chapter 4 female sexual anatomy and physiology
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Chapter 4 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology. Genital Self-Exam. Increases sexual comfort Monitor for changes related to health concerns. The Vulva . External female genitalia Mons Veneris Labia majora & minora . The Vulva (cont.) . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4
Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Genital Self-Exam
• Increases sexual comfort• Monitor for changes related to health concerns
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Vulva
• External female genitalia • Mons Veneris• Labia majora & minora
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Vulva (cont.)
Fig. 4.1 The structures and variations of the vulva: (a) external structures.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Vulva (cont.)
• Clitoris (analogous to penis)– external shaft & glans, internal crura clitoral hood– only function = sexual arousal– Clitoral stimulation most common way woman
achieve orgasm• Female genital mutilation
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Vulva (cont.)
Fig 4.2 The underlying structures of the vulva.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Vulva (cont.)
• Vestibule – urethral opening– vaginal introitus (opening)
• hymen• Perineum
– episiotomy
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Underlying Structures
• Vestibular bulbs • Bartholin's glands• Pelvic floor muscles
– Kegel exercises
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Underlying Structures
Fig. 4.3 The underlying muscles of the vulva. These muscles can be strengthened using the Kegel exercises described in the text.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Internal Structures
• Vagina – 3 layers: mucous, muscle, fibrous– Arousal and vaginal lubrication
• lubrication changes vaginal ph and increases pleasure
– Grafenberg (G) spot– Secretions & chemical balance
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Internal Structures (cont.)
Fig. 4.4 Internal female sexual anatomy: (a) cross-sectional side view of female internal structures; (b) front view of the internal organs. Parts of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina are shown cut away.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Internal Structures (cont.)
• Cervix• Uterus
– 3 layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium– fundus (top)
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Internal Structures (cont.)
• Fallopian tubes– fimbriae – cilia (hairlike cells that move ovum)– fertilization occurs when egg is still close to ovary
• Ectopic pregnancy
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Internal Structures (cont.)
• Ovaries– up to 472,000 immature ova at birth; 400 mature in
lifetime– ovulation = release of ovum
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation
• Myths and negative attitudes• Menarche (initial onset)
– age 11-15– related to heredity, health, altitude
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
• Menstrual physiology– flow lasts from 2 to 6 days– volume varies (6 to 8 ounces)– duration varies (24 to 42 days) – menstrual synchrony
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
Fig. 4.7 Ovulation timing and cycle length. Regardless of the length of the cycle, ovulation occurs 14 days before menstruation.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
• The menstrual cycle– hypothalamus releases GnRH that stimulates pituitary– pituitary produces:
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Luteinizing Hormone
– Negative feedback mechanism• Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Luteinizing Hormone
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
Fig. 4.5 Changes during the menstrual cycle (a) indicates the hypothalamus in the brain measuring levels of hormones and releasing GnRh to stimulate the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH into the bloodstream (b) shows how the levels of FSH (red line) and LH (purple line) vary during the complete cycle. Note the midcycle peak of LH that stimulates ovulation (c) shows the ovarian changes during the phases of the cycle and (d) shows the fluctuations in blood levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and (e) indicates these hormonal effects on the lining of the uterus. After ovulation, the glands and ducts inside the endometrium (drawn and vertical tubes and spirals) develop and secrete nutrients that, if a woman became pregnant, would support the embryo.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
• Three phases of menstrual cycle– menstrual: shedding of endometrium– proliferative: thickening of endometrium & follicle
maturation, ovulation– secretory: corpus luteum development further
thickening of endometrium
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
Fig 4.6 The changes to the ovaries and uterus during (a) the proliferative phase, including ovulation.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
Fig. 4.8 The changes to the ovaries and uterus during (b) the secretory phase, and (c) the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menstruation (cont.)
• Sexual activity and the menstrual cycle• Menstrual cycle problems
– premenstrual syndrome: • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
– dysmenorrhea = painful menses– amenorrhea = no menses– toxic shock syndrome– self-help for menstrual symptoms
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menopause
• Terms– climacteric– peri-menopause: time before menopause– menopause: permanent cessation of menstruation
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menopause (cont.)
• Symptoms vary from mild to strong– amenorrhea, then menopause– hot flashes or warm spells– night sweats, interrupted sleep – headaches, poor concentration– depression, anxiety
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menopause (cont.)
• Hormone replacement therapy– estrogen reduces hot flashes and psychological
symptoms– controversies with data reporting hazardous effects– increased risk of breast cancer with exclusive use of
estrogen – alternatives to HRT
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Gynecological Health Concerns
• Urinary tract infections• Vaginal infections• Self-exams & vaginal health care
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Gynecological Health Concerns (cont.)
• Pap smear screens for cervical cancer• Hysterectomy or oophorectomy
– most frequently performed U.S. operation, more frequently performed on low income, less educated women
– nonsurgical alternatives
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast
• mammary glands produce milk– fatty tissue determines size
• areola is darker area • nipple is in center of areola & has openings for milk
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)
Fig. 4.8 Cross-section front and side views of the female breast.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)
• Breast exams– self-exam following menstruation– routine healthcare provider exams– mammography
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)• Breast exams
Fig. 4.9 It is helpful to use a chart similar to this one to keep track of lumps in the breasts.
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)
• Breast lumps– cysts (fluid-filled sacs)– fibroadenomas (solid, round, benign tumors)– malignant tumor
• Breast cancer– treatments – risk factors – reconstructive breast surgery– benefits of early detection & treatment
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)
Fig. 4.10 Breast Self-Exam
Our Sexuality, 9th Edition, Robert L. CrooksChapter 4: Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Breast (cont.)
Table 4.4 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer