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Chapter 5

Verbs

Learning Objectives: Level 1

• Identify transitive, intransitive, linking, and helping verbs.

• Recognize the functions and uses of active- and passive-voice verbs.

• Use correctly verbs in the present, past, and future tenses.

5-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Kinds of Verbs

Action Verbs:

Tell what a subject

does, including

physical and mental

actions.

Mark Zuckerberg developed the

Facebook site.

(Physical action)

He hopes people

of all ages will use

this social

networking site.

(Mental action)

5-3

Helping LinkingAction

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Kinds of Verbs

Action Verbs:

Can be transitive or

intransitive

Transitive Verb:

Expresses an action

toward a person or thing;

requires a direct

object (noun or

pronoun) to complete its

meaning

The committee created

guidelines for its

task.

(The transitive verb created directs

action toward its

object guidelines.)

5-4

Action


Kinds of Verbs

Action Verbs:

Can be transitive or

intransitive

Intransitive Verb:

Expresses action but

does not require an

object to complete its

meaning

Kim Collins works for a large

marketing firm.

(The noun firm is

the object of the

preposition for, not

an object of the

verb works.)

5-5

Action


Try Your Skill

5-6

What are the

transitive

verbs and

their objects

in the

following

sentences?


1. McDonald’s gave coupons

to the winners.

2. The winners got free

Big Macs.

3. Please lay the coupons on

the counter.

Try Your Skill

1. Greg listened carefully to

the proposal.

2. I worked at that job for

nine years.

3. Before the test Jackie

studied very hard.

5-7

Pick out

the

intransitive

verbs

below.


Kinds of Verbs

Linking Verbs:

They “link” or join the

subject to its

complement

• Complement:

A noun, pronoun, or

adjective that

renames or

describes the

subject

Betty Ray is the

new vice

president.

(The linking verb is

joins the complement vice

president to the

subject.)

5-8



Kinds of Verbs

• Some linking verbs

are derived from the

verb “to be”: am, is,

are, was, were, be,

being, been.

• Others are words that

describe sense

experiences: feel,

appear, taste, seem,

sound, smell, etc.

The engine sounds

good.

(The linking verb sounds joins the

complement good,

which is an

adjective that

describes the subject engine.)

5-9

Linking


Try Your Skill

1. The caller could have

been Jeremy.

2. It was he who called

yesterday.

3. Sheila felt bad about the

news.

5-10

Identify the

linking verbs

and

complements

in these

sentences.


Kinds of Verbs

Helping Verbs:

Added to main verbs to create verb phrases

• Common Helping

Verbs:

Forms of to be

Forms of to have

Forms of to do

Can, must, ought,

might, could, will, etc.

Kim Collins is

applying for a new

job.

(The helping verb is

plus the main verb applying create a

verb phrase.)

5-11



Try Your Skill

1. The applicant could

have arrived earlier.

2. It can be difficult to

accept change.

3. Susan has run a mile in

less than seven minutes.

5-12

Identify the

linking verbs

and

main verbs

in these

sentences.


Verb Voices: Two Categories

of Transitive Verbs

• Active Voice:

• When the verb expresses an action directed by the subject toward the object of the verb

• Writing that uses active-voice verbs is clear, direct, and forceful.

5-13

Passive VoiceActive Voice


Verb Voices: Two Categories

of Transitive Verbs

• Passive Voice:

When the action of a transitive verb is directed toward the subject

• Passive-voice verbs may be used to disguise the “doer” or agent of an action.

• They may also be used when indirectness is desired.

5-14

Passive VoiceActive Voice


Active Voice Passive Voice

We answer e-mail

messages within 24

hours.

E-mail messages are answered

within 24 hours.

DataPro expanded

its operations in the

Southwest.

Operations in the Southwest were

expanded.

Mr. Lee miscalculated

current operating

expenses.

Current operating expenses were

miscalculated.


Try Your Skill

1. The bank stopped payment

on the check last week.

2. Taylor discovered the losses.

3. The losses were discovered

last week.

4. Statements were issued for

all past-due accounts.


Identify the

active voice

verbs and

passive voice

verbs in these

sentences.

5-17

Present-

Tense

Verbs

Past-

Tense

Verbs

Future-

Tense

Verbs

Primary Tenses of Verbs

Express

current or

habitual

action

Show

completed

action

Show

action that

is expected

to occur at

a later time

5-18

The tense

you see in a

dictionary

Generally

formed by adding d or

ed to the

present

tense of

regular

verbs

Formed by adding will

or shall to

the present

tense of the

verb

Past-

Tense

Verbs

Future-

Tense

Verbs


Present-

Tense

Verbs

5-19

Halle works in

the

Marketing

Department

.

She worked

late

yesterday.

She will

work on

that project

next week.

Past-

Tense

Verbs

Future-

Tense

Verbs


Present-

Tense

Verbs

Challenges Using Primary Tenses

Third-person singular verbs: require an -sending. This -s ending is not added to other singular verbs (I and you).First-person singular:

I enjoy tackling challenging projects.Second-person singular:

You enjoy taking long walks after dinner. Third-person singular:

He enjoys playing baseball with his son.

Brianna enjoys skiing in the winter.

Our dog enjoys eating our leftovers.


Challenges Using Primary Tenses

Timeless Facts: use present-tense verbs, even if the verbs occur with other past-tense verbs.

What is (not was) the name of the person who called me yesterday?

Verbs changing form: watch for verbs ending in y and some with the final consonant doubled

Sonia hurried (not hurryed) to catch the train.

What important events occurred (not occured) last year?


Try Your Skill

5-22

Select the

correct

verb to

complete

the

following

sentences.


1. You (plan, plans) to apply for the position, don’t you?

2. He (plan, plans) to apply for the position too.

3. What (is, was) your maiden name?

4. We (tryed, tried) our best to accommodate everyone.

5. She (refered, referred) to her earlier message.


• Recognize and use correctly gerunds, infinitives, and participles.

• Identify and remedy dangling verbal phrases and other misplaced modifiers.

• Understand and apply the subjunctive mood correctly.


Present and Past Participles

5-24

To be able to use verbs correctly, you

must recognize present participles and

past participles. Both participles form

verb phrases.

Helper(s) + Main Verb = Verb Phrase


Present Participle

5-25

Present participle: formed by adding ing to

the present part of the verb

• When used in a sentence, the present

participle is generally preceded by some form of the helping verb be (am, is, are,

was, were, be, been).

The contract is lying on the desk.

We are analyzing both proposals.


Past Participle

5-26

Past participle: usually formed by adding a d

or t sound to the present part of the verb.

• Past-participle verb phrases include the helpers has, had, or have (and

sometimes could, would, and should).

She has worked for many businesses.

We have built a home in West Gate.

Lee should have seen the red light.


Verbals

5-27

Three verbals are important:

Gerunds

Infinitives

Participles


5-28

Gerund: a verb form

that ends in ing and is

used as a noun

Investing is important to our

economy. (Gerund used as subject.)

Travis sought a career in marketing.

(Gerund used as object of preposition.)

Gerunds


5-29

When using gerunds,

be sure that nouns and

pronouns modifying

gerunds are

possessive.

We appreciate your (not you)

informing us of the error.

The auditor questioned Mr. Lee’s (not

Mr. Lee) traveling first-class.

Gerunds


5-30

Infinitive: when the

present form of a verb is preceded by to

• Most basic verb form

• In using infinitives, do not substitute the conjunction and for to.

Try to (not and) arrive early.

Check to (not and) see that the door is

locked.

Infinitives


5-31

When using infinitives,

avoid split infinitives that

result in awkward

sentences.

AWKWARD: Angela was asked to, as soon as possible, complete the report.

BETTER: Angela was asked to

complete the report as soon as possible.

Infinitives


Try Your Skill

1. We objected to (Jeff/Jeff’s) accepting the shipment without prior approval.

2. Be sure (to/and) set your alarm.

3. (a) We expect to, when all the facts are gathered, make a recommendation.(b) When all the facts are gathered, we expect tomake a recommendation.

5-32

Choose the

correct

word to

complete

these

sentences.


Try Your Skill

5-33

Choose the

correct

word to

complete

these

sentences.


4. We appreciate (you/your) not smoking in the building.

5. I saw (Susan/Susan’s) dancing when she got the contract.

6. I admired (Susan/Susan’s) dancing in the ballroom competition.

5-34

Participle: a verb form that

is used with helping verbs to

form present-participle and

past-participle tenses

• Participles can also serve as adjectives.

• Avoid using participial phrases that sound awkward.

AWKWARD: Being as you are careful, you found the problem.

BETTER: Because you are careful, you found the problem.

Participles


Avoiding Misplaced

Verbal Modifiers

Introductory Verbal Phrases.

To avoid misplaced modifiers, verbal phrases must be followed by the words they can logically modify (describe).

5-35

ILLOGICAL: Locked securely in the vault, only Ms. McKee had access to the jewels.

LOGICAL: Locked securely in the vault, the jewels were accessible only to Ms. McKee.


Other Verbal Phrases. To avoid dangling modifiers, verbal phrases in other sentence positions must also be placed close to the words they describe.

5-36

ILLOGICAL: We saw a four-car accident driving to the office.

LOGICAL: Driving to the office, we saw a four-car accident.


Because you want Friday

off, can you work

overtime tonight?

Try Your Skill

1. Being as you want Friday

off, can you work overtime

tonight?

5-37

How could

the

following

sentence

be

improved?

IMPROVED VERSION


Try Your Skill

2. To receive a certificate, 30

credit units must be

completed.

5-38

How could

the following

sentence be

improved? To receive a certificate, a

student (or one) must

complete 30 credit units.

IMPROVED VERSION


Try Your Skill

3. Working overtime, the

printing job was finally

finished.

5-39

How could

the

following

sentences

be

improved?

Working overtime, we

finally finished the printing

job.

IMPROVED VERSION


Try Your Skill

4. His wallet was found by

Mr. Irwin lying behind the

counter.

5-40

How could

the

following

sentences

be

improved?

Mr. Irwin found his wallet

lying behind the counter.

IMPROVED VERSION


Verb Moods

Three verb moods express attitude toward a subject:

Indicative mood: expresses facts

Imperative mood: expresses commands

Subjunctive mood: expresses doubts, conjectures (guesses), or suggestions


5-42

Subjunctive mood: learn to use it

correctly in the following three

constructions:

Doubtful

StatementThat

Clause

Motion


5-43

When a statement that is

doubtful or contrary to fact is introduced by if, as if,

or wish, the subjunctive

form were is substituted

for the indicative form was.

If I were (not was) boss, things would

be different.

He acts as if he were (not was) his

father.

Doubtful

Statement


5-44

BUT if a statement could

possibly be true, use the

indicative form.

If Mr. Cavello was at the meeting, I did

not see him.

Doubtful

Statement


5-45

Use the subjunctive verb be

when a that clause follows

a verb expressing a

command, recommendation,

request, suggestion, or

requirement.

Connie Aragon suggested that all budget requests be (not are) sent to

her.

The doctor asked that the patient be

(not is) confined to bed.

That

Clause


5-46

Use a subjunctive verb

form when a motion is stated in a that clause.

The treasurer moved that a survey be

(not is) made.

Motion


Try Your Skill

1. I wish I (was/were) in your position.

2. If Troy (was/were) here earlier, he did not sign the checks.

3. The attorney recommended that we (are/be) present at the hearing.

4. One member moved thatthe motion (is/be) tabled until next week.

5-47

Choose

the correct

verb to

complete

these

sentences.



