% 99 kg 91,500 Fcfa

Fcfa 17% 17 kg 23,440

Length Ratio Sale Price Landed Value Estimated Catch Size

Data: Based on the hearing survey conducted in July 2005

If it is assumed that 25 gillnet fishing boats that were operating in the waters around the artificial

reef in November 2004 landed the same quantities as Mr. A above, it works out that fish caught

around the Bargny artificial reef were worth 2,290,000 Fcfa and weighed 2,475 kg, breaking

down as 1,625 kg of sar, 425 kg of sole and 425 kg of sompatt. Around this time, catches at other

gillnet fishing grounds off Bargny were down and many fishing boats switched to octopus

fishing. The artificial reef fishing grounds continued to produce stable catches within such an

environment, and it came to be recognized as a steady fishing ground even when catches at other

fishing grounds were struggling.

5.6 Underwater Survey

In the pilot project, an underwater survey was implemented in order to estimate the scientific impact

of artificial reef installation. Since scientific surveying of Senegalese coastal areas is the jurisdiction of

the CRODT, three personnel selected by CRODT were trained as underwater survey divers. At the

same time, diving equipment and underwater photography equipment were procured in order to build

a set to enable CRODT to continue underwater surveys even after the project was finished.

The underwater survey was continuously implemented as shown below in Yenne, Bargny and

Nianing, where artificial reefs or octopus pots were installed.

1) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef

that was installed off the coast of Yenne in 2004 was continued from the fourth through to the

seventh surveys. Of these, since diving equipment for the CRODT survey members could not be

procured in time for the fourth survey, the Japanese Study Team members conducted the follow-

up at this time.

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2) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef

that was installed off the coast of Bargny by OFCA in 2001 was continued in the sixth and

seventh surveys.

3) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots

that were installed off the coast of Nianing during the sixth survey (July 2005) was continued in

the sixth and seventh surveys.

4) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots

that were installed off the coast of Yenne after the sixth survey (July 2005) was conducted in the

seventh survey.

The detailed contents of the surveys are described below.

5.6.1 Survey Methods

In the surveys, first of all seabed conditions were gauged through diving and visual observation. After

that, in the fish survey, numbers of fish gathered around five optionally set measurement points were

estimated using a combination of the fixed point observation method (Figure 5-14) and belt transect

method (Figure 5-15). Concerning the species of fish gathering around and over the fish reefs, the

number of fish per cubic meter was counted, the average number of fish per unit cubage was sought

following the end of underwater observations, and this was extrapolated over the whole artificial reef

area in order to estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. Concerning demersal fish species

that do not form large shoals, again the number of fish per unit cubage was counted by means of the

belt transect method (L 10m, W 1m, H 1m) on five optionally set measurement lines, and this was

extrapolated over the whole artificial reef area following the underwater observations in order to

estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. However, concerning species for which only one

or two fish were observed during the underwater observations, these were added to the observed

numbers without extrapolating over the whole fish reef area. Moreover, in cases where there were so

many gathered fish that it was not possible to estimate the actual numbers by visual observation alone,

an underwater camera with clear angle of view was used to photograph shoals in at least three

directions from the fixed observation points. Accordingly, in cases where photography was conducted

at each measurement point, a total of 15 images, i.e. 3 directions x 5 points, were taken. After the

photography, the distance from each photography point to the visual reference points was measured

using a tape measure. After the survey was finished, the number of fish per species was counted; the

cubage inside the photograph was calculated from the underwater angle of view and distance to the

visual reference points, and the fish count density per unit cubage was estimated (Figure 5-16).

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Figure 5-14 Fixed Point Observation Method Figure 5-15 Belt Transect Method

Figure 5-16 Calculation of Angle of

View

(The bottom part shows an actual example.The underwater angle of view of the camerais 45°across and 30°in the longitudinaldirection, the distance from the lens to thefish reef that is the visual reference point is2.2 m, and the number of fish in the image is145 Pomadasys incisus and 6 Dilodusbellotti. Accordingly, the fish density is 90.6fish/m3 and 3.8 fish/m3 respectively.

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After calculating the number of gathered fish by the above method, the wet unit weight of observed

fish was calculated from the length – wet weight conversion expression, and the biomass was

estimated from the following expression.

Biomass = Estimated number of fish *1 x Wet unit weight *2

*1 Estimated number of fish = (Mean number of fish ± standard error) ÷ Unit volume x

Surveyed area*2 The wet unit weight was calculated from the length – wet weight conversion expression

indicated in existing literature. In cases where the length – wet weight conversion

expression was not indicated for the target species, the expression for similar shape species

was referred to.

In the survey of octopus pots and octopus pot reefs, the number of octopuses living in the set pots was

counted, and conditions of habitation such as the mode of use of pots and evidence of spawning, etc.

were observed.

5.6.2 Survey Findings

Table 5-20 shows the dive times, water temperature and underwater visibility during each survey at

Yenne, Bargny and Nianing where the fish reefs were installed. The depth of artificial reefs was

approximately 16 m at Yenne and 22 m at Bargny, while the octopus pots at Nianing were at 10 m.

The underwater visibility was around 4 m.

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Table 5-20 Hydrographic Conditions and Dive Time in Each Survey

Surveysite Date Survey Target Dive Time Maximum

Depth (m)Water temperature

at surface(°C)Water temperature

oat bottom(°C)Underwatervisibility(m)

Artificial reef 11:31-11:49 15.8 28 27 2.02004, July 28

Target zone 12:16-12:33 12.2 28 27 2.0Artificial reef 11:56-13:26 15.8 30 29 3.8

2004, September 8Target zone 13:55-14:16 12.2 30 29 3.0Artificial reef 11:59-14:14 15.8 30 29 4.5

2004, September 9Target zone 14:45-15:02 12.2 30 29 4.0Artificial reef 11:41-14:10 15.8 29 26 5.8

2004, October 6Target zone 14:35-14:51 12.2 28 27 5.2Artificial reef 11:07-11:58 15.8 15 15 4.2

2005, February 18Target zone 13:03-13:37 13.7 15 15 4.2Artificial reef 10:47-11:52 15.8 15 15 3.2

2005, February 20Target zone 12:18-13:02 12.2 15 15 3.2Artificial reef 11:31-12:32 15.5 16 15 3.2

2005, February 21Target zone 13:05-13:58 12.1 16 15 3.0Artificial reef 12:09-13:16 15.9 31 30 3.5

2005, July 22Target zone 14:09-14:36 14.2 31 30 3.5Artificial reef 11:54-13:01 16.3 31 30 4.5

2005, July 23Target zone 13:55-14:22 12.2 30 29 4.5Octopus pot reef 15:17-15:40 12.8 30 29 1.5

2005, October 14Target zone 14:35-15:07 12.5 30 29 3.5

2005, October Artificial reef 13:50-15:27 16.3 30 29 7.5Artificial reef 13:51-14:43 15.9 30 29 3.5

2005, October 19Target zone 15:10-15:25 13.7 30 29 2.5Octopus pot reef 13:02-13:37 15.5 30 29 2.0

Yenne

2005, November 2Target zone 14:41-15:01 10.8 30 29 2.5Artificial reef 11:51-12:08 22.2 30 28 3.0

2005, July 16Target zone 13:10-13:33 15.1 30 28 3.0Artificial reef 11:41-12:38 21.7 30 27 4.0

2005, July 30Target zone 14:21-14:42 14.9 30 29 4.0Artificial reef 12:16-13:52 22.2 30 28 3.5

2005, October 22Target zone 14:30-14:52 16.5 30 28 3.5Artificial reef 12:59-13:28 22,5 30 28 3.5

2005, October 23Target zone 14:22-14:36 16.9 30 28 3.5

2005, October Artificial reef 12:47-13:30 22.5 30 28 7.0

Bargny

2005, October Target zone 13:20-13:50 15.5 30 28 4.02005, August 5 Octopus pot 13:00-15:00 9.5 30 30 4.5

Nianing2005, October 11 Octopus pot 12:36-14:07 12.2 31 30 4.5

The survey points are briefly described below. Moreover, Tables 5-21~5-24 show the gathered number

of fish estimated from the observation results in Yenne and Bargny.

(1) Yenne

① July 28, 2004 (advance survey)

Underwater visibility was very poor at 1 m or less around both the scheduled installation

point of the artificial reef and the natural reefs. Bottom sediment around the scheduled

installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle diameter 1 mm or less)

mixed with shell fragments, and the terrain was flat with no ripple marks (waves formed

5 - 90

when surface sand is moved by tidal currents). The only observed fish was one ray

(Dasyatis sp.) of 40 cm in length (see Figure 5-17a).

The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm

diameter, and no major undulations could be seen in the bed. Soft coral was dotted on the

rocks, however, no large shells, etc. were observed. The only observed fish were two red

mullets (Pseudupeneus prayensis) of around 15 cm and three jack mackerels (Trachurus

sp.) of around 10 cm (see Figure 5-17b).

Figure 5-17 Seabed Conditions before Installation of the Artificial Reef (a),

and Natural Reefs in the Comparative Zone (b)

② September 8~9 and October 6, 2004

In the underwater surveys conducted on September 8~9 and one month later on October 6,

the installed conditions of concrete blocks and gabions were observed and recorded; the

types and numbers of fish gathered around the artificial reefs were counted; and data for

conducting quantitative analysis of gathered fish over time were collected.

Figure 5-18 shows the conditions of concrete blocks and gabions installation, while Figure

5-19 shows the positions of measurement lines and measurement points installed on the

artificial reef. Gabions were scattered over an area comprising radius of 10~15 m, and the

installation density was particularly high over 16 m on the south side from the reef center

point. A total of 62 concrete blocks were confirmed, that is five located close to the center

of the fish reef, five located around 5 m to the north, 10 located around 13 m to the

southwest, and 42 located on the east to southeast side around 12 m from the center. Apart

from some gabions that had sunk around 5~10 cm into the bottom sediment, hardly any

scouring or burying was observed in the installed gabions and concrete blocks.

a b

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Figure 5-18 Pattern Diagram of Gabion andConcrete Block InstallationConditions

Figure 5-19 Measurement Lines andMeasurement Points Set for theUnderwater Surveys

Whereas hardly any fish at all were observed before installation of the artificial reef, nine

species were observed on September 8~9 and 14 species on October 6. On September 9,

shoals of around 3,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) measuring 10~15 cm and 6,000~7,000

horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.) measuring 10~12 cm were observed. Moreover, one month

later on October 6, shoals of around 6,000~7,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 18,000

pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 20,000 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae, Decapterus

punctatus) were observed.

Meanwhile, the natural reef that was observed as a comparative zone was a uniform terrain

comprising soft coral and sponges dotted around flat rock. No fish species at all were

observed in September, while only one sea bream measuring around 10 cm was observed in

October.

③ February 18, 20 and 21, 2005

There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,

and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.

Around 14~15 species of fish were observed gathering around the fish reef, showing no

major change from the October 2004 survey, however, the numbers of fish were

dramatically less. Specifically, only 300~400 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and 1100-1400

pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed. Moreover, no horse mackerel (Trachurus

trecae, Decapterus punctatus) at all were seen. In contrast, around 600 sweetlips

(Plectorhinchus mediterraneus) measuring 20~25 cm, which were hardly seen at all in the

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previous survey, were observed. It is thought the reduction in the number of fish was due tothe fact that water temperature was extremely low at around 15℃.

Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the only fish observed were around 100 sea bream

(Diplodus bellotti).

④ July 22~23, 2005

Some gabions were seen to be more than half-filled with sand, however, clustered gabions

were hardly buried at all and there was none of the burying that initially caused concern.

Moreover, no scouring, burying or damage was observed on the concrete blocks. The main

rope of a longline was found tangled on a gabion on the edge of the artificial reef zone,

however, there was no evidence of gillnets or negative effects such as ghost fishing, etc. The

gabion and concrete block surfaces were covered with barnacles, sponges, lugworms and

polyzoans, etc.

The number of fish species observed around the artificial reef was 17 species on July 22 and

22 species on July 23. Numerous sweetlips and small sea bream were observed swimming

around the area, and there were also a lot of groupers measuring 50 cm and more, which had

hardly been observed before, swimming around the reef.

Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, three species were observed on July 22 and six species

on July 23. Specifically speaking, around 50 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 50~100 gilthead

(Coris julis) and, on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart

from those, hardly any other fish species were seen.

⑤ October 18~19 and November 2, 2005

There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,

and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.

The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 23 species on October 18, 22

species on October 19 and 24 species on November 2. The main species found gathered

around the fish reef over the three days were 1,600~4,800 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti),

5,000~7,500 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus), and 1,100~2,600 sweetlips (Plectorhinchus

mediterraneus). On October 18, around 1,500 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae,

Decapterus punctatus), which were observed in the summer of 2004, were observed.

Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, five species were observed on October 14 and

November 2, and three were observed on October 19. In terms of numbers, 100~170 sea

5 - 93

bream (Diplodus bellotti), 150 gilthead (Coris julis), 60 grouper (Epinephelus costae) and,

on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart from those,

hardly any other fish species were seen.

Whereas only one species of fish was observed before the fish reef was installed, this

increased to nine species immediately after fish reef installation and 14~15 species a month

after installation. The number had increased to more than 20 one year after installation (see

Figure 5-20). However, in the comparative zone, the number varied between 3~6 over the

survey period.

Moreover, upon comparing the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of

the above underwater observations, whereas this was only 1 kg or less before installation of

the reef, it increased to 200 kg immediately after installation and 1,700 kg one month later.

After that, it dropped to around 300 kg during the winter when water temperatures fell,

however, it again increased to between 1,000~1,500 kg from the following summer (see

Figure 5-21). Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the biomass remained more or less the

same at 50 kg, and no major differences were observed in the gathered quantity (see Figure

5-21).

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Figure 5-20 Movements in the Number of Observed Fish at Yenne

(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)

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0200400600800

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Figure 5-21 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Yenne

(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)

Surveys in Japan have shown that fish start gathering around an artificial reef from three

months to one year after installation. However, in the case of Yenne, the ongoing surveys

showed that gathering started during and immediately after installation, and from this it is

inferred that rocks and undulating natural reefs are rare in the surrounding area.

(2) Bargny

① July 16 and 30, 2005

Underwater visibility at the survey points was around 3 m, however, because there were

many suspended solids, the seabed was dark and visibility was poor. Bottom sediment

around the scheduled installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle

diameter 1 mm or less) mixed with shell fragments. No conspicuous scouring, burial or

damage could be seen in the observed artificial reef, however, some concrete beams were

tangled with the main lines of purse seine nets and longlines, indicating that fishing was

being practiced around the artificial reef. However, no gillnets, etc. were entangled and

there was little evidence of negative effects from ghost fishing, etc. The surface of the

artificial reef was covered in a thick layer of barnacles, sponges and lugworm, etc. and the

base concrete couldn’t be seen at all. Figure 5-22 shows the layout of the fish reefs. The

reefs consisted of a central mound of deposited rocks surrounded by 3 m square concrete

blocks, however, the distance from the mound to the concrete blocks varied according to the

reef. Dense shoals of fish were observed within around 5 m from the blocks, however,

hardly any fish at all were observed beyond that range. Accordingly, the effective scope of

this fish reef is estimated to be the effective scope of the mound + effective scope of the

5 - 95

concrete blocks x 6, i.e. 760 + 130 x 6 = 1,540 m2. Demersal fish species such as grouper

and gilthead were mostly observed up to 1 m above the seabed. Moreover, large shoals of

sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed in high

density up to 5 m above the seabed.

The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 13 species on July 16 and July

30. The predominant species were around 6,000 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 60~90

large grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, Epinephelus costae). On July 30, roughly 13,000 horse

mackerel (Trachurus trecae) gathered around the reef. Moreover, on July 16, one fry (5 cm

in length) of thiof (Epinephulus aeneus) was found hiding in cracks between rocks on the

seabed around the artificial reef. This is thought to be one example of fry utilizing the

artificial reef (see Figure 5-23).

投石群

:コンクリートブロック

:魚類蝟集範囲

Figure 5-22 Layout Drawing of Fish Reefs atBargny

Figure 5-23 Choff Small Fry around Fish Reefs

As the comparative zone, underwater survey was carried out around the natural reef located

around the artificial reef. The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs comprised flat

sand or rock and was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm diameter, and no major undulations

could be seen in the bed. Soft coral and sponges were attached to the rock. The rock bed was

totally covered in sand and formed a rock shelf of around 50 cm in parts, however, the range

of this was extremely limited and such terrain was not observed continuing for more than 5

m in any place. Six fish species were observed on July 16 and July 30; in particular, a shoal

of 100 sweetlips was observed on July 30, and there were also numerous sea bream and

pigfish.

Cast rocks

Concrete block

: Fish gathering scope

5 - 96

② October 22, 23 and 29

There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,

and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.

The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 21~22 species, which was more

than in the survey in July. The main species found gathered around the fish reef were

60,000~120,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and 130,000~160,000 pigfish (Pomadasys

incisus), displaying a dramatic increase over the previous survey. Meanwhile, in the

comparative zone, only two species were observed on October 22 and October 23, whereas

six species (the same as in the previous survey) were observed on October 29. In terms of

the main species, 100~200 pigfish and, on October 30, 100 sweetlips (Plectorhynchus

mediterraneus) were observed. However, apart from those, the only other observed species

were a few moray and sea bream.

Summing up the survey results around the artificial reef in Bargny, the number of observed

fish species was 13 in the July survey and 21~22 in the October survey, whereas in the

comparative zone, the number varied between 2~6 over the whole period (see Figure 5-24).

Moreover, looking at the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of the

above underwater observations, 5~7 tons was observed over the fish reef effective scope

(1,540 m2) in July, whereas this had increased to 10~15 tons by October (see Figure 5-25).

Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, biomass of around 2 tons was estimated over a similar

area on July 30. Apart from that, the biomass was estimated at 100 kg on the other days,

displaying a major disparity with the biomass around the artificial reef, as was also the case

in Yenne.

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Figure 5-24 Movements in the Number of Fish Observed at Bargny

(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)

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05000

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Figure 5-25 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Bargny

(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)

(3) Nianing Survey

① August 5, 2005

Underwater visibility on the seabed around the octopus pots was around 3.5 m. The seabed

was flat and comprised a blanket of shell pieces and small stones, etc. on top of the sandy

bottom. The main rope connecting the octopus pots was approximately 200 m and wasinstalled in the north-south direction (150~330°), however, it was sagging for around 15 m

and was tangled in the anchor rope at the northern tip. There was no evidence at all to

indicate sinking or breakage of the octopus pots.

Octopuses were confirmed inside 17 out of 23 installed octopus pots in this underwater

survey. Many of the octopuses inside the pots had blocked the entrances of the pots with

shell pieces and small stones gathered from the seabed. It is thought that they do this to

protect against hostile enemies on the outside. Moreover, out of the 17 octopus pots in

which octopuses were confirmed, three also had octopuses gathered outside. It is thought

that the octopuses here were either vying to get possession of the pots or were engaged in

copulation (see Figure 5-26).

Figure 5-26 Octopuses Gathered around Octopus Pots at Nianing

5 - 98

② October 11, 2005

The installed octopus pots were scattered over the seabed and it wasn’t possible to fully

observe them. However, one of the pots that was found contained a female octopus fanning

eggs (supplying fresh water to the eggs), indicating that the octopus pots were being

effectively utilized as spawning grounds (see Figure 5-27).

Figure 5-27 Female Octopus Fanning Eggs in an Octopus Pot at Nianing

(4) Octopus Pot Survey in Yenne

At the three sites where octopus pots were installed in Yenne, water depth was 12~15 m, sea

swell was strong and visibility was poor. The seabed terrain was flat and consisted of fine-

grained sand or floating sediment, and the installed octopus pots were filled with such sediment

and showed no signs of octopus gathering.

Unlike in the survey of octopus pots in Nianing, it was not possible to clarify the effects of the

octopus pot reefs here. Concerning why, it is thought that the octopus pots were installed on

sandy seabed away from the octopus habitat and that the structure of the pots with no hole in the

bottom prevented fresh water exchange caused by swells and currents from fully taking place

inside.

To sum up, the underwater surveys confirmed that, apart from octopus pot reefs, the fish

gathering and propagation facilities such as artificial reefs and octopus pots installed off the coast

of Senegal are highly effective. In particular, the artificial reefs installed off the coast of Yenne

and Bargny displayed more immediate and sustained effects than those installed in Japanese

waters. This is considered indicative off the fact that trawling activities in recent times have

exhausted the few natural reefs that exist off the coast of Senegal and coastal habitats for fish

species have become depleted. It is known that fish gathering facilities such as artificial reefs not

only promote the gathering of local fish species, but they also contribute to propagation of stocks

through expanding habitats for local species especially fry and young fish. Moreover, Japan has

already tried intensive and efficient fisheries resource management based on gathering young

5 - 99

fish, and it is anticipated that effective resource management based on artificial reefs, etc. can be

realized in Senegal too. However, in order to efficiently implement fishing ground management

around fish reefs, it is essential to gauge the seasonal and annual changes in fish gathering

conditions around such facilities. Therefore, in addition to compiling new plans for artificial reef

installation, it is desirable that Senegalese experts continue to implement qualitative and

quantitative surveys of gathering fish (like the surveys conducted here) from now on.

Table 5-21 Average Body Size and Numbers of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Yenne

2004.7.28 2004.9.8 2004.9.9 2004.10.6 2005.2.18 2005.2.20 2005.2.21 2005.7.22 2005.7.23 2005.10.18 2005.10.19 2005.11.2Acanthurus monroviae - 30cm / 22±9 30cm / 30±18 5cm / 1±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0Batrachoides liberiensi - - - 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 3±0Bodianus scrofa - - - - - - -15cm / 34.2±14.0 15cm / 46±11 15cm / 80±14 15cm / 103±21 15cm / 68±46Bodianus speciosus - - - - 25cm / 3±0 25cm / 1±0 25cm / 2±0 25cm / 68±11 25cm / 68±28 25cm / 68±11 25cm / 114±18 25cm / 91±29Caranx sp. - - - 30cm / 4±0 - - - - - - - -Cephalopholis taeniops - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 46±11 20cm / 34±14 20cm / 46±21Chaetodon hoefleri - - - - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 20cm / 4±0 20cm / 3±0Chaetodon marcellae - - - - - - - 15cm / 57±26 15cm / 46±21 15cm / 45±28 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 3±0Chilomycterus reticulatus - - - - - - - 60cm / 3±0 40cm / 3±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 3±0Coris julis - - - - - - - 12cm / 80±14 12cm / 34±23 12cm / 148±23 12cm / 239±66 12cm / 194±64Dasyatis sp. 40cm / 1±0 - - - - - - - - - - -Decapterus punctatus - - - 9cm / 6650±4824 - - - - - - - -Diplodus bellottii - 13cm / 2736±335 13cm / 2904±334 13cm / 6422±577 15cm / 285±63 15cm / 369±102 15cm / 285±11415cm / 3028±93015cm / 2546±53915cm / 1631±47415cm / 2604±66015cm / 1659±701Diplodus cervinus cervinus - - - - - - 30cm / 125±58 30cm / 91±29 30cm / 91±67 30cm / 103±21 30cm / 80±29Diplodus sargus cadenati - - - - 23cm / 114±51 23cm / 251±34 23cm / 467±274 30cm / 80±29 30cm / 68±21 30cm / 137±39 30cm / 182±61 30cm / 125±49Diplodus vulgaris - - - - 23cm / 80±29 23cm / 125±34 23cm / 114±0 30cm / 182±33 30cm / 194±59 30cm / 137±53 30cm / 171±65 30cm / 148±23Epinephelus aeneus - 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 50cm / 46±28 50cm / 57±26 50cm / 46±21 50cm / 23±14 50cm / 46±28Epinephelus costae - - - 25cm / 353±103 25cm / 68±23 25cm / 91±23 25cm / 91±29 30cm / 228±31 30cm / 205±39 30cm / 217±38 30cm / 331±115 30cm / 239±55Labridae sp. - 25cm / 1±0 25cm / 1±0 - - - - - - - - -Lutjanus agennes - - - - - - - - 40cm / 1±0 - - -Mugil sp. - - - 30cm / 11±0 - - - - - - - -Mycteroperca rubra - - - - - - - 70cm / 46±21 70cm / 57±18 70cm / 34±14 70cm / 46±11 70cm / 46±11Pagrus caeruleostictus - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 4±0 20cm / 34±23 20cm / 57±36 20cm / 46±28Parapristipoma octolineatum - - - - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 182±117 - 15cm / 251±132 15cm / 331±104 15cm / 285±36Plectorhinchus mediterraneus - - - 25cm / 9±0 23cm / 695±175 23cm / 513±228 23cm / 661±234 27cm / 1163±657 27cm / 1483±410 27cm / 1808±1482 27cm / 2006±112927cm / 2261±1135Pomadasys incisus - 18cm / 132±45 18cm / 144±77 13cm / 17100±1096 13cm / 1349±181 13cm / 1197±136 13cm / 1311±342 15cm / 18±13 -18cm / 4723±135818cm / 4719±110218cm / 5902±1783Pseudupeneus prayensis - 4cm / 389±131 4cm / 504±150 15cm / 980±240 10cm / 160±97 10cm / 262±120 10cm / 365±234 17cm / 388±42 17cm / 319±50 17cm / 638±157 17cm / 581±299 17cm / 456±206Scorpaena sp. - - - - - - - 10cm / 23±14 - 10cm / 1±0 - -Serranus scriba - 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 2±0 18cm / 3±0 18cm / 3±0 - - - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - - - - 20cm / 57±18 20cm / 57±31 20cm / 80±34 20cm / 80±23 10cm / 80±23Sphoeroides marmoratus - 5cm / 173±46 5cm / 216±75 5cm / 125±033 5cm / 34±11 5cm / 46±23 5cm / 46±023 10cm / 23±14 10cm / 34±14 10cm / 137±29 10cm / 46±11 10cm / 34±14Thalassoma pavo - - - - - - - - - 15cm / 68±21 15cm / 80±23 15cm / 80±34Trachinotus ovatus - - - 30cm / 8±0 - - - - - - - -Trachurus trecae - 12cm / 5712±2689 12cm / 6456±3990 12cm / 12464±4552 - - - - - 12cm / 1459±1459 - -

observed species number 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Table 5-22 Average Body Length and Numbers of Fish Observed Around Natural Reefs (Comparative Zone) in Yenne

2004.7.28 2004.9.8 2004.9.9 2004.10.6 2005.2.18 2005.2.20 2005.2.21 2005.7.22 2005.7.23 2005.10.14 2005.10.19 2005.11.2Acanthurus monroviae - - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 - - -Batrachoides liberiensi - - - - 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 - - 20cm / 2±0 - 20cm / 1±0Coris julis - - - - - - - 13cm / 57±18 12cm / 114±54 15cm / 114±74 12cm / 137±73 12cm / 160±79Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 22±9 - - 13cm / 7±7 15cm / 68±46 15cm / 137±91 15cm / 103±68 10cm / 57±26 10cm / 46±28 10cm / 91±39 10cm / 114±51 10cm / 171±60Epinephelus costae - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 1±0 - - 25cm / 57±18 25cm / 57±26 25cm / 57±44Gymnothorax afer - - - - - - - - 100cm / 2±0 - - 100cm / 1±0Pseudupeneus pyayensis 5cm / 22±9 - - - - - - 10cm / 34±23 10cm / 1±0 - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - - - - - 20cm / 68±42 - - -Sphoeroides marmoratus - - - - - - - - - 10cm / 1±0 - -

observed species number 2 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 6 5 3 5

Table 5-23 Average Body Size and Numbers of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Bargny

2005.7.16 2005.7.30 2005.10.22 2004.10.23 2004.10.29Acanthurus monroviae 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0Balistes capriscus - - 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0Bodianus scrofa 15cm / 92±38 - 15cm / 123±58 15cm / 123±31 15cm / 123±75Bodianus speciosus - 25cm / 3±0 25cm / 123±31 25cm / 277±58 25cm / 184±58Caranx sp. - - 25cm / 62±38 25cm / 2±0 25cm / 8±0Cephalopholis taeniops 20cm / 62±38 - 20cm / 154±49 20cm / 123±58 20cm / 215±92Chaetodon hoefleri 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 6±0 15cm / 4±0Chaetodon marcellae - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 4±0Chilomycterus reticulatus 50cm / 1±0 - - - -Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 10830±3755 10cm / 13953±3627 15cm / 92481±51971 15cm / 61954±33086 15cm / 129808±64719Diplodus cervinus cervinus - - 30cm / 92±38 30cm / 92±62 30cm / 185±75Diplodus sargus cadenati 30cm / 62±38 - 30cm / 216±62 30cm / 123±75 30cm / 185±123Diplodus vulgaris 30cm / 216±151 30cm / 277±123 30cm / 246±104 30cm / 277±102 30cm / 246±104Epinephelus aeneus 50cm / 92±38 50cm / 65±28 50cm / 154±49 50cm / 123±58 50cm / 123±31Epinephelus costae 20cm / 216±151 20cm / 68±23 20cm / 246±38 20cm / 277±90 20cm / 370±62Mycteroperca rubra 70cm / 123±58 - 70cm / 92±38 70cm / 92±38 70cm / 62±38Pagrus caeruleostictus - 20cm / 3±0 20cm / 169±71 20cm / 215±115 20cm / 277±123Parapristipoma octolineatum - - 15cm / 216±151 15cm / 185±113 20cm / 215±115Plectorhinchus mediterraneus - 30cm / 1539±456 - - -Pomadasys incisus 15cm / 53176±7728 15cm / 74875±17522 15cm / 167857±98173 15cm / 135078±60217 15cm / 164940±80943Pseudupeneus prayensis 20cm / 216±92 20cm / 246±151 17cm / 986±291 17cm / 647±164 17cm / 770±284Thalassoma pavo - - 15cm / 154±49 15cm / 184±90 15cm / 215±79Trachurus trecae - 10cm / 13385±6371 - 10cm / 3993±3993 10cm / 65311±26840Umbrina canariensis - - 15cm / 246±61 15cm / 246±134 15cm / 277±113

observed species number 0 0 0 0 0

Table 5-24 Average Body Length and Numbers of Fish Observed Around Natural Reefs (Comparative Zone) in Bargny

