chapter 4 the bonds of empire

5/21/2018 Chapter 4 The Bonds of Empire

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CHAPTER4The Bonds of Empire

1660-1750


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INTRODUCTION

4 major questions:

How did the Glorious Revolution shape relationsbetween England and its North Americancolonies?

What were the most important consequences ofBritish mercantilism for the mainland colonies?

What factors explain the relative strengths of theBritish, French, and Spanish empires in North

America


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INTRODUCTION(CONT.)

What were the most significant results of theEnlightenment and Great Awakening in the Britishcolonies?


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REBELLIONANDWAR, 1660-1713

Introduction

Until the restoration of the Stuart kings in 1660,England made little effort to rule its overseas

territories With the accession of Charles II (ruled from

1660-1685)England sought to expand its empire and trade

Impose royal authority on its colonies

Regulate their economic activities so as to benefitEnglish commercial interests


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ROYALCENTRALIZATION, 1660-1688

Stuart kings wanted to become absolutemonarchs like Louis XIV Rarely called parliament into session Ignored the colonial legislatures

1684=Charles II revoked Massachusettsscharter Between 1686 and 1688, James II consolidated

all of the New England colonies, NY, and NJinto the Dominion of New England Abolished their assemblies Placed full power into the hands of his arbitrary and

dictatorial royal governor (Sir Edmond Andros)


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ROYALCENTRALIZATION, 1660-1688 (CONT.)

The colonists bitterly resented this denial of theirrights

Tensions ran particularly high in Massachusetts andNY


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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689

1688-1689=James IIshigh-handed, pro-Catholic actions led tothe Glorious Revolutionin England He was forced into exile

The throne went toWilliam and Mary Agreed to a limited

monarch and promised tosummon Parliamentannually and respect thecivil liberties of Englishpeople


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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689(CONT.)

When news of the Glorious Revolutionreached America in 1689, New Englandersrebelled against Andros and his councilors

Massachusetts and other colonies appealedto William and Mary for the return of theircharters

The new monarchs dissolved the Dominion of

New England and issued charters granting eachcolony the right to have a representativeassembly


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Massachusettss new charter did not give it as

much independence as it had formerly enjoyed

Its governors would be appointed by the crown, notelected

It would have to tolerate and share power in the colonywith Anglicans


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Leislers Rebellion in New York and John Coodes

uprising in Maryland also were inspired by theGlorious Revolution


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A GENERATIONOFWAR, 1689-1713

British and French fought against each other in 2wars

King Williams War (War of the League of Augsburg)

Queen Annes War (War of the Spanish Succession)

Most of the fighting was done in Europe

Some fighting happened in North America


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A GENERATIONOFWAR, 1689-1713 (CONT.)

Peace returned in 1713

France still controlled the North American interior

English colonist felt a heightened sense of British

identity and dependence on their mother countrysprotection from their powerful neighbor


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COLONIALECONOMICSANDSOCIETIES,1660-1750

Mercantilist Empires in America Mercantilism=each nations power was measured by its

wealth, especially in gold

Followed by Britain, France, and Spain

The country should produce within its own empire asmuch of what it needed as possible

Its exports to foreign competitors should exceed itsimports


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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)

To achieve the goals of mercantilism

British Parliament passed a series of lawsknown as the Navigation Acts

1651 to 1733 Required all trade to be conducted on British-

owned ships

Prohibited Americans from selling certain

products (tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, and navalstores) to foreign countries unless they firstpassed through England


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Navigation Acts (cont.)

Placed high taxes on products that Americans boughtfrom outside the empire (i.e. molasses from FrenchCaribbean)

Forbade colonials form competing with British clothingmanufactures


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Navigation Acts (cont.)

Parliament intended these laws to benefit only England,the acts in practice did not unduly hamper the colonists

The laws cut into the profits of rice and tobacco planters


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Benefits of Navigation Acts

Shipping had to be done on British vessels and thisstimulated the growth of Americas merchant marine,

shipbuilding, and ports

Bounties paid to producers of hemp, lumber, and otheritems under the Navigation Acts encouraged thedevelopment of those industries in the colonies


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The restrictions on large-scale manufacturing didlittle harm, since only home production and smallworkshops were economically feasible in America

http://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.html
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French and Spanish colonies in NorthAmerica did not develop nearly as robusteconomies as the British

New France Main export was furs

By 18th century furs did not bring much profit

French govt. even underwrote the fur-trading

with the Indians in order to keep on good termswith their Native American allies


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Spanish colonies

Colonists smuggled British and French products

Did very little manufacturing

Mercantilist principles did not work well forFrance and Spain because they did nothave the large merchant class with liquidassets to invest in the colonies and other

commercial ventures Great Britain could do this


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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY

French and Spanish colonies in NA lagged behindthe British in population growth as well as economicdevelopment

1750

British North America had 1.1 million

New France had 60,000

Spanish North America had 19,000


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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY(CONT.)