• Write the correct forms of irregular verbs.

• Recognize verb forms in the progressive and perfect tenses.


Irregular Verbs

5-49

Regular verbs: form the past tense with the

addition of a d or ed (work, worked)

Irregular verbs: form the past tense and

past participle in a variety of ways

• Learn the list of irregular verbs shown in

your text by using the pattern shown on

the next slide.


Pattern for Learning Irregular Verbs

Present tense Today I begin.

Past tense Yesterday I began.

Future tense Tomorrow I will begin.

Present

participle

Today I am beginning.

Past participle In the past I have begun.

5-50

Try these verbs in the above pattern:

(1) choose; (2) drink; (3) freeze; and (4) swim.


Present

tense

choose drink freeze swim

Past

tense

chose drank froze swam

Future

tense

will

choose

will drink will

freeze

will swim

Present

participle

choosing drinking freezing swimming

Past

participle

chosen drunk frozen swum

Pattern for Learning

Irregular Verbs


Lie-Lay

Present PastPast

Participle

Present

Participle

lie (to rest) lay lain lying

lay (to

place)

laid laid laying

5-52

Pay special attention to the irregular verbs lie and lay.


Lie-Lay

What kind of verb is lie?

Transitive (requires a direct object to complete its meaning)

Intransitive (requires no direct object to complete its meaning)

5-53

What kind of verb is lay?

Transitive

Intransitive


TIPS

5-54

• Substitute the word rest for lie and the word place for lay.

• Commands are given in the present tense.

To lie (rest) To lay (place)


Try Your Skill

1. “(Lie/Lay) over there.” Peter told his dog.

2. Today I will (lie/lay) down for a nap.

3. Tiger, my ferocious cat, is (lying, laying) on the rug.

5-55

Choose the

correct

verb to

complete

these

sentences.


Try Your Skill

4. Are you (lying, laying) bricks today?

5. She loves to (lie/lay) in the sun while she’s on vacation.

6. We plan to (lie/lay) new tile in the kitchen.

5-56

Choose the

correct

verb to

complete

these

sentences.


Try Your Skill

5-57

Choose the

correct

verb to

complete

these

sentences.


7. The books have (lain/laid) there for days.

8. Library patrons have been returning books by (lying, laying) them on the cart.

9. Ann (layed/laid) the contract on your desk two days ago.

5-58

Present-

Progressive

Verbs

Past-

Progressive

Verbs

Future-

Progressive

Verbs

The Progressive Verb Tenses

Express ongoing

actions that are

happening

presently

Express ongoing

actions that

occurred in the

past, sometimes

as another action

was taking place

Express ongoing

actions that will

take place in the

future


5-59

Present-

Progressive

Verbs

Past-

Progressive

Verbs

Future-

Progressive

Verbs

The Progressive Verb Tenses

He is planning

the program now.

He was

planning the

program before

he was replaced.

He will be

planning

another program

next week.


5-60

Present-

Perfect

Verbs

Past-

Perfect

Verbs

Future-

Perfect

Verbs

The Perfect Verb Tenses

Express actions

that began in the

past and have

continued to the

present

Express actions

finished before

other actions in

the past

Express actions

that will be

completed

before other

future actions


5-61

Present-

Perfect

Verbs

Past-

Perfect

Verbs

Future-

Perfect

Verbs

The Perfect Verb Tenses

She has

offered to work

late. (The offer

still stands.)

We had called

before he left.

Newscasts will

have

announced

projected

winners before

we have voted.


Verbs Is Funny

When words you speak, these words are

spoken,

But a nose is tweaked and can't be twoken.

And what you seek is seldom soken.

--Cont.

5-62

A boy who swims may say he swum,

But milk is skimmed and seldom skum,

And nails you trim; they are not trum.


chapter 5 - fullerton college - student web serverstaff without...active voice passive voice we...

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