Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Body rhythms and mental statesBody rhythms and mental states

Understanding biological Understanding biological rhythmsrhythms

Biological rhythmBiological rhythmA periodic, more or less regular A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological systemfluctuation in a biological system

Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythmsOnce about every 24 hoursOnce about every 24 hoursExample: the sleep-wake cycleExample: the sleep-wake cycle

Biological cuesBiological cues Sunrise= Sunrise= Light + Light +

increasing temperatureincreasing temperature

Sunset= Sunset= Dark + Dark + decreasing temperaturedecreasing temperature

Social cuesSocial cues JobsJobs ClocksClocks

Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms To study To study endogenousendogenous circadian circadian

rhythms, scientists isolate rhythms, scientists isolate volunteers from time cues.volunteers from time cues.

Circadian rhythms are Circadian rhythms are influenced by:influenced by:– Changes in routineChanges in routine– Airplane flights across time Airplane flights across time

zoneszones– Adjusting to new work shiftsAdjusting to new work shifts– Illness, stress, fatigue, Illness, stress, fatigue,

excitement, drugs, and excitement, drugs, and mealtimesmealtimes

SleepSleep

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousnessconsciousness

How many hours did you sleep last How many hours did you sleep last night?night?

Recommended sleep timeRecommended sleep time

8-10 hours8-10 hours

Sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation Staying up late Staying up late and not allowing oneself enough sleepand not allowing oneself enough sleep

Randy GardnerRandy Gardner19641964

Tony WrightTony Wright

20072007

2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8 hourshoursSleep deprivation leads to decreases in Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical physical and mental functioning.and mental functioning.

Sleep cycles and stagesSleep cycles and stages

One sleep cycle lasts about One sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes90 minutes

Stage 1Stage 1. Feel self drifting . Feel self drifting on the edge of on the edge of consciousnessconsciousness

Stage 2Stage 2. Minor noises . Minor noises won’t disturb youwon’t disturb you

Stage 3Stage 3. Breathing and . Breathing and pulse have slowed downpulse have slowed down

Stage 4Stage 4. Deep sleep. Deep sleep

Rapid Eye Movement Rapid Eye Movement (REM)(REM). Increased eye . Increased eye movement, loss of muscle movement, loss of muscle tone, dreamingtone, dreaming

Typical night’s sleep for a Typical night’s sleep for a young adultyoung adult

Sleep disordersSleep disordersInsomniaInsomniaRecurring problems falling or Recurring problems falling or staying asleepstaying asleepSleep apneaSleep apneaBreathing briefly stops during Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily choke and gasp and momentarily waken.waken.Night terrorsNight terrorsEpisodes of high arousal and the Episodes of high arousal and the appearance of being terrifiedappearance of being terrifiedNarcolepsyNarcolepsySudden and unpredictable Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleeplapses into REM sleep

REM Behavior Disorder: Acting out dreamsSleep walking: Usually occurs during deep sleep stages

Sleep disordersSleep disorders

DreamingDreaming

Dream:Dream: A sequence A sequence of images, emotions, of images, emotions, and thoughts and thoughts passing through a passing through a sleeping person’s sleeping person’s mindmind

Lucid dreamsLucid dreams: occur : occur when dreamer when dreamer becomes aware that becomes aware that they are dreamingthey are dreaming

Psychoanalytic approach to Psychoanalytic approach to dreamingdreamingFreud concluded that dreams might provide Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight into our unconscious wishes and desiresinsight into our unconscious wishes and desires

Manifest contentManifest content includes includesaspects of the dream we aspects of the dream we consciously experience.consciously experience.

Latent contentLatent content includes unconscious wishes and includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream.thoughts symbolized in the dream.

Problem-focused/cognitive Problem-focused/cognitive approach to dreamingapproach to dreaming

Dreams may reflect Dreams may reflect current concernscurrent concerns and and ongoing ongoing conscious issuesconscious issues such as such as relationships, work, relationships, work, sex, or health.sex, or health.

Dreams contain Dreams contain symbols and symbols and metaphorsmetaphors

Activation synthesis theoryActivation synthesis theory

Dreaming results from Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis the cortical synthesis and interpretation of and interpretation of neural signals neural signals triggered by activity in triggered by activity in the brainstemthe brainstem

HypnosisHypnosis

A procedure in A procedure in which the which the practitioner practitioner suggests suggests changes in the changes in the sensations, sensations, perceptions, perceptions, thoughts, thoughts, feelings, or feelings, or behavior of the behavior of the subjectsubject

Features of the hypnotic stateFeatures of the hypnotic state

1.1. Minimized Minimized distractions; client distractions; client relaxesrelaxes

2.2. Client is asked to Client is asked to concentrate on a concentrate on a specific stimulus specific stimulus

3.3. Client is told what Client is told what to expectto expect

4.4. Hypnotist suggests Hypnotist suggests certain certain events/feelings events/feelings that he/she knows that he/she knows will occurwill occur

The nature of hypnosisThe nature of hypnosis

Hypnotic responsivenessHypnotic responsiveness ( (suggestibilitysuggestibility) depends ) depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.skill of the hypnotist.

Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things against their will.against their will.

Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.by motivated people without hypnosis.

Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory.Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory.

Theories of hypnosisTheories of hypnosis

Dissociation theoriesDissociation theories Hypnosis is a split in Hypnosis is a split in

consciousness in which consciousness in which one part of the mind one part of the mind operates independently operates independently of consciousnessof consciousness

During hypnosis, During hypnosis, dissociation occurs dissociation occurs between an executive between an executive control system (probably control system (probably in the frontal lobes) and in the frontal lobes) and other systems of thinking other systems of thinking and acting.and acting.

““Hidden observer”Hidden observer”

Theories of hypnosisTheories of hypnosis

Sociocognitive Sociocognitive theoriestheoriesEffects of hypnosis Effects of hypnosis result from interaction result from interaction between social between social influence of the influence of the hypnotist and the hypnotist and the beliefs and beliefs and expectations of the expectations of the subject.subject.