chapter 5 biodiversity and conservation

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Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation

Section 1: Biodiversity

Section 2: Threats to Biodiversity

Section 3: Conserving Biodiversity

5.1 Biodiversity

Objectives:

1. Describe three types of biodiversity.

2. Explain the importance of biodiversity.

3. Summarize the direct and indirect value of biodiversity.

What is biodiversity?

5.1 Biodiversity

1. Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area.

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation

It increases the stability and health of an ecosystem.

2. Species diversity, the number of different species in a biological community, increases as you move from the polar regions to the equator.

5.1 Biodiversity

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3. Many medicines are derived from plants or other organisms. Penicillin is derived from bread mold.

Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases.

Madagascar periwinkle

4. Preserving healthy ecosystems is less expensive than using technological advances.

A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth.

Biodiversity and Conservation

Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use.

Green plants provideoxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide.

5.1 Biodiversity

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5.2 Threats to Biodiversity

Objectives:

1. Describe the biodiversity crisis.

2. Explain the factors that threaen biodiversity.

3. Describe how the decline of a single species can affect an entire ecosystem.

1. Four factors that threaten biodiversity are:

overexploitation,

habitat loss,

habitat fragmentation

pollution.

2. Natural resources are all materials and organisms found in the biosphere, including:

minerals fossil fuels nuclear fuels plants animals soil clean water clean air solar energy



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Factors that Threaten Biodiversity

The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species—Homo sapiens.


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BisonPassenger pigeonsOcelotRhinoceros

Rhinoceros

3. Overexploitation, or excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction.

Examples:

Ocelot


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Habitat Loss

If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die.

Destruction of Habitat

The destruction of habitat, such as the clearing of tropical rain forests, has a direct impact on global biodiversity.


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Disruption of Habitat

The declining population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem.


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Fragmentation of Habitat

4.Habitat fragmentation is the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land.

Smaller pieces of land support fewer species.

Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area.

Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges—creating edge effects.


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5. Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability. Carnivores at the higher trophic levels are affected the most.


Pollution

6.Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

One example is DDT that threatened the American Bald Eagle.


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7.Acid precipitation is another pollutant affecting biodiversity by removing nutrients from the soil and harming plants and animals.

Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients.


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Assessing Water Quality

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Eutrophication

8.Eutrophication occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, etc. flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth.

The algae use up the oxygen supply during their rapid growth and after their deaths during the decaying process.

Other organisms in the water suffocate.


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Introduced Species

9. An introduced species is an nonnative species brought into a new habitat.

Lacking predators, they become invasive species.


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5.3 Conserving Biodiversity

Objectives:



Natural Resources

1. An increase in human population increases the need for natural resources.

2. Natural resource consumption is much higher in developed countries. As the standard of living increases, the rate of natural resources consumption increases.

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3.Renewable resources are resources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed. Ex. Solar energy, agricultural plants and animals, clean water and clean air. If the demand exceeds the supply of any resource, the resource might become depleted.



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4.Nonrenewable resources are resources found in limited amounts or require a long time to replace.

Ex. Fossil fuels and mineral deposits


5. Sustainable use means using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere.

6.Conservation of resources includes reducing consumption, recycling resources, and preserving ecosystems.


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Protecting Biodiversity


Currently, about seven percent of the world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve.

The United Nations supports a system of Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites.


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The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.

These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s surface, however, only about a tenth of that habitat remains.

Biodiversity Hotspots


7. Endemic species are species that are only found in that specific geographic area.


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Visualizing Biodiversity Hot Spots



Corridors Between Habitat Fragments


8. Habitat corridors, or passageways, connect habitat fragments and allow organisms to move safely from one area to another. A larger piece of land can sustain a wider variety of species and a wider variety of genetic variation.


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9. Two methods of restoring ecosystems are bioremediation and biological augmentation.


Bioremediation

10. Bioremediation involves the use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify a polluted area.


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11. Biological augmentation is the process of adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem. Aphids are insects that destroy crops. Ladybugs can be used to control aphid infestation.