2005.7.16 2005.7.30 2005.10.22 2004.10.23 2004.10.30Acanthurus monroviae 30cm / 2±0 - - - 30cm / 2±0Batrachoides liberiensi - 20cm / 3±0 - - -Coris julis - - - - -Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 154±49 10cm / 123±62 10cm / 246±38 10cm / 154±69 10cm / 154±84Epinephelus costae 20cm / 61±29 20cm / 92±57 20cm / 61±38 20cm / 92±38 20cm / 123±58Gymnothorax afer 100cm / 1±0 - - - 100cm / 1±0Pagrus caeruleostictus 10cm / 92±61 10cm / 126±63 10cm / 92±61Plectorhynchus mediterraneus - 30cm / 139±0 - - -Pseudupeneus pyayensis - 20cm / 61±29 - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - -Sphoeroides marmoratus 5cm / 92±38 - - - 5cm / 92±38

observed species number 6 6 2 2 6

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5.7 Important Points to Consider in the Artificial reef Project

This section summarizes the important points to consider in implementing artificial reef projects in

Senegal in future based on the experiences gained in the OFCA artificial reef project (Bargny) and the

JICA pilot project (Yenne and Nianing). These contents include problems peculiar to Senegal and

general problems.

(1) Clarify the objectives of artificial reefs

Artificial reefs are broadly divided into those aimed at protecting stocks as in Europe and those

aimed at utilizing stocks as in Japan. Since each type entails different management methods, it is

necessary to clarify the objective of artificial reefs from the start.

In the JICA pilot project in Yenne, the artificial reef had the objective of stock utilization in order

to give the local fishermen a sense of involvement in resource management and to enhance the

feeling of ownership and management responsibility through the benefits of the reef. In reality,

the anticipated effects could not be realized because the fish reef was too small to generate

sufficient benefits that could be realized by the fishermen.

(2) Identify the beneficiaries of artificial reefs

Regardless of whether a fish reef is intended as a stock utilization type or a protection type,

identifying the beneficiaries of artificial reef installation determines who the project partners, i.e.

the project implementing parties and the stock managers, will be. In the case of a fish reef for

stock utilization, since it is not desirable for net fishing gear to be used in the fishing grounds

around the reef, the ideal scenario is for line fishermen to become the beneficiaries. Moreover,

the more beneficiaries there are and the more they can unite for the common benefit, the higher

the chances of project success.

In the case of a fish reef for protection, fishermen do not necessarily directly receive the benefits

of protecting stocks. It is a wonderful thing if such a project can be implemented with the

intention of providing benefit for all fishermen over all Senegal, however, it is first necessary to

conduct sufficient enlightenment activities so that the level of awareness regarding stocks is

increased among fishermen overall.

(3) Selection of the artificial reef installation ocean area (place)

When selecting the ocean area (place), it is necessary to make an overall judgment based on the

two perspectives of local fisheries conditions and natural environment in the area concerned. If it

is intended to install a fish reef for stock utilization, the target should be an ocean area or fishing

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villages where there are many line fishermen, who will be the beneficiaries. The ideal site is a

place where from the viewpoint of fishermen it is easy to utilize and manage stocks, and where

from the viewpoint of project implementers it is easy to install the fish reef and secure reef

stability after it is in place.

The important factors in terms of natural environment are bottom sediment and ocean currents

(tidal currents). Since this work entails sinking an artificial structure under the sea, the said

structure needs to stay in place for a long time in order to be effective. The situation that needs to

be avoided most is where the structure sinks into the seabed. Accordingly, the bottom sediment

cannot be soft. Moreover, in ocean areas where ocean currents (tidal currents) are fast, since the

upstream sides of structures are prone to scouring while the downstream sides are likely to

experience sediment accumulation, these types of areas are also inappropriate for fish reef

installation.

In order to gauge seabed conditions, three methods were adopted in the pilot project, i.e.

interviews with fishermen, sampling and particle composition analysis based on sludge samplers,

and visual observation based on underwater survey. All the equipment required to implement the

second approach will be handed over to CRODT after the project is finished. The following table

shows bottom sediment particle composition off the coast of the target villages in the pilot

project.

Table 5-25 Bottom Sediment Analysis Sheet

Ocean area Nianing offshore Nianing offshore Yenne offshoreLocal name of sampling point Pass Buoy 50 Artificial reef/passLatitude (N. lat.) 14°18’ 235 14°16’36Longitude (W. long.) 17°00’665 17°03’04Water depth 8.0 m 12.8 m 15.6 mBottom sediment Sand Gravel mixed with shells GravelWeight ratio per particle sizedivisionMore than 0.85mm0.425~0.85mm0.25~0.425mmLess than 0.25mm

6％12％44％38％

57％15％10％18％

13％13％38％36％

Legend:

　　More than 0.85mm　　0.425~0.85mm　　0.25~0.425mm　　Less than 0.25mm

6%

12%

44%

38%

57%

15%

10%

18% 13%

13%

38%

36%

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The seabed offshore of Yenne, where the artificial reef was installed, contains a lot of relatively

fine-grained sand known locally as “pass” and this was selected as the base for the fish reef. This

fine-grained sand is prone to upswirl caused by tidal currents, and indeed sand accumulation can

be seen on the downstream side of a number of artificial reef structures. Incidentally, according

to the underwater survey conducted offshore of Nianing, where an artificial reef was not

installed, it was found that sand and gravel alternate and form a parallel line to the coastline. The

sandy sediment is known as “pass” here too and, because shallow water exists on top of small-

grained particles, the seabed is deemed to be inappropriate for fish reef installation. Meanwhile,

the gravel sediment that is mixed with crushed shell pieces forms a solid base that could provide

a solid foundation for artificial structures. The seabed around Buoy 50, which is the most famous

fishing ground in waters between Mbour and Joal, also comprises this gravel mixed with

seashells. Therefore, because ocean currents are also a factor, the propriety of sites cannot be

discussed based on the particle size of bottom sediment alone, however, generally speaking it is

desirable for particles of different grain sizes to be mixed together. In areas where small-grain

particles form the majority of sediment (for example, the “pass” off the coast of Nianing), there is

a high risk of the structure overturning or sinking following installation.

It is also inappropriate to install a fish reef on a rocky reef belt because there is risk that the

effects cannot be discerned. In ocean areas that have natural reefs nearby but are surrounded by

barren sandy sediment (for example, Yenne and Bargny), there is a strong possibility that fish

species will gather around the artificial reef. Other promising areas with high potential for

artificial reefs are places where natural reefs used to exist but have been destroyed by commercial

trawlers leaving barren seabed.

When reef surveillance is taken into account, it is inappropriate to select sites too far from the

shore. Leaving aside the ability to dispatch fishing ground surveillance missions, it is desirable to

select ocean areas that can be easily monitored by fishing boats sailing or operating in the area.

(4) Types of Artificial reef

In advanced countries, generally speaking concrete structures are adopted. These have the

advantages of being resistant to saltwater and allowing for free design of shape, however, on the

other hand they have the disadvantage of being too expensive. In Bargny, the fish reef is

composed of concrete structures and natural stones, and all the materials have been procured

from the local area. Meanwhile, the artificial reef in Yenne is composed of concrete structures

and gabions. In the gabions, rocks that are abundantly found scattered around Yenne and the

surrounding area have been used. In this way, it is a good idea to make effective use of materials

that can be cheaply procured in large quantities and can last in the water for a long time without

decomposing.

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The sports fishing federation of Senegal has made artificial reefs by sinking abandoned ships for

a long time. Since the purpose of use is limited to sport fishing, these reefs impart hardly any

benefit to artisinal fishermen, however, they have been confirmed to be effective for attracting

fish. From the viewpoints of effectively utilizing stocks and realizing cheap project costs, it may

be a good idea to sink abandoned vessels that no longer have commercial value, however, ample

care needs to be taken not to cause ocean pollution or incur criticism of abandoning waste in the

ocean.

(5) Method of Fish Reef Installation

Although a lot depends on the budget available, the safest and surest approach to implementing

work at sea is to lease a work ship such as a barge equipped with crane. In the case of Bargny, a

mineral ore barge fitted with crane belonging to a construction company in Dakar was used.

However, this approach is not only expensive, but also it does not help fishermen develop a sense

of involvement in the project. In the case of Yenne, a raft was constructed to carry the fish reef

structure, and the fishermen themselves towed them and put them into place. This helped

encourage fishermen’s involvement in the project, however, the cost saving was not all that

much. Because enlightenment activities were not implemented enough to encourage the local

fishermen to take part in the manufacture and installation of the fish reef as the burden of the

local side, it was necessary to pay for their labor.

(6) Management of Fish Reef Fishing Grounds

The idea of funding resource management from the economic benefits of the artificial reef alone

was not achieved in the pilot project. For this there were two reasons: first the fish reef was too

small, and second the management awareness of fishermen was not sufficiently nurtured.

Regarding size, it is difficult to forecast how much benefit can be realized according to different

sizes since this varies depending on the conditions of the ocean area and the fishing village. It is

necessary to build up experience in this area. The pilot project no doubt played a part in

enhancing the awareness of fishermen, however, this was not enough to be reflected in concrete

actions. There is little choice but to count on grassroots enlightenment activities based on the

department of fisheries.

As a technical lesson, it was learned that finely delineating fishing grounds by means of buoys is

difficult. Since the fishing grounds at Yenne and Bargny are situated off flat coastline, they are

prone to waves and swells from the outer ocean. Because waves sometimes exceed 2 m in height,

the ropes and wires holding the buoys in place were frequently cut. There were even reports of

fishermen cutting the ropes in order to get buoys for themselves. If the management organization

had a lot of money for maintenance, it could easily replace buoys when they got lost, however,

this was not possible in this case. In conclusion, it must be said that the method that was adopted

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in Yenne and Bargny of dividing fishing grounds into two zones according to the purpose of use

is unfeasible.

(7) Economic Assessment of the Fish Reef

Comparative examination was implemented on the volume of the fish reef space and the reef cost

by referring to a limited number of case studies.

In Bargny, six concrete block fish reefs measuring 15.5 m3 each and 132 m3 of natural rocks

(0.5~1.0 tons) were put into the sea to create a combined reef volume of 225 m3. The total cost

comprising manufacturing cost and installation cost was 35,828,154 Fcfa (the contract amount

with the local contractor FOUGEROLLE Co.).

In the case of Yenne, 75 concrete block fish reefs measuring 0.42 m3 each and 420 gabions of

0.28 m3 each (on average) were manufactured and put into the sea. The combined reef volume

was 149.2 m3. The cost of this including the cost of manufacturing and installing buoys was

15,754,142 Fcfa.

Table 5-26 Comparison of Artificial reef Manufacture and Installation Costs

Fishing village Bargny YenneFish reef type Blocks

1 block 15.5m3×6units

Natural rocksA mound formed bythrowing looserocks into the sea.Mound size: coneshape comprising13m diameter and3m height

Blocks1 block x 0.42m3×

75 units

Gabions30 gabions of0.28m3 each madein each village, at 7villages, 2 times

Volume (m3) 93.0 132.0 31.5 117.6Total volume (m3) 225.0 149.2Manufacturing cost(FCFA)

-(Cannot be calculated

for single units)

-(Cannot be calculated

for single units)

3,000,000 2,237,768

Total cost (FCFA)(includinginstallation cost)

35,828,154 15,754,142(including buoy manufacturing and

installation costs)1m3 creation cost(FCFA)

159,236 105,590

Gathering fishvolume (tons)(October 2005)

10~15 tons 1.0~1.5 tons

Cost required togather 1 ton(FCFA)

3,582,815（calculated for 10 tons of gathered fish）

15,754,142（calculated for 1 ton of gathered fish）

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In the fish reef at Bargny, it was possible to manufacture large unit blocks because heavy

machinery was used in the works. In contrast, at Yenne, the reef was made from manageable

small-size structures so that the fishermen could manufacture them manually. Since the former

approach entails ordering to a contractor and the latter approach relies on provision of labor by

fishermen, the unit cost is lower in the latter method. However, when the estimated volume of

fish gathering around the reefs is taken into account, the assessment is reversed. In terms of the

cost required to attract 1 ton of fish, the former method is cheaper. Because the fish reef installed

by heavy machinery is higher off the seabed than the other type, it has a better fish gathering

effect than the other type even if both have the same overall volume. In the case of Yenne,

because the unit volume of blocks and gabions was small, it was difficult to pile them to a good

height. In the end, the fish reef was spread widely around the seabed and did not reach a good

height. Generally speaking, fish reef effectiveness is proportional to the height of the reef. The

experiences gained here abundantly bore this out.

Next, concerning the fish reef at Yenne, where the economic value of gathering fish was

estimated, the economic internal rate of returns was calculated. Preconditions for this were as

follows:

Initial investment: 15,754,142 Fcfa

Beneficiaries: 54 boats

Annual economic benefit from catching gathered fish: 3,641,000 Fcfa (from Table 5-15)

Project period: 10 years

Even taking away fish reef stocks due to fishing, it is assumed that stocks are replenished through

reproduction or migration from outside and that the potential catch size is constant. Based on this

assumption, the internal rate of return works out as 17.8%. Generally speaking, this figure is

sufficient to justify investment in development projects.