Religion British opened their colonies to all Europeans of

whatever religion

French and Spanish barred non-Catholics and made noeffort to attract settlers from countries other than theirown

The steady growth of the British colonies outpacednot only their European rivals, but also Britain itself


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After 1700, British North America grewrapidly from both natural increase and thearrival of newcomers.

18th century immigrants came less from

England and more from other places (pg.97) Africans brought on slave ships Scots-Irish, Irish, and Germans

Many of the Europeans came as indentured

servantsEnglish colonies became more racially and

ethnically diverse (not always welcomed byall English colonist)


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Most 18th century white immigrants were too poorto buy land in the already developed coastal areasso they pushed into the Piedmont region

Eastern slope of the Appalachians

By 1750 1/3 of colonial population lived there

Map on page 96


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From 1713 to 1754, the importation of slaves to themainland was greatly increased

Black colonial population rose from 11% to 20 %

Most slaves lived in the South

15% were in the colonies north of MD

African American population also multipliedthrough natural increase


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RURALWHITEMENANDWOMEN

Worked small farms

Depended on the labor of their sons

Supplemental production from wives and

daughters Clothing

Vegetables

Poultry

Few inherited landYoung couples at first

Worked for others

Borrow $$$$ to buy own farms


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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT

Rapidly cut down the forests

Bring more land under cultivation

Uses of timber Fences

Fuel Buildings

Sold wood to townspeople


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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT(CONT.)

Results of deforestation

Drove away large game

Greater extremes in temperature

Less dependable water levels in streams

Reduced amount of fish

Dried and hardened the soil


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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT(CONT.)

Farmers grew tobacco and other soil-depletingplants

Did not use fertilizer

No crop rotation or letting field lie fallow

Land lost fertility

Yields seriously diminished


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THEURBANPARADOX

1740--4% of colonists lived in cities

Philadelphia, New York, Boston, CharlesTown (Charleston today)

Thriving ports Shipped livestock, grain, and lumber that

enriched the countryside

Escalating problems

Urban poverty, crowding, poor sanitation,periodic epidemics of contagious diseases


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THEURBANPARADOX(CONT.)

Women in cities

Middle-class women ran complex households thatincluded servants, slaves, and apprentices

sewing, knitting, daily trips to public market, family

businesses, etc. Most had at least 1 household servant

Help with cooking, cleaning, laundering


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SLAVERY

The economic progress of colonial Americameant that most masters could afford tokeep their slaves healthier.

For the slaves=meant heavier workloadsand longer lives Worked harder and longer and had lower

standards of living than whites

Masters generally spent 60% more tomaintain their white indentured servantsthan their black slaves


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SLAVERY(CONT.)

The number of slaves residing in citiesmounted

20% of population in NYC

Majority of population in Charles Town andSavannah

urban racial tensions ran high

1739 Stono Rebellion in South Carolina

1712 and 1741 slave conspiracies in NY

Almost all rebellions by slaves weresuppressed by frightened whites


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THERISEOFTHECOLONIALELITES

In the 18th century, class differences werebecoming more apparent in America

Wealthy rural gentry and urban commercialelites attempted to imitate the fashions and

lifestyles of the European upper class Bought expensive chinaware Learned formal dances Studied foreign languages

Cultivated the manners of the gentry Some even sent sons abroad to study Growing taste for British consumer goods


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COMPETINGFORACONTINENT, 1713-1750

France and the American Heartland After 1713, France resumed building its empire in North

America 1718=founded New Orleans

Made it the capital of Louisiana province

Farming, hunting, fishing, trading with Indians

Alliances with the Choctaws in LA

Tried to win over Native American trading partners in theOhio Valley and Great Plains


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FRANCEANDTHEAMERICANHEARTLAND(CONT.)

Several French posts in the Ohio Valley becamesizable villages housing Indians, French, andmixed-ancestry metis

Generally more successful in getting along with the

Indians than the British, the French also crushedtribes that stood in their way such as the Natchez


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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION

The Carolinians met resistance from the Indiantribes on whose lands they were encroaching,culminating in the Tuscarora (1711-1713) andYamasee (1715) wars

Those tribes were driven from the area Tuscarora moved to upstate New York and joined the Iroquois

Confederacy


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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION(CONT.)

Covenant Chain

Series of treaties

Aided the colonists fight for lands

Solidifying Iroquois power among Native Americans

throughout the Northeast http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantch

ain.htm
http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htm


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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION(CONT.)

Pennsylvania coerced the Delaware Indians intoceding their lands and moving into territory adjacentto that of the Iroquois

Other eastern tribes also were pushed westward

they were used by the Iroquois as buffer betweenthemselves and the aggressive English


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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH: GEORGIA

Georgia was the last of theoriginal 13 colonies to beestablished on the NorthAmerican mainland

Only one to received somefinancial support from theBritish govt.

