1 Chapter 3…Migration

Movement of people creates many changes. Movement changes both the places they move to and the places they came from. Movement speeds diffusion of ideas and innovations; it intensifies spatial interaction and transforms regions; and it is also often closely linked to environmental conditions.

Movement takes many forms: 1. local-local 2. local-global 3. daily 4. once in a lifetime

The more mobility a person has the easier it is for them to move. More moving means that the person broadens their perspectives. This enhances the likelihood of them leaving home. Most people who move have traveled before.

2Key terms from this chapter to know. They are found in this presentation or within the chapter of your text.

Brain drain Chain migrationCirculationCounter urbanizationEmigrationFloodplainForced migrationGuest workersImmigrationInternal migrationInternational migrationInterregional migration

Intervening obstacleIntraregional migrationMigrationMigration transition MobilityNet migrationPull factorPush factorQuotasRefugeesUndocumented immigrantsVoluntary migration

3There are three types of movement, all are based on the time away from their home; Cyclic, periodic and migration.

•Cyclic movement: These are daily or very short moves from our home to some place and back. The area of these short moves is known as Activity spaces. You moving from home to school and back home (perhaps to the mall too) are your activity spaces.

A. Another type of cyclic movement is seasonal. People who come to live in Florida in the winter and then go back to some place up north for the summer, are good examples. This is a luxury as it doesn’t have to be done.

B. Nomadism is seasonal but it has to be done to survive.

•Periodic movement: Like cyclic movement this ends up with the person coming home, but there is a longer period away than with cyclic movement. Migrant workers are your best example. They leave home to work in another place and stay, often sending money back to their home, until they return home at a later date. They are not immigrants as immigrants come to stay.

4Activity space:

Your house

Your school

The Mall

Your BFF’s house

McDonald’s

The park

Activity spaces are the most common places you go. You end up returning home.

5

1. Transhumance is a system of pastoral farming where the

ranchers move livestock according to seasonal food supplies.

2. Going off to college for months at a time is another example of periodic movement, so is Military service.

• Migration: This is permanent movement across large distances by an individual, household, or larger group, to a new place outside the community of origin. 1. International (or external) migration is movement across country borders. (Emigration= exit a country, Immigration = enter a country) 2. Internal migration is migration within a country’s border. This would be movement of farmers to the cities or retirees from the city to small towns in retirement areas.

6

Why migrate?

•Forced migration would be when a group is forced out of their area by a more powerful group. US forced Native Americans off of their land in the 1700-1800’s. Involuntary migration does not fit the normal theories of migration. Examples include the Atlantic Slave Trade from 1700-1810, British convicts forced to move to Australia in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s, and Jews forced out of NAZI Germany in the 1930’s.

•Voluntary migration occurs when a migrant weighs the options and chooses to move. This can be analyzed, studied and understood with modern theories.

There is a problem in studying migration, as people often move for both voluntary and involuntary reasons. Likewise, it is difficult to get a clear picture of gender and migration. In many regions, men usually migrate more than women but that is not always true.

7Why do people migrate? Push Factors

Pull Factors

Emigration and immigrationChange in residence.relative to origin and destination.

Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s

8World Migration Routes Since 1700

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants

9U.S. MigrationPrior to 1840, 90% of U.S.

immigration was from Britain

Three trends: before 1840-Britain1840-1920- All of Europe

1980-now-Latin America

Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York

Caribbean: Florida or New York

Chinese and Indians: New York & California

Other Asians: California

Armenians: ????

Ellis Island National Monument

10U.S. Immigration Policies:· 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)

· 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas

· 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas

· 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West

· 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000

· 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum

· 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegal's.

· 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000

· 1995, visas issued Preferentially:

480,000 - to relatives of people already here, 140,000 - to those with special skills and education

55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)

Current Total: 675,000

11

The history of immigration into the US.

Note how the origin of the immigrants has changed over the years.

The big dip in the 1930’s was caused by our shutting the borders due to the Great Depression.