CHAPTER 6

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN

6 - 1

CHAPTER 6RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Introduction

Since fisheries stocks reproduce through natural propagation, they can be utilized on a sustained basis

providing that they are appropriately managed. However, in Senegal, since fisheries activities are

unregulated and open access to fisheries stocks is guaranteed, there is intense competition to catch

demersal fish species that fetch high market prices, and this is accelerating the destruction of stocks.

Poverty in fishing villages is also a major problem. Low incomes among fishermen lead to increased

fish catching effort, which further diminishes fisheries stocks and leads to further poverty in the long

run. This kind of vicious cycle can be observed in numerous villages. Many fishermen are aware of

the need for resource management, however, they need to give higher priority to their standard of

living.

The Government of Senegal is striving to promote sustained utilization of fisheries stocks, however,

because it has little experience of resource management and insufficient human resources and funds,

its movements are limited. For this reason, donors and NGOs implement projects to assist resource

management, however, these have not yet produced conspicuous outputs. The greatest reason for this

is that fishermen do not accept top-down resource management that is implemented under the

initiative of governments and donors.

It was among such difficult circumstances that the Japanese pilot project was started in 2004. This

pilot project focused on resource management in the artisanal fisheries sector, which is the area

requiring most urgent attention in Senegal, and the Senegalese side wished to set the direction of

future resource management based on the results of it.

Senegal and Japan are similar in that the artisanal fishery constitutes the main fisheries sector. Japan is

now recognized for having successfully overcome fisheries problems, however, like Senegal, it has a

history of indiscriminate catching and has experienced numerous mistakes in resource management.

While making use of these experiences, Japan looked to the climate, society and economic conditions

of Senegal and has implemented various resource management activities such as closed seasons,

artificial reefs and regulation of fishing nets, etc. based on the fundamental premise of “bottom-up”

management. It has also engaged in joint shipping, refueling equipment and poultry farming activities

in order to compensate the negative impact of resource management on fishing household economy. In

the project, the win-win approach to managing stocks and alleviating poverty proved successful and it

was possible to almost fully realize the original objective of building a model of resource management

6 - 2

based on fishermen’s initiative. Not only this, but the project model is spreading to other areas and

there is increasing awareness in Senegal that bottom-up resource management is an effective approach

in Senegal. Furthermore, there are even signs that Japanese methods are spreading to projects by other

donors.

On the other hand, because a lot of time was spent on the project activities in the fishing villages, it is

hard to say the project was sufficiently effective in terms of central government participation.

Numerous issues remain unresolved on the central government level in terms of institutional reform

and capacity building, etc.

In consideration of the above background and issues, this chapter analyzes the problems of artisanal

fisheries management in Senegal and proposes some solutions. The chapter is composed as follows:

In 6.2, factors behind the poor performance of artisanal fisheries management are examined.

In 6.3, analysis is carried out on the case of Kayar, which is an advanced area in terms of resource

management.

In 6.4, the thinking and approach of the Senegalese government regarding resource management are

introduced.

In 6.5, the projects of major donors and NGOs are briefly described.

In 6.6, the strategic approach to Japanese resource management in Senegal is briefly reviewed.

In 6.7, topics and methods of resource management that should be practiced in Senegal are explained

in consideration of the outputs of projects in Japan.

6.2 Factors Behind the Poor Performance of Artisanal Fisheries Management

In Senegal, fisheries products constitute a major food item and source of foreign currency. 17% of the

working population is engaged in fisheries and this sector plays an important role in the economy,

however, concern has been raised over the depletion of fisheries stocks in recent years. Senegalese

fisheries production in 1997 was recorded as 450,000 tons (of which 80% was accounted for by

artisanal fisheries), however it has been in gradual decline ever since. Although the current status of

fisheries stocks has not been accurately gauged, the reduction in catches of demersal fish and smaller

body size of caught fish would seem to support the depletion of stocks.

Against this background, the Government of Senegal revised the fisheries law in 1998, stipulating

detailed regulations on fisheries management, appealing to donors and NGOs for cooperation, and

bolstering the guidance and supervision setup against unlawful fishing and over-catching. However,

artisanal fishermen have not assented to the resource management proposed by the government and

fisheries problems have grown steadily worse.

6 - 3

Why can’t artisanal fisheries management be successful? The main reasons usually given for this in

Senegal are as follows:

(1) Because fishermen seasonally migrate in search of fish, it is difficult to compile and apply rules

of resource management;

(2) Fisheries groups have strong political influence and sometimes express opposition against

resource management; and

(3) Since fishermen have no other means of livelihood apart from fisheries, they continue to fish

even when stocks are depleted.

However, based on its long-term expert experience in resource management, the Study Team believes

that the following two points are even more serious factors. First, in Senegal, administrative

authorities take the initiative in implementing resource management, however, there is a limit to

administration-led resource management. And second, as an adverse effect of preferential measures

for the promotion of artisanal fisheries, fishermen rely too heavily on the government and have lost

their sense of autonomy.

Regarding stock and fisheries management, the Senegalese government believes that since fish belong

to the citizens, the representative of the citizens, i.e. the government, should conduct stock and

fisheries management. Anybody is free to exploit fish because they are shared resources. Under such

conditions, it is necessary to appropriately control fisheries, however, in spite of the efforts of

government officials and researchers, Senegal is faced with detrimental conditions such shortages of

sufficient resources, money and people to implement successful top-down resource management.

What Senegal needs is low-energy resource management that doesn’t require a great deal of cost and

manpower.

The status of fishermen in Senegal also cannot be ignored. Until the 1990s, fisheries policies in

Senegal aimed to expand production through providing tax exemptions for fishing boat fuel, fishing

gear and engines and modernizing fisheries, however, this left a legacy of over-dependence on the

government among fishermen. The same thing has taken place in the area of resource management:

the government conducts activities that fishermen should do for themselves, and fishermen depend on

the government for almost everything. When the government or donors become the implementing

bodies of resource management, the fishermen become passive and projects often stop functioning

once the superior agencies let go. It is a good situation if projects remain active, however, attempts to

apply the resource management plans prepared by the government to actual fisheries sometimes

encounter strong resistance from the fishermen.

6 - 4

In order to overcome such problems, it is considered more effective to support and promote the active

involvement of fishermen in resource management, i.e. to introduce community-based fisheries

management, where fishermen take the initiative, or co-management, where the government and

fishermen work together. Community-based fisheries management has already been tried in some

parts of Senegal, so it maybe necessary to extend these experiences to other areas.

6.3 Community-based Fisheries Management in Line Fishing in Kayar

There is a fishing village in Senegal where local fishermen’s organizations have been successful with

resource management. This is the village of Kayar in the north of Senegal. Until 10 years ago, Kayar

was just another fishing village struggling with the problems of over-exploitation and low fish prices.

Understanding the reasons why Kayar transformed from that state into its present condition is

probably the fastest way to obtain know-how on resource management in Senegal.

The management of line fishing in Kayar has not been unilaterally enforced on fishermen by the

government; rather, the local fishermen have established their own fisheries committee to implement

regulations on catch sizes, operating times, fishing gear and fishing methods, etc. Tracing the roots of

this, the fishermen of Kayar, who struggled with low fish prices immediately following the currency

(Fcfa) devaluation of 1994, established the fisheries committee upon realizing the need to conduct

price negotiations with middlepersons as a group rather than as individuals. They aimed to maintain

and stabilize fish prices through coordinating production as a group. Previously, fishermen who landed

between 10~15 boxes containing 15 kg of fish each were only able to obtain a price of 700~750 Fcfa

per box, however, when they limited their catches to just three boxes, the price skyrocketed to between

8,000~15,000 Fcfa. In this way the fishermen realized some success in raising the price of catches.

Today, on the other hand, faced with a new set of issues regarding fisheries stocks, the fisheries

committee conducts examination and activities focusing on achieving a balance between fisheries

activities and stocks. It can thus be seen that the prime motivation behind the start of autonomous and

organized resource management has been economic problems rather than stock problems.

Many fishing villages are faced with similar problems to those described above, however, the question

here is why did community-based fisheries management succeed in Kayar, i.e. what makes Kaya so

different? Below is described a comparison with nearby Mboro and Fass Boye (see Table 6-1).

6 - 5

Table 6-1 Comparison Between Kayar and Nearby Villages (Mboro and Fass Boye)

Kayar Mboro and Fass Boye

Target species Dentex canariensis,Epinephelus guaza Solea seneglensis

Used fishing gear Line fishing Bottom gillnetCaught fish freshness Good BadDistance from Dakar 58km 94~123kmRoads Paved UnpavedMiddlemen Many FewFish prices High LowResource managementactivities

Limits on landed quantities andoperating times None

Differences between Kayar and nearby villages can broadly be divided into three. First is the

difference in the value of catches. In Kayar, expensive Dentex canariensis and Epinephelus guazacan

be caught, and this is because the Kayar ocean trench and fishing grounds are situated near to the

coast. Moreover, because fish are caught by line fishing, they are fresh. There are two ice-making

plants in the village, and these supply ice for fishing purposes and for shipping. For these reasons,

Kayar is an ideal location for fisheries companies that export products. A seller’s market is formed and

fish can be sold at high prices. Accordingly, higher prices can be pursued (pursuit of quality) within

the bounds of limited catch sizes. Coastal waters around Mboro and Fass Boye have flat seabed terrain

and form sole fishing grounds. Since fish are caught by gillnet, the caught fish are easily damaged.

Moreover, because there are no ice-making facilities and caught fish are not fresh, fish prices are low.

Accordingly, fishermen try to maintain their livelihood by catching as many fish as possible (pursuit

of quantity).

Second, there is a difference in terms of access to markets. The distances from Kayar, Mboro and Fass

Boye to the market in Dakar are 58 km, 94 km and 123 km respectively, moreover, the road between

Kayar and Dakar is paved It takes an hour and a half from Kayar to Dakar. In Kayar, middlepersons

employed by fisheries companies purchase high quality fish, and the number of middlepersons is far

greater than in Mboro and Fass Boye. Purchased fish are transported to Dakar on the same day, and

they immediately undergo packing and air shipping to Europe. In contrast, road conditions are poor in

Mboro and Fass Boye, and the number of middlepersons is few especially in the rainy season from

July to December. As a result, the fishermen here have no choice but to swallow the terms that are

presented by the middlepersons.

Third, there is a difference in the awareness of fishermen. Awareness of resource management is

higher among the fishermen of Kayar than among the fishermen of Mboro and Fass Boye, so no

resource management activities are conducted in the latter two villages. The fishermen of Kayar have

clashed with migratory fishermen from Saint Louis over fishing grounds for high quality fish. As a

6 - 6

result, the local fishermen came to strongly believe that they do not want their fishing grounds to be

exploited by others and that Kayar fish should be protected by Kayar fishermen, and out of the desire

to keep Saint Louis fishers away, they established their own rules that developed into community-

based fisheries management. In Senegal, there is a generally accepted principle that anybody is free to

catch fish, whereas monopolistic thinking such as displayed by the fishermen of Kayar is extremely

rare. When asked about whom the fish belong to, the fishermen of Mboro and Fass Boye unanimously

say that they belong to everyone, and that is why they think it acceptable to migrate to other villages to

fish.

Therefore, the Study Team concluded that the factors behind the success of community-based fisheries

management in Kayar were: (1) freshness of caught fish, (2) good access to market, and (3) awareness

of fishermen. In many respects, Mbour in central Senegal is similar to Kayar in terms of fisheries

conditions, and it meets the conditions stated in (1) and (2), however, its approach to resource

management has been slow. This seems to indicate that the “awareness of fishermen” and “autonomy”

based on this are key factors in determining the success or failure of resource management.

6.4 Thinking and Approach of the Senegalese Government

Despite having an excellent example of community-based fisheries management at Kayar, the

Government of Senegal appears determined to implement top-down resource management, which is

the opposite approach (see Figure 6-1). According to the government, the starting point of resource

management is the Fisheries Law (1998), Article 3 of which states, “Fisheries resources are national

assets and their management is the privilege of the state.” In other words, resource management is the

duty and responsibility of the government, and fishermen hold no initiative for the contents or

advancement of it.

Co-Management

Top-Down Management(Global Standards)

　 •　Fishing Rights　•　Local Councils

Bottom-Up Management(Local Initiatives)

　 • Kayar Experience　• Japanese Project

Fisheries LawWestern Influence

Field SurveyFishermen’s Knowledge

Responsibility FishermenGovernment

Fisheries Management Approaches for Senegal

Figure 6-1 Various Activities Geared to Joint Management of Artisanal Fisheries in Senegal

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A typical example of this is the fisheries law enforcement ordinance (1998). In this the government

finely prescribed the contents of regulations from the mesh size of nets (prawn nets 24 mm, round nets

28 mm) to the body size of caught fish (sardines 12 cm, octopus entrails 350 g), and attempts to impose

these on fishermen throughout the country. Regarding the implementation of resource management too,

the government tends to become deeply involved (irrespective of effectiveness) in the style of

management organizations, investigation of compliance with the law, and punishment of violators.

In line with the recent trend of decentralization in Senegal, authority has been transferred to the

community level in some sectors, however, in the fisheries sector, even though fishermen are able to

suggest initiatives, the Ministry of Maritime Economy (or the Department of Marine Fisheries (DPM)

determine whether or not such ideas are accepted. Recently, an NGO, acting on the wishes of local

fishermen, attempted to set a marine protection zone (AMP: Aire Marine Protegee) in the Saloum

Delta in the south of Senegal, however, this failed to materialize because the government intervened.

Based on the idea that “Over-catching by fishermen is the greatest cause of fisheries stock depletion,”

the Government of Senegal is trying to restore stock levels through limiting the number of fishermen

and number of fishing boats. However, in the face of a national consensus that “Fish are free to be

caught by anyone,” it is having difficulty reducing the catch effort. In the surveys of fishing villages

by the Study Team, too, it was found that most fishermen still have low awareness of resource

management and even the fishermen of Kayar, far from calling for the reduction of fishing boats,

showed a tolerant attitude to new entrants to the sector. Accordingly, it is thought wiser and more

realistic to gradually build up from loose regulations that the fishermen will be willing to agree to, for

example, aiming to hold the number of fishing boats at present levels and so forth.

The local fisheries councils that are currently being primed under government support are gaining

attention as potential bridges for linking fishing on the ground with administration, however, upon

surveying current status, it was found that they are merely receptacles for top-down measures, and it is

clear that the government plays the central role in their affairs.

Summing up, the thinking and approach of the Government of Senegal seem extremely idiosyncratic

judging from the experience of the Study Team (Asian resource management based on fishermen’s

initiative); however, the effects of historical social conditions and geographical proximity to Europe

must also be taken into account. In Senegal, where fisheries is based on artisanal fishing, it is not

considered desirable to promote top-down resource management, however, there is no background for

immediately receiving Asian style bottom-up resource management. In view of this current situation,

it will be necessary to clarify the merits and demerits of both approaches by generating results through

the Japanese project, while at the same time monitoring the progress of projects by the Senegalese

government.

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6.5 Approach of Major Donors and NGOs

Ever since commencing fisheries cooperation to Senegal in the 1980s, France has provided support for

infrastructure development geared to modernizing fisheries, construction of industrial fishing boats

and export of fisheries products. In recent years, however, it has dispatched two advisors and provided

cooperation for the Conseil National Consultative des Pêches Maritimes, the conseils locaux de pêche

artisanale, and concessions. When asked about the features of French assistance, the French advisors

raised the following kinds of points: (1) France supports to global standard according to the requests of

the Government of Senegal; (2) global standard refers to democratizing fisheries and creating a civic

society while at the same time retaining the principle of resource management by the government, as

is the case in European and American countries; (3) For this reason, it has established conseils locaux

de pêche artisanale and launched discussions between the government and fishermen; (4) fishermen’s

organizations are made up of representatives selected by election; and (5) it is testing the validity of

this kind of European-American style of resource management in Senegal. The Study Team repeatedly

asked, (1) Wouldn’t local initiative do more to promote the democratization of resource management;

(2) Isn’t the fisheries law in Senegal hindering decentralization (loose resource management according

to local conditions and state of stocks); and (3) Is European-American style resource management

being introduced upon surveying the differences in fisheries between Europe and America and

Senegal (see Table 6-2)? However, no clear answers were forthcoming. However, as can be seen in its

support for the NGO promoting AMP, France holds the viewpoint that approaches on the ground level

are important for resource management.

Table 6-2 Differences in Fisheries Between Europe/America and Senegal

Europe/America SenegalMain fishery Industrial fishery Artisanal fisheryNumber of fishermen Few ManyTypes of fisheries Few ManyTarget species Single species Multiple speciesLanding sites Few ManyFisheries products distribution routes Simple ComplicatedAwareness of fishermen Subordinate Independent

* The features of Japanese fisheries are similar to those of Senegal.

The focus of keen attention by fisheries officials at present is the World Bank’s Integrated

management of Marine and Coastal Resource (GIRMaC), which was started in June 2005. The

Government of Senegal is hoping that GIRMaC will lead to reform of fisheries on the ground as well

as provide a guide for compilation of national fisheries policy. GIRMaC is separated into the fisheries

and the environmental fields. In the fisheries field, it plans to introduce participatory resource

6 - 9

management in model districts, to support improvement in the household budget of fishing villages,

and to conduct fisheries stock assessment. According to the Project Concept Document (2003),

GIRMaC aims for a fishery that is balanced with conservation of the natural environment, with the

Ministry of Environment acting as the responsible agency. Accordingly, it is forecast that this project

will lean towards the environment. In the environmental field, the project aims to realize conservation

of ecosystems in order to sustain biological diversity, however, for example, concerning the problem

of rare marine wildlife such as sea turtles being caught in fishery operations, since it would be

impossible from the character of fisheries to eliminate such mis-catching completely, extreme

arguments calling for the complete prohibition of catching would threaten the very survival of

fisheries. Under the political pressure of fisheries stakeholders in Senegal, it will be interesting to see

how GIRMaC deals with the seemingly contradictory issues of environment and fisheries.

The approaches to resource management being promoted by the Government of Senegal and European

and American donors are completely opposite (see Table 4-3 in Chapter 4 Resource Management).

Whereas the government approach stresses “management of Senegalese stocks by Senegal for

Senegal,” the latter approach is based on the premise that, “resource management will never work so

long as the state takes responsibility for fisheries.” NGO activities cover a wide spectrum including

technical dissemination to fishermen, support for organizational strengthening for community-based

fisheries management, setting of AMP, microfinance, and ecotourism; moreover, NGOs have also

participated in policy making through presenting action plans at international conferences and taking

part in government advisory committees, etc.

Regarding the way in which donors and NGOs should support resource management in Senegal, it has

been confirmed that the Senegalese government has the following opinions:

(1) Varied approaches should be pursued in a wide range of fields, for example, artisanal fisheries as

well as industrial fisheries, pelagic stocks as well as demersal stocks, and government-led

management versus autonomous management, etc.

(2) Since there is no immediate solution to resource management issues in Senegal, donors should

not deal with different problems to begin with, but rather should try different approaches to the

same problems; and

(3) If these different approaches can be skillfully balanced and assistance coordinated, not only will

each donor’s assistance be effective, but also Senegalese needs will be satisfied and it will be

possible to compile comprehensive resource management plans.

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6.6 Japan’s Approach and Pilot Projects

As described above, various donors including United Nations agencies, international financial

institutions, developed countries and NGOs, etc. are involved in resource management in Senegal.

However, since many of these donors tend to implement top-down management, it should be possible

to implement demarcation if Japan conducts bottom-up management (community-based fisheries

management) (see Table 6-3). Bottom-up management refers to resource management where activities

that can be implemented by fishermen are left to the fishermen while the role of government is kept to

a minimum. Resource management is not forced on fishermen by the government or donors; rather, it

has to be implemented under the autonomous initiative of fishermen.

Table 6-3 Comparison of the Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches in

Fisheries Resource Management

Top-down Management Bottom-up ManagementInitiative Government FishermenRules Uniform across the nation Various according to local characteristicsCost High LowAdopted areas Europe and America AsiaApplicable fisheries Industrial fishery Artisanal fishery

Concerning the reasons why the Study Team recommended bottom-up management, it felt that the

experience of Kayar should be utilized, and believed that Japan’s experiences should also be referred

to. Japan attempted to introduce top-down resource management based on the European and American

model during the Meiji Era (1868~1912), however, because fishing ground disputes and over fishing

broke out all over the country, it later switched to bottom-up management and succeeded in managing

artisanal fisheries. Fisheries in Japan and Senegal are similar in terms of many points including the

following: (1) the artisanal fishery is the main type of fishing and there are numerous types of fishery;

(2) there is a long coastline dotted with numerous fishing villages comprising a wide variety of fishing

conditions; (3) in addition to fish, various marine products including mollusks and crustaceans can be

caught; (4) marine products are the main source of animal protein for citizens, and domestic marketing

routes for caught products are complicated; and (5) strong community awareness within fishing

villages makes it difficult to implement resource management based on law. Resource management

experts point out that such conditions are conditions for the introduction of bottom-up management;

moreover, it is widely recognized that the introduction of top-down management is difficult in fiscally

challenged developing countries. Accordingly, the Japanese side opted for bottom-up management,

however, in line with international cooperation philosophy, rather than simply transferring Japanese

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experience and technology, it is necessary to conform or successively deploy such experience and

technology in line with the climate, society and economy of Senegal.

Figure 6-2 shows the strategy for resource management that is considered by the Study Team. When

planning and executing resource management, priority is given to the experiential know-how and

technology of fishermen, however, government assistance is borrowed regarding scientific survey,

setting of ordinances and others areas that cannot be handled by fishermen alone. Resource

management is started in each fishing village; these activities are widened to local areas, and finally

they are disseminated over the whole country. When doing this, policy for the expansion of bottom-up

management is needed, and in order to restore fisheries stocks, the government must control industrial

fisheries too.

Figure 6-2 Resource management Strategy Envisaged by the Study Team

Thus, the pilot project was commenced upon obtaining consent from the Government of Senegal for

the Japanese approach. Eight factors were used as criteria for selecting the project sites: (1) awareness

of fishermen to resource management; (2) solidarity of existing fishermen’s organizations; (3) ratio of

local fishermen to migratory fishermen; (4) ratio of stationary stocks such as shellfish, etc. to

migratory stocks such as fish, etc.; (5) scale of village; (6) dissemination of the resource management

model to surrounding fishing villages; (7) existence of other projects; and (8) distance from Dakar. As

a result of assessing 25 fishing villages from Saint Louis in the north to Ziguinchor in the south,

Participation of local residents Participation of the government

Empirical knowledge and the skillsof fishermen

Fishermen-based fisheriesmanagement

Participation of other fishingvillages

Recovery of fishery resources

Scientific informationFisheries ordinance

Policy of expandingfishermen-based

fisheries management

Control of industrialfisheries

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Nianing in the middle of Senegal and Yenne located close to Dakar were selected as the project sites

(see Table 5-1 in Chapter 5 Pilot Project). In bottom-up resource management, since it was necessary

to visit the same fishing village on numerous occasions to talk with fishermen, a long time was

required in starting up projects and conducting follow-up. Moreover, since it was considered important

to implement comprehensive resource management by combining multiple activities in each fishing

village, the number of project sites was kept to an absolute minimum.

Participatory workshops (participated in by fishermen) for determining the contents of the projectwere implemented in the following order: Recognition of current conditions (Step 1) → Analysis of

problems (Step 2) → Project planning (Step 3) → Organizational setup for resource management

(Step 4) → Role of the Government of Senegal (Step 5). In the workshops, opinions and questions

were aired concerning the peculiar traditions and culture of villages, experience-based know-how of

fishery stocks, economy and poverty conditions in villages, and market needs, etc. Joint understanding

that “Resource management may be approached providing that problems of fishery household

economy are cleared” was reached, and it was decided to adopt a two-pronged approach in the project,

i.e. implement resource management via closed seasons, etc. with economic activities such as joint

shipping, etc. Moreover, the administrative side should be involved in resource management through

establishing ordinances and so on. Since the objective of this project is to construct a model of co-

management by fishermen and government, discussions covered activities by fishermen and the

government too. Figure 6-3 shows the activity flow of the pilot project.

With the sudden change in approach from top-down to bottom-up resource management, there was

some confusion at the start of the Japanese project, however, thanks to the efforts of the fishermen

(communities) and government, almost 100% of fishing boats respected the no-fishing regulations.

Moreover, autonomous resource management activities by the fishermen also came to be observed in

nearby fishing villages (Pointe Sarene, Mballing). The practice of resource management by multiple

fishing villages is a revolutionary development for Senegal.

The comprehensive approach to artisanal fisheries resource management that incorporates the

Japanese position of laying emphasis on decision-making by fishermen together with measures to fight

poverty will be of reference when planning resource management in the future. Accordingly, the

Government of Senegal will need to widely introduce this case to people in the fishing industry.

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Figure 6-3 Activity Flow of the Pilot Project

Fishing Villages Survey

Selection of Pilot Project Sites

Workshop (Analysis of Problems）

Facilitation

Formulation of FisheriesManagement Plan

Formulation of GovernmentSupport Plan

Closed Season for Octopus andCymbiumOctopus Spawning PotsReleasing of Baby CymbiumDecrease of Gillnet NumberDevelopment of Domestic Market ofOctopus and CymbiumConversion of Abandoned Shells toAnimal Feed

• Provision of Information onthe Spawning Season ofOctopus and Cymbium

• Administrative ProcedureRequired for FisheriesManagement

Technical AdviceEquipment Supply

Actions of Fishermen Actions ofthe Government of Senegal

Project Activities

Fisheries Managementby Fishermen

Fisheries Managementby the Government

Project Purpose(Co-Management)

Planning

Monitoring & Evaluation

Implementation

Extension of Community-Based Co-Management to Other Fishing Villages Overall Goal

StrategyFisheries Management Committee Working Group

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6.7 Main Points in Preparation of the Resource management Plan

This section proposes the direction and basic viewpoint of resource management and the priority

issues that should be tackled by the Government of Senegal based on the experience of Japan’s pilot

project. Before entering into the main subject matter, the problems of resource management in Senegal

and experiences gained in the pilot project are summarized below.

The problems confronting Senegal are a common tragedy in artisanal fisheries (since anybody can

freely enter the fisheries sector, common stocks are over-fished) and have largely been caused by the

top-down resource management setup led by the government. The government has compiled and

demanded adherence to top-down resource management rules that ignore differences between fishing

villages. However, because fishermen did not participate in this policy, the law only had minimal

effectiveness. The sea remained open to anyone who wanted to fish, and fisheries stocks were

consequently reduced. As a result, fisheries fell into decline, a new poverty class was born and this led

to the further exhaustion of fisheries stocks.

Placing priority on this problem, the pilot project implemented by Japan proposed co-management by

fishermen and government as the solution. The main point stressed at this time was that fishermen and

fishing communities are the leading players in resource management while the government only plays

a supporting role. This participatory approach has so far bore fruit and the pilot project has succeeded

in encouraging fishermen to comply with resource management rules and helping them to diversify

income sources apart from fisheries. On the other hand, due to the heavy emphasis placed on fisheries

activities in the field, the pilot project was inadequate in terms of providing support for resource

management systems and policy.

The experience of the pilot project is limited to only a very minor experience in a restricted area, and it

would be dangerous to extend this to resource management plans targeting the whole country without

conducting activities in areas of differing conditions first. However, it is thought that the thinking and

direction of resource management proposed in this section equally applies to all districts in the

country.

Attention also needs to be directed towards who will prepare the resource management plan. As a

result of the pilot project and so on, it has been shown that, in order to give actual effectiveness to

resource management plans, it is important for fishermen themselves (not the government or donors)

to play the central role in compiling and implementing plans (resource management determined top-

down by the government and donors is not accepted by fishermen). For this reason, this section

discusses important points to consider in plan compilation, rather than the contents of the plan.

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Moreover, concerning industrial fisheries, from the viewpoint of resource management it is essential

to unravel the complexly intertwined problems of politics and economy in Senegal. Although the

scope of the Study did not extend to this area, a simple questionnaire targeting fisheries corporations

was implemented and the findings are indicated in Chapter 7 for reference.

6.7.1 Basic Thinking of the Resource management Plan

The basic thinking of the Study Team regarding the resource management plan is described below in

terms of 5W1H (why, what, who, when, where and how).

Why is a resource management plan necessary?

• Fisheries resources in Senegal are declining at an increasing pace and if present unregulated fishing

operations are continued as they are, stock will be exhausted in the not so distant future. Therefore,

it is necessary to review the present state of fisheries and for fishermen and administration to join in

promoting planned fisheries while there is still time. Rather than an impossible and selfish plan, it is

important to examine a plan that is both economically and technically feasible.

• In Senegal, biological data on fisheries stocks are scarce. Persons related to fisheries do not have

sufficient awareness of fisheries management. Whenever the government proposes resource

management, the fishermen voice opposition. Fisheries administration also has limited functions.

There are so many problems that people often say that they don’t know where to begin. Although it

is not easy to provide a clear answer to such questions, it is possible to indicate a number of

directions based on reference to the experiences of pilot projects and overseas countries.

What should the resource management plan target?