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Ladybugs help control aphid populations.Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control


The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover.

Restoring Ecosystems


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Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

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Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank

Vocabulary

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1. Which factor is most responsible for the lack of plants in polar regions?

A. heavy grazing by herbivores

B. little precipitation

C. no soil for plants to take root

D. not enough sunlight



2. What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways?

A. acid precipitation

B. eutrophication

C. biological magnification

D. edge effects



3. Which is not a renewable resource?

A. solar energy

B. fossil fuels

C. agricultural plants

D. clean water



4. Which has indirect economic value?

A. ecosystems that decompose wastes

B. organisms that provide food and shelter

C. plants that contain medicinal substances

D. species that have desirable genetic traits


5.1 Formative Questions

True or False

5. It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value.



6. When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem become most apparent?

A. when scientists begin to study the ecosystem

B. when the ecosystem has been destroyed

C. when the ecosystem is given economic value



D. when the ecosystem provides usefulservices

A. background extinction

B. mass extinction

C. natural extinction

D. progressive extinction

7. Which describes the current rate of species disappearance?



A. deserts

B. grasslands

C. tropical forests

D. temperate forests

8. Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future?



A. habitat loss

B. eutrophication

C. overexploitation

D. nonnative predators

9. What is the primary factor that has endangered the North American bison and the white rhinoceros?



A. habitat loss

B. human predators

C. transported diseases

D. background extermination

10. What is the number one cause of species extinction today?



A. agricultural plants

B. clean water

C. forest timber

D. mineral deposits

11. Which resource is nonrenewable?



A. farming

B. logging

C. oil drilling

D. commercial fishing

12. For which human activity is sustainable use not possible?



13. Which is an example of bioremediation?


A. replanting trees in an area affected byacid rain

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B. using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill

C. enacting a law that protects endangeredamphibians

D. introducing natural predators to controla crop pest

14. Look at the following figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of DDT.




A. pollution

B. extinction

C. biological magnification

D. habitat fragmentation

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15. Use the graph to determine the approximate recovery time for a volcanic eruption.

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A. 1-10 years

B. 10-100 years

C. 100-1000 years

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D. 1000 years ormore


16. Explain how killer whales adapted to their environment when their primary food source began to disappear.

Answer: Killer whales started to prey onsea otters instead of sea lionsand harbor seals.

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A. ecosystem diversity

B. genetic diversity

C. social diversity

D. species diversity

17. Which type of biodiversity increases as you move geographically from the polar regions to the equator?



18. How does genetic diversity increase a species’ chance of survival?

A. It increases the number of organisms that haveuseful genes.

B. It increases the ability of a species to adapt toenvironmental changes.

C. It produces a variety of species within a biological community.

D. It randomly distributes members of a speciesthroughout an ecosystem.



19. If a toxic substance enters this food web, which animals will have the highest concentration of the toxic substance in their tissues?

A. fishes

B. killer whales

C. sea otters

D. sea urchins



A. acid rain

B. fertilizers

C. PCBs

D. pesticides

20. What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems?



21. Which factor has the greatest impact on a country’s rate of natural resource consumption?

A. land area

B. population

C. industrialization


D. availability of

resources

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22. Which event has the greatest potential to cause irreversible damage to biodiversity?


A. oil spill

B. urbanization

C. industrial pollution

D. modern agriculture

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Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 5


Image Bank

Chapter 5

extinction

biodiversity

genetic diversity

species diversity

ecosystem diversity


Vocabulary

Section 1

Chapter 5

background

extinction

mass extinction

natural resource

overexploitation

habitat

fragmentation

edge effect

biological

magnification

eutrophication

introduced species


Vocabulary

Section 2

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renewable resource

nonrenewable resource

sustainable use

endemic

bioremediation

biological augmentation


Vocabulary

Section 3

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Visualizing Biodiversity Hot Spots

Animation