US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050

75.669.1

6253

912.5

1824

11.712.1 13 14

3.6 6.3 7 9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2000 2025 2050

Asian/ OtherBlackHispanicWhite

12

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998

0 50000 100000 150000

Mexico

China

India

Philippines

Dominican Republic

Vietnam

Cuba

Jamaica

El Salvador

Korea

13

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)

2700

335

165

120

105

95

90

70

70

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Mexico

El Salvador

Guatemala

Canada

Haiti

Philippines

Honduras

Poland

Nicaragua

Bahamas

About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.

14

15Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) Not in actual numbers of people

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percent

Male Female FemaleMale

Foreign Born Native

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

Percent

Age

16•So…..Migration is the movement of people.

•It is classified by such indices as: Distance traveled…most is short. Reason for migration…money is #1 reason Period of time of travel…daily, periodic, permanent Volume of migrants…streams of migration

•Consequences of migration include Increased understanding between people of different cultures Increased animosity between people of different cultures Changes in numbers of people at the destination and origin Creation of ghettoes in urban areas Inter-marriages

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration:•Ravenstein came up with his "laws" of migration in the 1880s based on studies carried out in the UK.

17

• Ravenstein’s laws are as follows: 1. The greatest body of migrants travel short distances. 2. This produces currents directed towards great

commercial centers. 3. Each current has a compensating counter-current in

the opposite direction. 4. Both currents display similar characteristics 5. Long distance movements are directed towards great

commercial centers. 6. People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural

areas. 7. Males migrate more over long distances and females

migrate more over short distances. Additions to These Laws:

1. Most migrants are between 20-34 years of age. 2. People mainly move for economic reasons. 3. Urban housing development is inadequate for the influx of

migrants so ghettoes/shanties are formed.

18 Other important laws regarding migration:

Zipf's Inverse Distance Law•The volume of migrants decreases with distance from the origin. Stouffer's Law of Intervening Distances•The number of migrants moving from one town (i) to another (j) is directly related to the opportunities available at j but inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities between i and j.

Push-Pull Theory•Any migration is as a result of push forces at the origin and pull forces at the destination. Examples of push forces are famine, war and poverty. Examples of pull forces are availability of food, peace and wealth.

Gravity Model•This theory states that larger towns are more attractive to immigrants than smaller towns.

19The gravity model, as social scientists refer to the modified law of gravitation, takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features. The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared. This gives you an idea of which place a migrant is more likely to move to. It is only a math equation and does not include such things as people in a place that the migrant may know or other personal reasons why the migrant would chose a particular place to move to.

The Gravity Model shows which is a more likely move.

Population1 x population2 distance 2

20Here is an example of the Gravity Model’s formula in use:

Which is more likely, someone moving from LA to NY city or from Tucson AZ. to El Paso Texas? Fill in the populations and mileage into the formula. For LA-NY we first multiply their 1998 populations (20,124,377 and 15,781,273, respectively) to get 317,588,287,391,921 and then we divide that number by the distance (2462 miles) squared (6,061,444). The result is 52,394,823. We can shorten our math by reducing the numbers to the millions place - 20.12 times 15.78 equals 317.5 and then divide by 6 with a result of 52.39.

Now, do the same for El Paso and Tucson. We multiply their populations (703,127 and 790,755) to get 556,001,190,885 and then we divide that number by the distance (263 miles) squared (69,169) and the result is 8,038,300. (Reduced like above to 8.03) Therefore, the bond between New York and Los Angeles is greater than that of El Paso and Tucson. Mathematically, people are more likely to move from LA to NY than Tucson to El Paso.

21

Consequences of Migration:

•These can be subdivided into 3 categories:

1.Demographic Consequences: • Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a region.• Some areas become overpopulated while others become under populated.

2. Social Consequences: • Migration brings different people together sometimes leading to conflicts. • Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of

people. • Intermarriages happen which bring about a new group of people.• Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes and slums in cities.

3. Economic Consequences: • This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of

the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc.

• In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land.

• In under populated areas, emigration may slow down development.

22Quiz yourself #1.

1. _____ ________ occurs when a migrant weighs the options and chooses to move.

2. One consequence of migration is inter-marriage between different culture groups. T-F

3. _______List 2 of Ravenstein’s laws4. _______.

5. Before the 1840’s, 90% of America’s immigration came from _______.6. Most people who move have __________ before.7. The area in which you make daily or very short moves from home to some place and back, is known as your ________ space.8. Migrant workers are your best example of…A) cyclic movement B) periodic movement C) push movement D) nomadic movement9. The statement that men migrate long distance more than women is… A) true B) false C) only true for MEDC countries D) only true in LEDC countries10. Which law is basically following the idea of Distance Decay? A) Zipf’s B) Stouffer’s C) Ravenstein’s D) The Gravity Model

23Quiz #1 answers:

1. Voluntary migration2. True3 & 4. Any two of these: 1. The greatest body of migrants travel short distances.

2. This produces currents directed towards great commercial centers. 3. Each current has a compensating counter-current in the opposite direction. 4. Both currents display similar characteristics 5. Long distance movements are directed towards great commercial centers. 6. People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural areas. 7. Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances.

5. Britain6. Moved7. Activity8. B9. True10. D

24Migration Terms:

Guest Workers: People who are invited by more developed countries to fill the jobs open due to a shortage of workers. This is happening most in Northern Europe today, with workers coming from Southern Europe or from other continents.

Distance decay: Prospective migrants are likely to have more information on near places than far places, therefore people are more likely to move short distances than long.

  Step migration: Many migrants actually move in smaller steps instead of one big

long distance move. The migrant moves to another small town first followed by a move to a bigger town and then to a big city.

Most emigration from a country actually started with a move by the migrant to a big city (the capitol) in their country before they decided to migrate out. Most were hoping to get a good job in their own country before they decided to emigrate out.

 

25Guest Workers

26 Migration Terms:

Chain Migration: has multiple meanings. It refers to the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular city or neighborhood, whether in an immigrant receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country. The term also refers to the process of foreign nationals immigrating to a new country under laws permitting their reunification with family members already living in the destination country.

Quotas: In reference to migration, a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country.

Refugee: People who are forced from their home and can not return for fear of persecution for who they are.

Asylee: Same as refugee except the asylee is already out of the country when they become fearful for their lives should they return home. Make sure to note the difference between an asylee and a refugee.

27Migration Terms:

Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration of talented people.

Illegal Immigration: Illegally migrating to a place without specific permission by that country.

Intervening Obstacle: An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. The migrant planned to go one place but ended up in another.

28International Migration Trends: Movement from Southern hemisphere to

Northern hemisphere (Examples…to the US from

Latin America.) Movement from poor regions to rich areas

(Examples?) Movement from tension areas (war, political

instability) to peaceful areas (Examples?) Movement from rural areas to urban centers

29Zelinsky’s Migration Transition

Geographer W. Zelinsky has discovered that there is a migration transition that parallels the Demographic Transition.

Countries in stage 2 of the DTM will have international emigration, as people leave the country looking for jobs in other lands. They will also have interregional migration of people in their country moving to the cities in their country looking for jobs.

Countries in stage 3-4-5 of the DTM will have more internal migration of people looking for better jobs and will also have immigration of people coming from stage 2 countries.

30

There presently

is no country in this stage

Poor over-populated countries

have emigration

out to richer

countries.International

migration

Improving or MDC’ countries have more internal migration within their own country.

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

31US National Migration Trends:

Movement from East to West traditional settlement patterns of European immigration

Movement from North to South from the rust belt to the sun belt resulting from changes in technology

Large growth of Mega States such as California, Texas and Florida

32Westward Migration Trend

In 1800 the geographical center of the US population was between Baltimore and Washington

In 1980 it was 100 miles south-west of St. Louis

By 1990 it had moved further southwest about 100 miles to Crawford County MO

33

*2010

2010 the center of the US population is in Crawford county Missouri.

34Internal Migration Mobility

Over a 5 year period, one half of the population changes houses

The typical American will have fourteen addresses over his/her lifetime

Interregional Migration: Permanent movement within a particular country, but from one region to another.

Intraregional Migration: Permanent movement within one region of a country.

35

Interregional Migration - Movement From One Region to Another

The largest amount of migration in the US is going south and west.

There is counter migration going east and north, but the largest streams go south and west.