• It is important to turn the focus to artisanal fisheries. Even though artisanal fisheries account for

80% of the fisheries production in Senegal, resource management has been neglected in this area.

• It is appropriate for resource management plans to target fisheries resources that are prone to over-

exploitation due to high market prices, i.e. cephalopods (in particular, octopuses), shellfish,

crustaceans and demersal fish. Concerning pelagic fish, since sophisticated and wide area

management is required, it is essential to approach this via the FAO and local fisheries agencies.

• In addition to fisheries stocks, the project also focuses on the people who are engaged in fisheries

and examines the socioeconomic aspects of resource management. In order to maintain and restore

fisheries stocks, fisheries regulations are essential, however, the problem is that fishery household

economy cannot be sustained if fisheries are rested (or catch sizes are reduced). Care shall be

exercised to ensure that the plan does not disregard people at the expense of fish.

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Who will implement resource management?

• Rather then having the government or donors unilaterally compiling resource management plans, it

is important for fisheries stakeholders to jointly prepare plans in joint discussions.

• The ideal form of artisanal fisheries resource management is bottom-up rather than top-down.

Fishermen should be allowed to implement what they can, while the role of administration should be

kept to a minimum. In the pilot project, the fishermen compiled and executed a code of conduct of

resource management. The role of administration was limited to providing scientific information as

the basis for resource management and establishing ordinances. In Senegal, it seems that the roles

are reversed between fishermen and administration, and this appears to be the greatest factor

impeding resource management. Even looking at the experience of foreign countries, cases where

governments or donors have taken the initiative in resource management have generally ended in

failure. It is important to encourage fishermen to take the initiative from the analysis of current

fisheries conditions and formulation of plans. By reviewing the roles and responsibilities of

fishermen and administration in resource management, this will lead to review of fisheries policy in

Senegal.

When will resource management be implemented?

• Compared to Asia (the Philippines and Thailand), resource management in Senegal is 20 years

behind, so fisheries stocks are in an extremely bad state. Reasons for the inability to conduct

resource management are not limited to fisheries problems, but extend to the sense of values of the

Senegalese people as well as political, economic and social factors. Since it is impossible to deal

with all problems simultaneously, measures should first be implemented from the areas where they

are possible.

• When conducting resource management, the ideal thing is to receive support from the government

and donors, however, support is not an essential requirement. Kayar was able to start autonomous

resource management without receiving aid from the government or donors. Nianing and Yenne are

striving to implement resource management while keeping initial cost and running costs to a

minimum. If such cases are referred to, it should be possible to commence resource management

immediately.

Where will resource management be implemented?

• Past experience has clearly shown that it is difficult to implement resource management that is based

on national uniform rules (since this meets with resistance from fishermen). Even if it takes some

time, it is important to start resource management in each village, to expand these activities to local

areas, and finally to deploy them to the whole country. First of all, it is desirable to find fishing

villages where it is easy to implement resource management. The following criteria are used for

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selection: awareness of resource management is high; solidarity of fishermen’s organizations is

good; ratio of local fishermen is high; ratio of fixed stocks is high; village scale is compact; fishing

villages possessing similar conditions are located nearby; access from government agencies is

convenient; markets are close, and so on. Since fisheries conditions differ in each village, success of

resource management in one village does not mean that it can be applied to others. It is necessary to

build case studies according to each type of fishing village.

How will resource management be implemented?

• Generally speaking, it is desirable to conduct resource management on species that have been

confirmed to be in decline as a result of stock assessment. Stock assessments are frequently based on

catch information in industrial fisheries and data from the research vessel, and findings are used in

industrial fisheries management can also be useful in artisanal fisheries management. This project

targeted artisanal fisheries. In the third year of the project, restrictions were placed on the number of

bottom gillnets targeting Solea seneglensis since stocks of this species had been shown to be in

decline as a result of stock assessment. However, this does not mean that stock assessment is always

required for resource management. In artisanal fishing villages, there is frequently no scientific data

and catch statistics are insufficient. Even so, resource management has to be implemented because

fish stocks are dwindling. Sensory awareness among fishermen that “fish are dwindling and

becoming smaller” is needed and effective information for conducting artisanal fisheries

management. Moreover, the experiential know-how of fishermen concerning the ecology and habits

of fish is also useful (this is ideal if combined with scientific information, but it is unrealistic in

developing countries). In the Japanese pilot project, resource management was commenced with

good results without even conducting stock assessment and gauging the size of catches. This type of

approach is referred to as a retrospective approach.

• Table 6-4 shows the impact that stock assessment has on resource management in the industrial

fishery and artisanal fishery according to administration and fishing villages. Stock assessment

affects decision-making by administration on resource management (especially in the industrial

fishery), however, it has little impact on actual resource management activities in fishing villages.

Table 6-4 Impact of Stock Assessment on Resource Management

Administration Fishing VillagesIndustrial fishery ◎ △

Artisanal fishery 〇 ×

• The win-win approach to managing stocks and alleviating poverty is effective. Since setting closed

seasons and closed areas, etc. leads to a fall in fishing incomes in the short term, fishermen do not

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readily accept projects comprising only these management techniques. In order to resolve this

problem, it is important to diversify sources of income for fishermen. Particularly in an LDC (least

developed country) such as Senegal, since resource management only becomes possible when

economic relief is provided to people living in poverty, it is desirable that economic support based

on the needs of fishermen be provided to target villages in the project. Not only does economic

support hold the key to securing the participation of fishermen in the project, but also it is vital for

ensuring the sustainability of resource management activities.

6.7.2 The Vision of Resource management in the Plan

(1) Positive participation of fishermen and indirect support by administration in resource

management

In addition to promoting resource management based on the initiative and autonomy of

fishermen, administration shall provide scientific information, establish ordinances and take other

indirect support measures to assist the effective implementation of autonomous management.

Moreover, while demonstrating the policy direction of “from the state to the regions” and “from

top-down to bottom-up,” administration will execute policies that are closely linked to

fishermen’s needs and local conditions.

(2) Resource management starting from easy things first and moving onto the difficult later

Since resource management has only just begun in Senegal, resource management here shall start

from easy activities and gradually move on to more difficult contents. Steps shall be advanced

from fixed stocks to migratory stocks, from small villages to large villages, and from local

fishermen to migratory fishermen.

(3) Combination of resource management with poverty alleviation based on a comprehensive

approach

Rather than limiting activities simply to artisanal fisheries resource management, attention will

also be turned to problems of poverty in fishing communities and economic measures aimed at

improving resident lifestyles will be implemented. Comprehensive measures such as linkage with

local corporations and tourism and cross-sector measures such as conversion to agriculture and

livestock, which are effective for limiting the catch effort, will be implemented.

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6.7.3 Target Scope of the Plan

Judging from the current state of resource management in Senegal and the capacity of the government,

it is more realistic to implement a plan targeting priority areas rather than a comprehensive program.

The resource management issues and areas that Senegal needs to give priority attention to are as

follows.

(1) Target the artisanal fishery, which accounts for approximately 80% of overall catches in Senegal.

There is no doubt that the artisanal fishery has had a major impact on the decrease in fishery

stocks, so it is imperative that work is started on resource management in this sector.

(2) The project shall target cephalopods, shellfish, crustaceans and demersal fish that are in danger of

depletion because of over-exploitation.

Because cephalopods, shellfish, crustaceans and demersal fish do not migrate much, they can be

easily targeted in resource management and fetch high market prices. Accordingly, there is a high

need for resource management regarding these species.

(3) Target areas where resource management has gained a foothold (Kayar, Nianing, Bamboung and

environs).

If there are villages nearby with a past record of resource management, local cooperation and

joint activities can be anticipated and it is possible to effectively promote resource management.

(4) Follow the example set by community based co-management that has been implemented by

Japan.

Since all the successful examples of resource management in Senegal have been based on local

communities, the know-how gained should be utilized in order to develop more effective

approaches.

(5) Implement the registration of artisanal fishing boats, for which Switzerland has decided to give

support.

Because the registration of fishing boats (gauging the actual state of fisheries) is a basic

requirement for resource management, this should be implemented at an early stage in

cooperation with multiple donors.

(6) Initiate local fisheries councils and start their full-scale activities as local service agencies.

In addition to utilizing local fisheries councils and reflecting the needs of fisheries on the ground

into administration, conducting administrative support for fisheries is an important issue from the

viewpoint of resource management.

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(7) Based on fisheries reforms in the field, compile co-management policy in line with actual

conditions in local areas.

In order to escape from a long era of centralization and promote community-based resource

management, it is necessary for the role of government and contents of policies to change.

Figure 6-4 summarizes these priority issues and the respective areas of responsibility of the Senegalese

government and donors. While the Senegalese side (government, communities and NGOs) conducts

the activities that it has the capacity to conduct, Japan focuses on its strengths (community based sock

management) and European and American donors focus on their specialty of policy support. In this

way, it is important to lend strategic technical support in the areas of finance and technology.

Figure 6-4 Issues in Artisanal Fisheries Joint Management and Current and

Future Potential Areas of Donor Support

Community Organizing

Management Plan

Self Management

Income Diversification

・Japan, GIRMaC, NGOs

Fishing Communities The Government

Community-Based Fisheries Co-Management

Legal Support・Local GovernmentParticipatory Research・CRODT, University, NGOsFishing Boat Registration・Switzerland, Spain, GIRMaCLocal Council・DPM, France

Fisheries Co-Management Policy・Central Government, EU, FAO

Recommendation

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6.7.4 Plan Period

The implementation period shall be from 3 years to 10 years, during which time the plan shall aim to

achieve the objectives described in 6.7.5.

6.7.5 Example Plan Objectives

Current Situation

• The three villages of Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing in Mbour area conduct resource

management of octopus, cymbium and sole.

• In the above three villages, the income of citizens is boosted through activities such as joint

shipping, refueling services and poultry farming, etc.

• Since the scale of resource management is small and it is still early days, fisheries stocks have

not yet been restored.

• Registration of artisanal fishing boats is not properly carried out.

• Local fisheries councils exist, but they do not function.

• National policy for expanding joint shipping is not established.

Objectives from 3 to 5 years

• To promote collaboration with neighboring villages (including Ngaparou - a GIRMaC project

site) that share stocks and fishing grounds and expand the scale of resource management by 2

or 3 times (6 to 9 villages) over the present scale.

• To improve the quality of caught products; at least promote a campaign of catching fewer fish

and selling at higher prices.

• To have fishermen keenly realize that fisheries stocks are recovering and express the desire to

continue resource management.

• To have local fisheries councils act as bridges linking fisheries in the field with

administration.

• To have the government establish a policy for expanding co-management.

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Objectives after 10 years

• To have Mbour become the center of resource management in Senegal.

• To realize autonomous and vigorous resource management activities in other areas such as

around Kayar, Dakar and Saloum Delta, etc.

• To limit the reduction in demersal fish stocks and realize a trend of recovery in some species.

• To realize the decentralization of fisheries administration and establishment of co-

management setups according to each area.

Table 6-5 shows the plan for the first five years. Working towards the target of spreading community-

based co-management widely to fishermen and local areas, if communities and government can fulfill

their respective roles, support be obtained from donors, and appropriate resources be invested at

proper times as shown in this chart, it may be possible to realize systemized co-management in five

years.

Community activities are divided into the four headings of community organization, preparation of the

resource management plan, implementation of autonomous management, and diversification of

income sources. In order for these activities to succeed, the communities, government and donors need

to cooperate in devising and implementing effective ideas for resource management and alternative

income. For this reason, JICA is planning to dispatch a number of Japanese Overseas Cooperation

Volunteers to Mbour, which it considers to be an important center of co-management in Senegal.

Moreover, JICA has started examination into the comprehensive promotion of fishing villages based

on collaboration with the World Bank (GIRMaC).

Government support is divided into six areas, i.e. legal support, citizen participatory research,

development of facilitators, registration of artisanal fishing boats, establishment and operation of local

councils, and formulation of co-management policy. This represents a major challenge for the

government, which has sparse experience of resource management, however, it is something the

government has to undertake. Projects by the World Bank and European and American donors are

steadily moving in this direction. In order to comprehensively realize community-based co-

management, in addition to the independent efforts of Senegal, it will be effective to combine

government approaches by European and American donors with community approaches by Japan.

Table 6-5 Issues Facing Resource management in Artisanal Fisheries and Investment Plan for 2006-2010

Project Sites: Kayar, Nianing, Bamboung and their neighboring villages (including Ngaparou)

Time Table by Year Budget (Unit: 1000 US dollars)Programs, Strategies &Activities Indicator/Output Responsible

AgenciesPossible Funding

Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Community-Based FisheriesCo-ManagementStrategy 1 Activities bycommunities

a. Community organizing Fisheries managementcommittee

FC JOCV, GIRMaC × 100

b. Preparation of fisheriesmanagement plan

Fisheries managementplan

FC JOCV, GIRMaC × 100

c. Implementation of selfmanagement

Number offishermen participated

FC JOCV, GIRMaC × × × × 400 400 400 400

d. Income diversification Change in income offishermen

FC JOCV, GIRMaC × × × × 400 400 400 400

Strategy 2 Support by thegovernment

a. Legal support Fisheries ordinance LG × × × × × 50 50 50 50 50

b. Participatory research Scientific data CRODT GIRMaC × × × 200 200 200

c. Training of facilitators Qualified facilitators LG, CG × × × × NA NA NA NA

d. Fishing boat registration Boat registrationsheet

LG, CG Switzerland,Spain, GIRMaC

× × × × × NA NA NA NA NA

e. Establishment of localcouncil

Local council LG, CG France × × × NA NA NA

f. Policy-making onfisheries co-management

Fisheries co-management policy

CG EU, FAO × × NA NA

FC (Fishing Communities), LG (Local Government), CG (Central Government), JOCV (Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers), NA (No Data Available)

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6.7.6 Necessary Approaches for the Attainment of Objectives

This section discusses the approaches that are needed in order to realize community -based co-

management. There is no one recipe for success in resource management; rather, residents,

administration and experts must devise approaches that are effective within their respective

circumstances. Below is described the experience of Nianing. This is a case study of participatory

resource management and improvement in household income, however, this is by no means the perfect

scenario and still leaves room for improvement and modification. Having said that, this case study

may be use for reference.

Phase 1: Preparation

<Target period 3~6 months>

• Observation of pioneering areas (Kayar, Bamboung)

• Survey of fishing villages

• Selection of project target villages

• Reporting to government and establishment of a support committee

• Kickoff workshop

• Launching of a residents’ organization

• Compilation of the resource management plan

• Examination of alternative income earning methods

• Formation of consensus in public assemblies

Phase 2: Implementation

<Target period: 1~2 years>

• Enlightenment and information provision to residents

• Supply of necessary equipment for the project

• Preparation of an ordinance by the local government

• Biological survey with resident participation

• Market development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc.

• Implementation and monitoring of resource management

• Implementation of public information activities via mass media and implementation of observation

tours

• Proposal of policies from fisheries in the field

Phase 3: Self-sustenance

<After project completion>

• Project assessment and examination of the possibility and contents of future approaches

• Promotion of economic activities and linkage with local communities

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• Dissemination of resource management to other villages

• Establishment and running of local fisheries organizations

• Assessment of the effectiveness of resource management

The Study Team believes that building on approaches one at a time can raise the awareness of

resource management among citizens and administration and thereby lead to community based co-

management.

Looking back on the experience of Nianing, three approaches were particularly important, i.e. the

kickoff workshop, the enlightenment of and provision of information to residents, and the market

development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc. The kickoff workshop was carried out

over two days: on day one, there was a lecture regarding the experience of Kayar and the market for

fisheries products, a report of the results of the fishing village survey, and analysis of problems in the

village, and day 2 comprised examination of the framework of the resource management plan and

discussions on how to form residents’ organizations and administrative support measures. This

workshop was important in terms of the fact that residents were able to view resource management as

an accessible problem and something that they should solve themselves, and the fact that an action

plan compiled based on residents’ initiative was approved by the government.

Enlightenment and information provision to residents was conducted in order to sustain the residents’

interest in the project and guide them towards resource management. In addition to education on

resource management, residents were informed of purchase prices by fisheries companies, explanation

was given concerning uses of the profits obtained from joint shipping, and opportunities were

provided for women and children to conduct activities. These activities were effective to some extent,

however, there was room for improvement in terms of the low frequency of public assemblies and

opaqueness of operations of the resource management committee.

One of the reasons for the participation of residents in resource management was that the market

development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc. was a success (joint shipping to fisheries

companies was profitable and raised the income of fishermen). Since economic activities such as these

are one of the conditions necessary for sustaining resource management, this highlights the absolute

importance of promoting collaboration with the local community including fisheries companies.

6.7.7 Roles of Administration, Fishermen and Facilitators in Resource management

Co-management is thought to be suited to artisanal fisheries resource management. In this approach,

administration and fishermen promote resource management based on the division of responsibilities.

In line with bottom-up thinking rather than the conventional top-down approach, administration hands

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the initiative for resource management to fishermen and provides advice and support at appropriate

times. Moreover, in order to effectively promote resource management under the initiative of

fishermen, the role of facilitators is also important. The roles of each party are described below.

(1) Role of central government

The central government is actively involved in promoting resource management aimed at

realizing sustainable fisheries. It implements measures to ensure that resource management by

local governments and fishermen rooted in local communities is effectively carried out,

encourages fisheries groups and fisheries corporations to cooperate with resource management,

and conducts enlightenment activities for citizens to encourage the effective utilization of stocks.

In cases where a wide area approach crossing over local boundaries or coordination with

corporate fisheries is required in order to manage, for example, migratory fish stocks, the central

government should strive to promote such measures.

In the case of resource management that targets migratory fishermen, since the limits of local

activities are exceeded, it is possible that support will be needed from the central government.

The government should also cooperate with fisheries research agencies and universities that run

fisheries-related courses in order to enhance scientific know-how that provides the basis for

resource management.

(2) Role of local governments

As decentralization progresses, it is expected that the role of local governments will grow in

future. In order to develop consensus among related persons in resource management, it is

necessary to delegate authority to local administration so that it can provide rapid and accurate

administrative services.

In addition to conventional duties such as management of fisheries statistics, coordination of

fisheries and guidance to fishing villages, local governments will in future also be required to

educate and disseminate resource management and take necessary legal measures to aid resource

management.

(3) Role of fishermen

Fishermen, who are the parties most immediately concerned with fisheries, play the central role

in resource management. It is necessary for fishermen to set rules for the autonomous

management of local fisheries stocks, and to devise unique and organized approaches to resource

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management. Moreover, it is desirable for fishermen to proactively engage in economic activities

aimed at supplementing income reductions resulting from resource management.

(4) Role of facilitators

In order to promote the participation of residents in resource management, an effective method is

to utilize facilitators who can encourage fishermen to have more autonomy. In foreign countries,

NGOs frequently fill this role, however, in Japanese projects, Fenagie-Peche has been utilized in

the past. It may also be a good idea to employ fishermen who have experience of resource

management. In order to widely disseminate resource management to fishermen, since it is

urgently necessary to develop facilitators, we propose that a project be launched in cooperation

with other donors for this purpose.

Facilitators seek the opinions of fishermen from the resource management planning stage, reflect

these in action plans and support the implementation of plans. In the execution stage, facilitators

provide technical advice and support the resolution of problems through everyday contact with

fishermen.

6.7.8 Artisanal Fisheries Resource management Methods

Five methods of resource management that are considered to be technically, economically and

institutionally feasible in the present Senegal are proposed below.

Even without experience of resource management, these methods can be implemented providing that

fishermen have the willingness and the government cooperates. Moreover, these methods include

contents that were also implemented in the Japanese pilot project. Various other methods are available

in resource management, however, methods that would be difficult for Senegalese fishermen, methods

that would entail a burden on the government, and methods that cost too much time and money are not

indicated.

(1) Protect spawning parent fish

One of the reasons behind the depletion of demersal fish resources is thought to be the over-

exploitation of spawning parent fish. Taking the example of the octopus, it is guessed that

spawning parent octopuses account for a majority of the octopuses that are caught because the

fishing season (August-September) coincides with the spawning season. In order to restore

stocks, it is effective to leave the spawning parent octopuses alone so that new reserves can

regenerate in the following year. It is desirable to implement the following steps in order to

protect spawning fish:

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• Setting of closed seasons,

• Setting of protective zones, and

• Creation of spawning grounds

Regarding the effects of resource management, it is hoped that spawning quantities will increase

and that stocks of reproduced demersal fish will be boosted.

(2) Protect small-size fish

Not only do small-size fish have low commercial value, but also descendants cannot be passed on

to future generations if these fish are caught. It is more beneficial economically speaking to catch

fish after they have grown to adult size. One means of protecting small-size fish is to expand the

mesh size of nets, however, purchasing nets represents a major outlay for poor fishermen. The

following are recommended as simple and cost-free methods:

• “4-No’s” movement (No catching, No selling, No buying, No eating)

• Releasing small-size fish, and

• Prohibiting the landing and sale of small-size fish

Another effective method that requires a little more time and effort is:

• Setting protective zones

Regarding the effect of resource management, there is a greater chance of adult fish stocks

increasing in the near future if there are more small-size fish. Moreover, by catching fish after

they reach adult size, higher prices and income can be obtained per fish.

(3) Reduce the size of catches.

The reduction in fisheries stocks has come about because catches have exceeded stock

reproduction. Methods of reducing catches comprise entry regulations designed to limit fishing

gear, fishing seasons and fishing grounds, and exit regulations designed to limit landed quantities.

In Senegal, since it is extremely difficult to monitor landed quantities at more than 100 fishing

villages, it is desirable to adopt the former approach. Specific measures are as follows:

• Limiting the number of fishing nets

• Shortening fishing times

• Setting no-fishing days

• Adopting a system of rotating operation

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It is anticipated that such measures will enable stocks to be regenerated and to move towards

recovery. Moreover, because situations of bumper catches but low incomes can be prevented,

household economy will be stabilized and plant investment will also fall.

(4) Sell fish at high prices.

When fish prices are low, fishermen have little choice but to secure income by catching large

quantities, which of course leads to the depletion of stocks. If small catches can be given added

value and sold at higher prices, the household economy of fishermen will become stabilized.

Effective measures for stabilizing and raising the price of fish are as follows:

• Modification of operating methods (for example, preventing bruising of fish by improving fish

gear)

• Improvement in fish freshness and quality (for example, use of ice and fish boxes)

• Modification of landing times (for example, tailoring to market demand)

• Planned shipping (for example, fixing of sale prices to fisheries companies)

In the Japanese pilot project, the following kinds of effects were recognized: Increase in resident

incomes as a result of joint shipping; improvement in resource management awareness of

residents; release from the harsh labor of shellfish processing, and so forth.

(5) Implement economic activities other than fishing.

In Senegal, there is too much catch effort in comparison to the size of fisheries stocks.

Accordingly, it is necessary to examine ways of reducing the catch effort through providing

fishermen with new economic activities in addition to fisheries. In Southeast Asia, efforts to

conduct aquaculture and ecotourism have been started, however, such approaches require a lot of

time before they can produce returns. Economic activities that are considered to be effective in

Senegal are as follows:

• Poultry farming,

• Cattle and sheep rearing,

• Manufacture and sale of maize (sweet corn flour) and other farm products,

• Development of construction materials, etc. made from abandoned shells,

• Small grocery stores for local residents, and

• Running of restaurant and hotel businesses

If alternative economic activities can generate enough income to compensate fisheries, fishermen

can get to grips with resource management more quickly.

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There are other various technologies and ideas, however, in view of the short history of resource

management in Senegal, it is unlikely that advanced techniques of the type implemented in Japan,

for example, territorial use rights in fisheries and fish stock enhancement, would prove

successful. There is no need to copy Japanese fisheries cooperative associations. It is desirable to

introduce reasonable technology in line with the level of progress in Senegal.

6.7.9 Important Points to consider when Conducting Resource management

Important points to consider when conducting artisanal fisheries resource management are as follows.

Fishermen play the central role in compiling resource management plans

Whereas the government and donors determined resource management in the past, from now on

fishermen will determine plans in the field. This is because the autonomy of fishermen more than

anything else is key to the success of resource management. It is the role of fishermen not only to

compile resource management plans, but also to execute them and assess their results. Fishermen have

a lot of knowledge about fisheries resources and know what needs to be done to protect them. They

also think about methods for protecting their own livelihoods. The role of government and donors

should be to offer rearguard support that enables resource management to be appropriately and

smoothly implemented.

Government and donors must not determine the contents of projects.

Fishermen anywhere resist government orders not to fish, but they abide by rules that they discuss and

decide by themselves. Accordingly, in the Japanese project, fishermen have been encouraged to

participate and the project has been designed based on their experience and ideas. The fishermen

thought of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons and they complied with these almost perfectly.

Projects that are based on the know-how and technology of fishermen encounter less resistance from

fishermen and have a better chance of shifting to resource management and becoming established over

the long term. In contrast, top-down projects not only fail to secure the consent of fishermen, but they

risk incurring opposition.

Compile budgets that can be used according to the discretion of fishermen

Since numerous factors cannot be gauged unless fishermen-led resource management is put into actual

practice, flexible budgets that can be used according to discretion on the ground should be compiled.

In villages where there is high awareness of resource management, there is little need for an

enlightenment and education budget. Meanwhile, resource management that requires surveillance

(marine protection zones and artificial fish reefs) incurs high activity expenses. Some villages require

budget for scientific survey, whereas other don’t. Concerning fisheries equipment, it is sometimes

possible to obtain support from local fisheries companies. Accordingly, conditions in new villages are

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an unknown quantity and it is impossible to compile accurate budgets. It is proposed that the case of

Japan be referred to as a rough guide to the necessary budget for a pilot project. In the case of Nianing,the project cost excluding personnel expenses and vehicle expenses was approximately US$ ５0,000

over two years.

Encourage fishermen to have autonomy

In conventional projects, fishermen have often had low awareness of involvement in resource

management and have tended to rely too much on aid. This kind of problem is apt to occur when

fishermen are left on the periphery of projects while the government and donors take the technical and

financial initiative for project implementation. The following are important points in resolving such

issues: (1) encouraging fishermen to be positive and autonomous through frequently visiting villages,

having repeated discussions with them and taking their ideas onboard; (2) fully utilizing local sources

(equipment, materials, surplus manpower, etc.) and maximizing performance of fishing village

communities; (3) providing economic incentives (lifestyle support, etc.) to fishermen and removing

impediments to resource management; (4) making fishermen the central players in project public

information activities and media reporting; and (5) entrusting the monitoring and assessment of

projects to fishermen.

Organization is a means, not the end.

There are numerous fisheries organizations in Senegal, but many of these are not functioning. There

seems to be a belief that organizations should be formed before thinking about the method of resource

management, however, the opposite is true. The Study Team believes that building organizations is the

second step after first determining the policy of resource management activities. People gather around

activities based on village needs, communication is born, and organizations are formed. Organizations

are formed and improved as they conduct activities. In Nianing, the fishermen organized in order to

get the government to recognize their autonomous no-fishing activities. It was also necessary for them

to organize in order to conduct the joint shipping of catches. Organizations are means for achieving

objectives, and they shouldn’t be mistakenly regarded as the goal.

Securing of democratic operation and transparency of resource management committees

When advancing resource management, resource management committees composed of residents have

an important part to play. Committee officers need to have a future vision of the village as well as

leadership qualities, while the trust of residents is essential for actually executing resource

management. It is important to hold repeated public assemblies in order to provide project information

and display transparency in committee operations (especially the accounts). If committees can undergo

periodic renewal (adopting as many women as possible to officer positions) and evolve into

organizations that can be participated in by more residents, it will be possible to ensure the

sustainability of resource management.

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Start from income generating activities

If household economy goes into the red as a result of resource management, it is only a matter of time

before fishermen revert to old fishing practices and resource management projects end in failure. It is

important to begin with income generating activities (carrot) to ensure that households do not go into

the red, and follow these up with resource management activities (stock). If the order of these

measures is mistaken, fishermen will feel no incentive to participate in resource management and will

not pay attention to projects. In the pilot project, income generating activities such as joint shipping,

poultry farming and sale of fishing boat fuel were implemented simultaneously with the imposition of

closed seasons and fishing gear regulations. Economic activities are necessary not only to sustain the

livelihood of fishermen but also to generate funds to cover resource management costs and

organizational operation.

Distribution improvement is effective for resource management

Rather than conducting poultry farming and ecotourism, which take some time in order to generate

income, it is better to improve distribution or implement other measures which generate immediate

income, thereby enabling fishermen to engage in resource management more quickly.

Distribution improvement is closely linked to resource management. In Senegal, because

middlepersons dominate the distribution sector, a buyers’ market is formed and fish prices are forced

down. As a result, fishermen have little choice but to catch more fish in order to secure income, and

this leads to the depletion of stocks. If there were greater emphasis on quality and fishermen caught

smaller quantities for sale at higher prices, resource management and fishermen’s livelihoods would

be compatible. In fishing villages, there are large post-harvest losses because of rough handling,

however, because there are numerous fisheries companies that seek high quality fish, there is potential

for resource management combined with distribution improvement measures to spread throughout

Senegal.