James Oglethorpe founder Haven for English debtors Outpost protecting the

Carolinas from the Spanish

empire to the south


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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH:GEORGIA(CONT.)

1733=Savannah was established 1740=2,800 settlers there

Most were not English debtors

1/2 were not English

German, Swiss, Scottish, Jewish

Society of industrious small farmers

Able to defend themselves from attack

Banned African slavery

Limited size of landholdings


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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH:GEORGIA(CONT.)

Settlers switched to rice cultivation to make a profit

Needed large farms and slaves

1750 restrictions were dropped

Attracted more settles and developed a boomingplantation-slave economy


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SPAINSBORDERLANDS

Spain spread its empire throughout the Southwestand part of the Southeast

European population in New Mexico grew veryslowly

Navajo and Apache raids ceased

Those tribes made an alliance with the Spanish againstthe Utes and Comanches


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SPAINSBORDERLANDS(CONT.)

Texas Spanish established outposts and missions (including

the Alamo)

Indians in Texas traded more with the French Did not like to farm for the Spanish

Periodic raids on the province by the French andComanches discouraged Hispanic settlement in TexasAs late as 1760, only 1,200 Spaniards lived there


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SPAINSBORDERLANDS(CONT.)

The Spanish attempted to weaken the BritishCarolinas and Georgia by offering freedom toEnglish-owned slaves who fled to their colony ofFlorida


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THERETURNOFWAR, 1739-1748

War among the imperial rivals for NorthAmerica resumed in 1739

First war was between British and Spanishover the Florida-Georgia border

This war merged with the larger War of theAustrian Succession (King Georges War)(1740-1748)

Only one battle on North American soilduring King Georges War Battle of Louisbourg which was on the St.

Lawrence


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THERETURNOFWAR, 1739-1748 (CONT.)

New Englanders seized Louisbourg from theFrench

In the peace treaty (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle) theBritish returned Louisbourg for an outpost the

French had taken in India Many Americans felt lingering resentment over how

little England appreciated the lives they hadsacrificed to gain Louisbourg


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PUBLICLIFEINBRITISHAMERICA, 1689-1750

Colonial Politics Shift from royal governors and appointed officials

to the representative colonial assembliesMost important political result of the Glorious Revolution

and the adoption of the English Bill of Rights in British

America These legislative bodies exercised influence over

the governors by controlling their salaries,authorized spending, imposed taxes, etc.

America (at least the upper class) became more

and more self-governing (except for traderegulations, restrictions on printing money, anddeclaring war)


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COLONIALPOLITICS(CONT.)

Wealthy elites dominated colonial politics Elected to the colonial assemblies Appointed to the governors councils Appointed to judgeships in the courts

Women, blacks, Indians could NOT vote orhold office

Property qualifications excluded about 40%of white males from voting and holding

officeProportion of men who did have the vote

was higher than in England and Irelandduring the same time period


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THEENLIGHTENMENT

American intellectualswere influenced by theideals of the 18th

century Enlightenment Emphasized reason,

progress, science, andcapacity for human

improvement


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THEENLIGHTENMENT(CONT.)

Skeptical of beliefs not founded on scienceor strict logic

Mostly in cities

Circulated the latest European books,investigated nature, conducted experiments

Some were Deists (believed in a god whocreated the universe and set it in motion

according to natural laws discoverable byhuman intellect but who did not intervenethereafter with miracles


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THEENLIGHTENMENT(CONT.)

Franklin and Jefferson were Deists

Formally attended church and called themselvesChristians

Enlightened intellectuals took a dim view of theemotional excesses of the Great Awakening


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THEGREATAWAKENING

1740s an outpouring of passionate Christian revivalism

Across all 13 colonies

Jonathan Edwards, William Tennent, Theodore

Frelinghuysen, George Whitefield Colonists repented and seek salvation


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GEORGEWHITEFIELD


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THEGREATAWAKENING(CONT.)

Many new colleges were founded toeducate ministers

Princeton (Presbyterian)

Columbia (Kings College) (Anglican) Brown (Baptist)

Dartmouth (Congregationalist)

Insistence on the equality of all born-again

Christians in Gods eyes and the corruptionof unsaved upper-class leaders


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CONCLUSION

By 1750, the British mainland colonies had:

grown prosperous,

established representative governments,

upper-and middle class intellectuals participating in the

developing of new ideas sweeping Europe known as theEnlightenment

Anglo-American society was also torn by class,race, and religious tensions


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CONCLUSION(CONT.)

The imperial wars that Britain fought with the aid ofthe colonists between 1739 and 1748 both drew

Americans closer to the mother country andspawned some resentment about British lack of

appreciation for Americans contributions

chapter 4 the bonds of empire

Documents

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