36

The Great Divide – Mexico is on the right

You might think that the US is on the right but it is the Mexican population which crowds close to the US border for job opportunities.

The Maquiladora industries of Mexico want to be as close to the US as possible.

37

The US/Mexico wall near Tijuana

38

What specific factors help migrants choose a destination?

Economic conditions: Poverty has been the single most important cause of migration.

Political circumstances: People fleeing or exiled from a bad government is another big creator of migration. Some people are escaping and some people have been forced out. Jews fleeing NAZI Germany in the 1930’s or 125,000 Cubans forced out of Cuban in 1980 are just a few of the many examples.

Armed conflict or Civil War: War from outside or inside the country forces many people to move.

Environmental conditions: A natural disaster like a drought or earthquake causes people affected by the problem to move.

Culture and Traditions: If a power from another culture group takes over a country, people from another culture often feel threatened and they may move to areas where they feel their culture group is safer.

39When the nation of Israel was created in 1948, half of the land known as Palestine was given to the Jews. Arabs who lived in the Jewish half didn’t feel safe and many migrated to the Arab half of Palestine.

Technological Advances: Today’s world is far easier to travel in than the world of 200 or even 60 years ago. More people are willing to take the big step of migration than before. Kinship links (family members who have already moved to that area) attract people. This often creates chain migration. Chain migration comes from migrants arriving in an area and contacting people back home, telling them how good the new place is. They often attract more family members and friends to now migrate to the new area. This can often create immigration waves in which large groups of immigrants arrive in a short time.

Where do people migrate? Migration is not as simple as people just move from one place to another for a better job. It is much more complicated than that, as people move for lots of reasons and to different places at different times.

40

Remittances: Remittances are payments sent from workers in one country back to their families in the country they came from. Much of this is done from businesses like AMSCOT and other check cashing businesses which will send money from one place to another by electronic mail. Mexicans living in the United States sent a record $23.1 billion back home in 2006, putting remittances third after oil and Maquiladora exports as a foreign-exchange generator for Mexico (Chart 1). Over the last decade or so, inflation-adjusted remittances have grown at an average annual rate of 15.6 percent. Since 2000, the rate has risen to 20.4 percent.(remittances=$25.8 billion in 2009)

Sale of oil

Maquiladora jobs

Remittances

Tourism

41

North America on the move.

The chart shows the 2012 data from the Atlas Van Lines moving company, showing the moves made in Canada and the US.

Blue…inbound migration with over 55% of the moves going into the state

Gold…outbound migration with over 55% of the moves leaving the state

Red…balanced migration with inbound and outbound moves being about equal.

Note…the bottom number is inbound.

42Italy: Scores killed as African migrants' boat capsizes

CBS News, Updated at 7:58 a.m. 10/04/ 2013 ET

ROME; A ship carrying African migrants toward Italy caught fire and capsized off the Sicilian island of Lampedusa Thursday, spilling hundreds of passengers into the sea, officials said. Ninety-four bodies were recovered and more than 200 people were unaccounted for.

Pietro Bartolo, the top health official on Lampedusa, said Thursday he expected the toll to rise as search operations continue. He spoke to Sky TG24.It was one of the deadliest accidents in recent times during the notoriously perilous crossing from Africa for migrants seeking a new life in the European Union.

In an indication of the scale of the unfolding tragedy, Interior Minister Angelino Alfano canceled his appointments Thursday and headed to Lampedusa to oversee the rescue operations first-hand. Pope Francis, who visited Lampedusa in July, quickly sent his condolences. "It's an immense tragedy," said Lampedusa Mayor Giusi Nicolini, adding that the dead included at least one child of about 3 and a pregnant woman. The migrants were from Eritrea, Ghana and Somalia, the coast guard said.

The boat is believed to have been carrying as many as 500 people. Coast guard ships and helicopters from across the region, as well as local fishing boats were on the scene trying to find survivors, said coast guard spokesman Marco Di Milla.

Mayor Nicolini said the ship had caught fire after those on board set off flares so it would be seen by passing ships. The ship apparently then capsized, spilling the passengers into the sea near Conigli island.