Conduct scientific surveys with fishermen

Although fishermen have a strong interest in the life history and behavior of caught fish species, they

tend to be distrustful of scientists and frequently reject approaches from researchers. In the pilot

project, scientists and fishermen conducted joint biological surveys in order to clarify spawning

seasons and provide the basis for setting the closed seasons. Moreover, under support from scientists,

the fishermen conducted underwater surveys of released cymbium markers and octopus spawning

pots. If scientific surveys are implemented within fishing villages, fishermen can be expected to

recognize the results.

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6.7.10 Policy Recommendations concerning Resource management

The major policy recommendations concerning resource management in Senegal are as follows.

Recommendation 1. Review centralized resource management and promote decentralized,

participatory resource management.

Centralized resource management entails problems in that the wishes of fishermen are not reflected,

flexible management suited to each area cannot be conducted, and management costs are high. For this

reason, it is necessary to delegate resource management authority to local areas and fishermen on the

ground, and to systemize this. From the viewpoint of making local communities the leading players

and putting the government in a supporting role, it is important to limit government involvement and

convert to resource management that makes use of the autonomy of local areas and citizens.

Recommendation 2. Construct resource management models for each type of fishing village.

Since each fishing village in Senegal has different features with differing surrounding environments

and awareness among local residents, it is difficult to implement uniform resource management.

Rather, it is necessary to adopt a bottom-up approach according to conditions in each fishing village.

Since it is impossible to implement resource management in all fishing villages from the start, villages

should be classified into different types (for example, villages with a high ratio of locally born

fishermen, villages with a high ratio of migratory fishermen, villages with a mix of local and

migratory fishermen, etc.), pilot projects conducted in representative villages of each type, and models

of resource management constructed for each. The government should strive to spread bottom-up

resource management and establish policies and systems for providing incidental support for this.

Recommendation 3. Introduce systems to give preferential treatment to fishing villages and fishermen

that take a positive stance towards resource management.

If fish are the assets of a country, all fishermen must cooperate in order to catch them. However, in

Senegal there exists a feeling of unfairness that some fishermen conduct resource management while

others don’t. In order to resolve this, it is proposed that systems be introduced to give preferential

treatment to fishing villages and fishermen that take a positive stance towards resource management.

Possible measures would be to give preferential sale rights to catches intended for fisheries companies,

to give priority to the construction of fishing village infrastructure, to apply fisheries equipment and

gasoline tax exemptions to deserving fishermen and fishing villages only, and so on. Through doing

this, it is anticipated that resource management would catch on very quickly.

6 - 34

Recommendation 4. Bolster links between residents, corporations, administration and research in

resource management.

In order to effectively implement resource management, it is necessary for residents, corporations,

administration and research circles to clarify their roles and deepen collaboration. Residents should

plan and execute resource management. Corporations should, for example, purchase high quality

catches at high prices in order to give economic backing to fishermen. Administration should establish

legislation for resource management and provide institutional support. Research should provide

necessary scientific information to help residents carry out resource management, and it should also

assess the effects of resource management. If any one of these roles is not fulfilled, it is thought that

resource management will not be successful.

Recommendation 5. Reflect the experiences of Asia, where fisheries conditions are similar to those in

Senegal, in policy.

Asian experiences that can be applied to Senegal are bottom-up resource management, community

organization, micro credit, dissemination of fisheries improvement, formation of fishing grounds,

aquaculture and general coastal management including measures against poverty. Moreover,

decentralization of fisheries administration has been gaining pace in Asia in recent years, and systems

and policies concerning community-led resource management and co-management between

government and fishermen have been established. There is great significance in Senegal making use of

these experiences in Asia.

CHAPTER 7

INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES SURVEY

7 - 1

CHAPTER 7INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES SURVEY

A written questionnaire survey and hearing survey were carried out with respect to fisheries

companies, and the results are summarized below. The numbers of surveyed companies in each

category were as follows:

Coastal demersal fishery(fish and cephalopod trawl) : 3 companies

Coastal demersal fishery (prawn trawl) : 1 company

Coastal pelagic fishery (purse seine fishing) : 1 company

Tuna canning : 2 companies

Fish meal manufacturing : 2 companies

7.1 Current Status of Fisheries Corporations

Many of the fisheries companies that conduct fishery operations own processing plants within their

own or group factories, and they produce frozen fillet products, canned tuna and sardines and fish

meal, etc. for export to mainly Europe, etc. Since fisheries corporations would make little profit or

even record losses if they sold the products they caught with their fishing boats without any

processing, they tend to attach added value to raw materials in order to secure profits.

Since processing plants cannot conduct stable production solely by processing catches from own

company’s boats, they purchase raw materials from artisanal fishermen both directly and indirectly.

For example, A Co. produces primary processed products such as fillets, etc. and it purchases 2,400

tons of fish from artisanal fishermen per year (1,500 tons/year of halibut, 400 tons/year of prawns,

plus other species). Another company, B Co., purchases approximately 80% of raw materials for its

processing plant from artisanal purse seine net fishermen. In this way, each company must exist in

harmony with artisanal fisheries in order to sustain their business.

For various reasons, and following a spate of corporate bankruptcies in 1997~1998, financial

institutions are unwilling to lend money in general. For this reason, plant investment in companies is

sluggish and many corporations hope that the Senegalese government will take measures such as

guaranteeing loans from financial institutions. Furthermore, since cash is frequently required to

purchase raw materials for processing, processing companies holding temporary stocks of canned

products have trouble buying raw materials and consequently face reduced operating rates.

Accordingly, corporations also desire policies enabling them to borrow funds in excess of their credit

lines.

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7.2 Current Status of Fishing Boats Owned by Fisheries Corporations

Many fishing boats are old and are becoming fairly deteriorated, however, plant investment for

building new boats is not really taking place. Moreover, according to the results of the questionnaire,

since there appear to be some fishing boats that have extremely high fuel consumption in relation to

main engine output, it is inferred that the deterioration of main engines is the cause of reduced

combustion efficiency. It is guessed that investment levels are also low with respect to equipment

other than fishing boat hulls.

Moreover, regarding fishing boat personnel expenses, these greatly vary depending on the type of

fishing method, scale of fishing gear and type of catches. Since the cost per person is too great

between boats, i.e. it ranges from 7,500 Fcfa to 40,000 Fcfa, it is thought that the boats showing high

personnel expenses have also included indirect personnel expenses or made mistakes when filling out

the questionnaire sheet. The upper limit on personnel expenses is considered to be 25,000 Fcfa on

average.

Concerning prawn fishing boats, annual operating days tend to be relatively short. In fishing boats that

use other fishing methods, there are some boats that are at sea (outward and inward trips) for more

than 300 days and, on boats that do not adopt a crew shift system, it is thought that working conditions

are extremely harsh.

7.3 Preferential Measures for Fisheries Corporations

An industrial tax free zone (Zone Franche Industrielle) was established in Dakar with the objectives of

promoting exports, employment and industrialization based on Ordinance (LOI) No. 74-06 of April 2,

1974. The zone was expanded in 1991; and then fisheries corporations were also designated as tax-free

centers (Point Franc) based on Ordinance No. 95-34 on December 29, 1995. According to this,

fisheries corporations were granted exemption from tariffs and taxes on capital, equipment and

materials. Moreover, a similar policy has been adopted with respect to artisanal fisheries so that taxes

are exempted from purchases of small-size fishing boats, outboard engines, fishing gear and fuel, etc.

Moreover, according to Ordinance No. 91-30 of April 3, 1991, fisheries products exporters in Senegal

were granted exemption from value added tax on fisheries products, export declaration tax, stamp duty

and export license duty, etc. However, since rising operating tax (Patente) is pressurizing the business

of fisheries corporations to no small extent, there are voices that say corporate operations would cease

to be feasible if the said preferential measures did not exist.

7 - 3

In addition to the above preferential measures, the Government of Senegal invested in the

management rebuilding (51% controlling share) of a canning company that fell into an operating crisis

in 1998. However, because this meant that the company in question received preferential measures on

both purchasing of raw materials and sale of products, other corporations have expressed

dissatisfaction over partiality.

7.4 Need for Stock Management (Fisheries Regulations)

Almost all fisheries corporations recognize that fisheries stocks in waters off Senegal are in decline.

Corporations are also aware of the need for fisheries regulations in order to protect stocks, however,

they basically desire regulations by means of the following three methods, which have no direct

impact on maintenance of their own business operations.

(1) Regulation of fisheries activities by foreign fishing boats

Most fisheries corporations believe that the fishing fees paid to the Senegalese government by

fishing boats of EU countries are not directly connected to construction of fisheries infrastructure

or expansion of credit lines to fisheries operators in Senegal. Moreover, from the viewpoint of

protecting domestic fisheries, corporations also desire the strengthening of regulations on the

number of foreign fishing boats as well as the operating periods and catch sizes of foreign fishing

boats.

(2) Prohibiting the issue of new licenses in the industrial fishery

If more fishing licenses than the present number of fishing boats in the domestic fishery are

issued, since catch pressure will increase and fisheries stocks will be further reduced, many

people are calling for the prohibition of new fishing licenses.

(3) Introduction of an artisanal fishing boat registration system and regulation on the number of

fishing boats

Industrial fishing boats are given permission to operate beyond six miles from the coast.

However, as engines used by artisanal fishermen have increased in power, the range of activities

of artisanal fishermen has widened and there is greater competition for offshore fishing grounds.

Accordingly, more and more disputes are arising from fishing gear accidents, etc. Some corporate

fishers express concern over the fact that unemployed people are easily able to start artisanal

fishing without holding any firm concept of fisheries stock management. Therefore, some

corporations are calling for the introduction of an artisanal fishing boat registration system to

limit new entrants, the implementation of reeducation in fisheries activities for artisanal

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fishermen, and the regulation of artisanal fishing boats in order to assist coastal fisheries stock

management.

Having said that, the vast majority of those asked basically desire the balanced coexistence of

corporate fisheries with artisanal fisheries.

7.5 Setting of Closed Seasons

For two months in October and November 2003, a closedclosed season was set and executed with

respect to fishing activities by industrial trawlers. Moreover, a similar closedclosed period was also set

in 2004.

Corporations possessing trawlers have strived to minimize the business impact of the closed season by

using this time to carry out periodic maintenance and repairs to their trawlers. Moreover, at plants that

process fillet products from demersal fish, etc., since it has become difficult to procure raw materials

from own trawlers, there is a growing trend towards sustaining plant operations through purchasing

raw materials from artisanal fishermen. However, procured quantities of raw materials are still down

and some plant workers are expressing dissatisfaction that some processing plant operators are being

temporarily laid off.

According to the questionnaire responses, many of the fish species observed in the waters off Senegal

are not unique to this country but rather migrate from waters off neighboring Mauritania, Gambia and

Guinea Bissau, etc. and are regarded as the common property of each country. It is also recognized

that catching too many fish in the spawning season leads to the reduction of fisheries stocks. Within

such an environment, it is thought that the spawning season of each species differs in each country,

although the scientific basis for this is unclear. Accordingly, even if Senegal does set closed seasons

independently, if the closed seasons of other countries are different, it is pointed out that fishermen

will migrate over national borders and continue fisheries activities anyway. Moreover, if closed

seasons are set in a joint effort taking into account spawning seasons in other countries, if spawning

seasons are not slightly different between countries, closed seasons covering all spawning time would

need to be set and this would threaten the survival of fishermen.

In view of these points, if new closed seasons are to be set, in addition to implementing and

announcing spawning seasons and specific surveys based on a scientific basis, it is desirable to

compile fisheries regulations that do not put an excessive burden on fishermen.

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7.6 Regulation of Total Catch Sizes

Questionnaire responses pointed towards the possibility of setting a total allowable catch (TAC) and

prohibiting fishing once this limit is reached. However, since there is currently no consistency on

fisheries statistics gathering methods, functions for rapidly processing catch sizes by species are

undeveloped, and means of information communication for consolidating landing data are not in

place, implementation of such an approach is unfeasible.

Corporations realizing that the catching capacity of their own fishing boat fleets is inferior to that of

other corporations fear that they would be unable to survive competition under the TAC system. In

order not to lose out in fishing competition, it is necessary to carry out plant investment and there are

strong hopes that the government will guarantee new loans for this purpose. If such loan guarantees

are not forthcoming, because corporations will find it difficult to stay in business, they are thinking of

requesting government compensation for the scrapping of deteriorated fishing boats and shutdown of

land facilities, etc.

There is concern that excessive plant investment will pressurize business management, however, no

responses concerning this point were given in the questionnaire survey.

7.7 Regulation of the Number of Fishing Boats

The aforementioned “regulation on new issue of fishing licenses” is based on recognizing the renewal

and continuation of existing fishing licenses and includes the aspect of maintaining the present number

of fishing boats. In the case where stricter regulations entailing reduction in the number of fishing

boats were implemented, since it would be difficult for some corporations to stay in business, some

voices say that additional problems would arise regarding the provision of government security for

reduced (scrapped) boats and welfare for laid-off crewmembers.

7.8 Fisheries Monitoring and Supervisory Agency

Regarding the DPSP, which is the fisheries monitoring and supervising agency, many observers say

that rather than punishing fishermen who violate regulations, it should first advertise fisheries

regulatory information and provide specific advice and guidance to fishermen.

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7.9 Fisheries Policy Formulating Agency

Regarding the DPM, which is the fisheries policymaking agency, there are calls for the strengthening

of links with regional offices as well as reinforcement of dialog with fishermen in the fisheries policy

formulation stage.

7.10 Future Fisheries Stock Assessment and Stock Management

The fisheries stock assessment and management policies that are anticipated by fisheries corporations

can be summarized as follows.

(1) Implementation of appropriate stock assessment

Implement stock assessment surveys and present the actual state of stock volumes based on

scientific data.

(2) Disclosure of the results of stock assessment

Publicly disclose stock assessment data and present past and future trends in stock volumes

according to each fish species.

(3) Prior explanation of fair sock management and methods for realizing it

Based on the premise of coexistence between industrial fisheries and artisanal fisheries, present

an overall view of stock management in which the industrial fishery alone does not suffer, and

conduct prior explanations to ensure that fishermen can understand individual methods of stock

management.

(4) Implementation of appropriate stock management and monitoring activities

When implementing stock management, disclose the specific contents of fisheries regulations and

provide advice and guidance to ensure that there are no fishermen who violate regulations.

(5) Continuation of stock assessment activities and disclosure of results following the

implementation of stock management

While implementing stock management, continually implement stock volume assessment surveys

within the monitoring of stock fluctuations and periodically disclose whether or not stocks are

recovering.