chapter 4 -- selecting a topic purpose(1)

Stephen E. LucasStephen E. Lucas

C H A P T E RC H A P T E R

McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.

44

Selecting a Topic and PurposeSelecting a Topic and Purpose

Slide 2


TopicTopic

The subject of a speech. The subject of a speech.

Slide 3


BrainstormingBrainstorming

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

Slide 4


BrainstormingBrainstorming

• Personal Inventory

• Clustering– People - Natural Phenomena– Places - Plans and Policies– Things - Problems– Events– Processes– Concepts

• Personal Inventory

• Clustering– People - Natural Phenomena– Places - Plans and Policies– Things - Problems– Events– Processes– Concepts

Slide 5


• Reference Search

• Internet Search

• Reference Search

• Internet Search

Slide 6


General PurposeGeneral Purpose

The broad goal of a speech.

( To INFORM or to PERSUADE)

The broad goal of a speech.

( To INFORM or to PERSUADE)

Slide 7


Specific Purpose StatementSpecific Purpose Statement

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

Slide 8


Guidelines for the Specific Purpose Statement

Guidelines for the Specific Purpose Statement

• Write as a full infinitive phrase

• Express as a statement, not as a question

• Avoid figurative language

• Limit to one distinct idea

• Avoid being too vague or general

• Write as a full infinitive phrase

• Express as a statement, not as a question


• Limit to one distinct idea

• Avoid being too vague or general

Slide 9


Write the Specific Purpose as a

Full Infinitive Phrase

Write the Specific Purpose as a

Full Infinitive Phrase

Ineffective: CalendarsIneffective: Calendars

More Effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.

Slide 10


Express the Specific Purposeas a

Statement, Not as a Question

Express the Specific Purposeas a

Statement, Not as a Question

Ineffective: Is the U.S. space program necessary?

Ineffective: Is the U.S. space program necessary?

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth.

More Effective: To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program provides many important benefits to people here on earth.

Slide 11


Avoid Figurative Language in the

Specific Purpose Statement

Avoid Figurative Language in the

Specific Purpose Statement

Ineffective: To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.

Ineffective: To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.

More effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.

More effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.

Slide 12


Limit the Specific Purpose to

One Distinct Idea

Limit the Specific Purpose to

One Distinct Idea

Ineffective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to the Special Olympics.

Ineffective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors and to donate time to the Special Olympics.

Slide 13


More effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.

More effective: To persuade my audience to become literacy tutors.

More effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to the Special Olympics.

More effective: To persuade my audience to donate time to the Special Olympics.

OROR

Slide 14


Be Sure the Specific PurposeIs Not

Too Vague or General

Be Sure the Specific PurposeIs Not

Too Vague or General

Ineffective: To inform my audience about the Civil War.

Ineffective: To inform my audience about the Civil War.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African-American soldiers in the Civil War.

More Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African-American soldiers in the Civil War.

Slide 15


Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose

Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose

• Does my purpose meet the assignment?

• Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?

• Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

• Does my purpose meet the assignment?

• Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?

• Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

Slide 16


Questions to Ask about Your Specific Purpose

Questions to Ask about Your Specific Purpose

• Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

• Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

• Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

• Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

Slide 17


Central IdeaCentral Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

Slide 18


Guidelines for the Central Idea

Guidelines for the Central Idea

• Express as a full sentence

• Do not express as a question


• Do not be vague or overly general

• Express as a full sentence

• Do not express as a question


• Do not be vague or overly general

Slide 19


Make Sure the Central Idea is Not Too General

Make Sure the Central Idea is Not Too General

Ineffective: Paying college athletes a salary is a good idea.

Ineffective: Paying college athletes a salary is a good idea.

Slide 20


More Effective: Because college athletes in revenue-producing sports such as football and basketball generate millions of dollars in revenue for their schools, the NCAA should allow such athletes to receive a $250 monthly salary as part of their

scholarships.

More Effective: Because college athletes in revenue-producing sports such as football and basketball generate millions of dollars in revenue for their schools, the NCAA should allow such athletes to receive a $250 monthly salary as part of their

scholarships.

Slide 21


State the Central Idea as a Complete Sentence

State the Central Idea as a Complete Sentence

Ineffective: Uses of the laser.Ineffective: Uses of the laser.

More Effective: The laser is a highly versatile device with important uses inmedicine, industry, art, and communications.

More Effective: The laser is a highly versatile device with important uses inmedicine, industry, art, and communications.

Slide 22


State the Central Idea as a Statement,

Not as a Question

State the Central Idea as a Statement,

Not as a Question

Ineffective: How does indoor soccer differ from outdoor soccer?

Ineffective: How does indoor soccer differ from outdoor soccer?

Slide 23


More Effective: Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoorsoccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.

More Effective: Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoorsoccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.

Slide 24


Avoid Figurative Language in the Central Idea

Avoid Figurative Language in the Central Idea

Ineffective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is an awesome place for a vacation.

Ineffective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula is an awesome place for a vacation.

Slide 25


More Effective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins.

More Effective: Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins.

Slide 26


General Purpose: To informGeneral Purpose: To inform

Specific Purpose: To inform my audienceof the three major racesin alpine skiing.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audienceof the three major racesin alpine skiing.

Central Idea: The three major races in alpine skiing are the downhill, the slalom, and the giant slalom.

Central Idea: The three major races in alpine skiing are the downhill, the slalom, and the giant slalom.

Slide 27


Main Points:Main Points: I. The first major race in alpine skiing is the downhill.

II. The second major race in alpine skiing is the slalom.

III. The third major race in alpine skiing is the giant slalom.

I. The first major race in alpine skiing is the downhill.

II. The second major race in alpine skiing is the slalom.

III. The third major race in alpine skiing is the giant slalom.

Slide 28


chapter 4 -- selecting a topic purpose(1)

Documents