It was one of the deadliest migrant shipwrecks in recent times and the second one this week off Italy: On Monday, 13 men drowned while trying to reach southern Sicily when their ship ran aground just a few yards from shore.

Lampedusa is closer to Africa than the Italian mainland and is the frequent destination for smugglers' boats. Hundreds of migrants reach the shores every day, particularly during summer months when seas are usually calmer. They are processed in centers, screened for asylum and often sent back home.

Those who aren't usually melt into the general public and make their way to northern Europe, where immigrant communities are much bigger and better organized. In Italy, migrants can only work legally if they have a work permit and contract before they arrive.

According to the U.N. refugee agency, 8,400 migrants landed in Italy and Malta in the first six months of the year, almost double the 4,500 who arrived during the first half of 2012. It's still a far cry from the tens of thousands who flooded to Italy during the Arab Spring exodus of 2011.

43 Key topic/chapter 3 test:These questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed in your AP classroom.

1. Which of the following events would be considered a migration pull factor? A) flooding of a river B) opening of a new factory C)communist takeover of a government D) failed harvest

2. The largest numbers of recent immigrants to the United States are A) talented professionals. B) relatives of U.S. residents. C) illegal immigrants. D) political refugees.

3. Most migrants to the United States during the peak of the1840s and 1850s came from which part of Europe? A) south and west B) north and east C) south and north D) north and west E) south and east

4. Millions of West Africans who migrated to Nigeria during the 1970s, when the country's economy expanded, were expelled during the 1980s, when the country's economy declined. This is an example of A) emigration changing to immigration. B) a pull factor changing to a push factor C) an economic migration factor changing to an environmental migration factor. D) forced migration changing to voluntary migration.

5. The ability to move from one location to another is A) voluntary migration B) net migration C) migration. D) mobility.

6) A permanent move to a new location is A) voluntary migration. B) mobility. C) migration. D) net migration.

7) A country has net immigration if emigration ________ immigration. A) is less than B) exceeds C) equals D) is closer to net migration than

8. Migration to the United States declined during the 1920s primarily because of A) imposition of quota laws B) increasing dislike of immigrants by Americans C) economic depression in the United States. D) forced migration after World War I

9. Most migrants to the United States during the early twentieth century came from which part of Europe? A) south and west B) north and east C) north and west D) south and east

10. A physical feature, such as a body of water, which hinders migration is an example of A) an intervening obstacle. B) an environmental push factor. C) a forced migration. D) a political pull factor

4411. Refugees migrate primarily because of which type of push factor? A) environmental B) political C) economic D) all of the above E) none of these 12. The main impact of the 1920s quota laws on the national origin of immigrants to the United States was to…A) permit migrants from any region of the world B) admit migrants mostly from Europe C) encourage more migration from Asia and Latin America D) all of the above  13. The most important intervening obstacle hindering emigration from Eastern Europe during the past 50 years was A) the Rhine River. B) the Alps. C) the Iron Curtain. D) all of the above  14. The most important pull factor for migrants to North America is A). forced. B) environmental. C) economic D) political. E) regional 15.) Most migrants to the United States during the late 1970’s and early 1980s came from… A) Asia B). Africa. C) Europe. D) Latin America.  16. You’re daily moving from home to school and back home (perhaps to the mall too) are your _________ spaces. A) routine B) migration C) push-pull D) intervening E) activity 17.__________ is a system of pastoral farming where the ranchers move livestock according to seasonal food supplies. A)

chain migration B) pastoral migration C) Transhumance D) Nomadism E) none of these

18. Which of these is not one of Ravenstein's Laws of Migration? A) The greatest body of migrants travel short distances B) migration currents are directed towards great commercial centers C) males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances. D) people in urban areas migrate more than people in rural areas. E) Each current has a compensating counter-current

19. ________ model/theory states that larger towns are more attractive to immigrants than smaller towns A) Zipf’s B) Ravenstein’s C) Boserup’s D) Stouffer’s E) Gravity

20. Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members from the same place previously migrated there with success, is known as…A) Boserup’s law B) chain migration C) family push and pull D) Stouffer’s law E) both A and C

4521. ________ is permanent movement within a particular country, but from one region to another. A) international B) intraregional C) interregional D) trans regional E) regional migration

22. ________ are payments sent from workers in one country back to their families in the country they came from. A) allowances B) overseas payments C) wire transmissions D) remittances E) lost wages

23. In recent years US intraregional migration shows the largest flow from A) rural areas to cities B) central cities to suburbs C) region to region D) foreign nation to US cities 24. Which of these is not happening in present US migration as a whole? A) movement from east to west B) movement from north to south C) movement from rural to urban D) movement from south to north. E) immigration from the southern to northern hemisphere.

25. ________ says that the volume of migrants decreases with distance from the origin. A) Zipf’s law B) Stouffer’s law C) Boserup’s law D) Ravenstein’s law E) Jand’s law

The following questions are written at the high school level. You will find some questions from part one often rewritten here. This is all designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions.

26. Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links. A. Chain migration B) immigration C) transhumance D) cyclic 27. Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. A) Periodic B) chain migration C) forced D) quota E) none of these  28. Positive conditions and factors that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas. A) pull factors B) guest workers C) Brain drain D) push factors  

4629. Physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place, or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.A) Ravenstein’s Laws B) step migration C) The Gravity Model D. colonization 30. Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state. A) asylum B) quota C) activity space D) chain migration E) safety model 31. The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less the interaction. A) Ravenstein’s Laws B) distance decay C) Gravity model D) all these  32. Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries. A Brain drain B) quota C) maquiladoras D) remittances E) nomadism 33. Movement among a definite set of places-often cyclic movement. A) Nomadism B) chain migration C) Zelinsky’s migration transition D) forced migration 34. A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment. A) Transhumanism B) migrant labor C) Refugee D) Asylee 35. A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of the population size of the respective places and the distance between them. A) The Gravity Model B) Stouffer’s law of intervening distance C) Zipf’s inverse distance law D) Transhumanism  36. The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away. A) quota B) intervening obstacle C) step migration D) streams of migration 37. Refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocation, searching for asylum in a different country. A) interregional refugee B) asylee C) guest worker D) international refugee E) all of these 38. Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure. A) Shopping mall B) international seaport C) Islands of development D) Maquiladoras  

4739. Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating. A) forced migration B) selective migration C) step migration D) voluntary migration E) transhumance

40. Seven laws that predict the flow of immigrants. A) Zipf’s inverse distance law B) Zelinsky’s migration transition C) Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration D) Boserup’s Laws of chain migration

41.Which of the following is an example of cyclic movement? (A) Commuting to work. (B) Moving to another state (C) migrant worker movement (D) all of these

42. What are activity spaces? (A) The areas where we do most of our rigorous activity. (B) The local areas in which people have their daily routines (C) The area where we learn the most (D) All the areas where we have ever been

43. Which of the following is an example of periodic movement? A) Migrant labor (B) transhumance (C) A&B (D) None of the above

44. When is a movement considered migration? (A) When you are gone more than one year. (B) When you take nothing with you (C) When you cross country borders (D) When it results in permanent relocation.

45.When a migrant leaves their home country he or she is classified as a/an _____ of their home country. (A) Emigrant (B) Immigrant (C) alien (D) A&B

46. Which of the following is an example of chain migration? (A) Drought leads to famine in India, which leads to desperation, which leads to emigration. B) The Dutch first brought people from Indonesia to the Caribbean, and then from other Dutch colonies around the world. (C) One village after another comes under attack by rebels, forcing the people of those villages to migrate to safer areas (D) In a rural town in Mexico, one person manages to migrate legally to the US and settles in Elgin, Illinois. He finds a job, prospers, and writes home of his success. Ten years later there is a community of 350 people from his home town living in Elgin. (E) Both A&C

47. Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs. A) Immigrants B) migrants C) Guest workers D) Ashlee's E) Refugees

4848. Moving from California to New York would be considered what kind of migration? (A) internal (B) external (C) transhumance (D) nomadic 49. According to Ernst Ravenstein, which of the following is a “law of migration?” (A) Every migration flow generates a counter migration. (B) The majority of migrants move a short distance. (C) Migrants who move long distances tend to choose a big city as their destination. (D) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (E) A, B, & C)

50. The gravity model predicts interactions between places on the basis of which of the following? (A) Their population movement and the distance between them. (B) Their population size and the distance between them. (C) Transportation links between the two places. (D) Number of businesses and the distance between them. (E) The number of Starbucks in the two places.

Now move to the FR questions on the next page. 

49

APHUG Chapter 3 Free Response #1 Total score

A. Define: 1. Brain drain 2. Guest worker

B. Looking at the map, which stream would be guest workers and which stream would be refugees? EXPLAIN your choices.

X

Z

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50

Chapter 3 Free Response #2

A. List two of Ravenstein’s laws.

B. Explain those two laws by writing a short story of you migrating from a small village in Panama using the two terms you explained in A above.

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51 Answer Key for the chapter 3 test:

1. B 11. E 21.C 31. B 41. A2. B 12. B 22. D 32. D 42. B3. D 13. C 23. B 33. A 43. C4. B 14. C 24. D 34. B 44. D5. D 15. B 25. A 35. A 45. A6. C 16. E 26. A 36. B 46. D7. A 17. C 27. C 37. D 47. C8. A 18. D 28. A 38. C 48. A9. A 19. E 29. D 39. B 49. E10.A 20. B 30. A 40. C 50. B

Free Response Rubric:

Remember, there is no complete right or wrong for Free Response answers. Each FR question is worth a certain number of points. You pick up points for each part of the question that you answer. On the AP National exam there will be 3 FR’s which together count as one half of the exam, and are added to the multiple choice section to make up your total score. On this test, score your answers for the two FR’s and then add that score to what you got on the multiple choice part to get your final score for the test.

52FR #1:

A1. Brain Drain is when a place loses educated and talented people because they move else ware.

A2. A Guest worker is an invited immigrant who has proper documentation and was recruited to come to a country to work.

B. Migration stream X represents refugees while migration stream Z shows Guest Workers. X is coming from southern Sudan, which has been heavily involved in a religious and cultural civil war since the 1990’s. This war is a push factor driving many people away. Europe offers a pull factor as it has job openings and safety.

Z is coming from Turkey which, unlike Sudan, enjoys a peaceful situation but a shortage of jobs. Those workers are pulled to Germany which has invited them to come and fill needed job openings.

This FR is worth a possible 25 points.

FR #2:

2A. Any two of the following seven:

1. The greatest body of migrants travel short distances. 2. This produces currents directed towards great commercial centers. 3. Each current has a compensating counter-current in the opposite direction. 4. Both currents display similar characteristics 5. Long distance movements are directed towards great commercial centers. 6. People in urban areas migrate less than people in rural areas. 7. Males migrate more over long distances and females migrate more over short distances.

532B. In your short story, your points will come from you correctly identifying and using the two Ravenstein laws you defined in 2A.

Depending on which of the seven laws you used, your FR should say something like this:

Law #1; You would have written about your first migration being short distance to another place INSIDE Panama.

Law #2; You would have written about your moving to a large city INSIDE Panama ( like Panama City) looking for a job.

Law #3; You would have written about people from the US who moved to Panama

Law #4; You would have written about other people moving for the same reasons you moved. The number one reason is economic.

Law #5; You would have written that your move to the US took you to a large US city, like Miami or New York.

Law #6; You would have written that your migration started from a small rural community.

Law #7; You would have written that the male members of your family were probably the first to make the move to the US and/or that the female members of the family moved to a local community before making the final move to the US.

This FR is worth a possible 25 points.

54 Calculating your grade on test #3.Add how many you got correct on the multiple choice part (50 possible) to how many points you scored on the FR portion (50 possible)…100 total.

The following scale will show the approximate score if this test were the real AP exam. Remember that this is an approximation. While 65-74% is normally the range for a 3 on the test, it is not definite. Over the years I have seen scores as low as 60% be the low portion of a 3 score.

Out of 100 possible points:

65-76 is most likely a 3

77-87 is most likely a 4

88-100 is most likely a 5

Now lets move on to the next chapter/key topic…the study of Folk and Popular Culture.