chapter 3 - quia · pdf fileform covalent chemical bonds. adapted from holt biology 2008...

Chapter 3

Chemistry of Life

Content Objectives

Write these down!

I will be able to identify:

• What the chemicals of life are made

of.

• The role of carbohydrates in cells.

• The functions of lipids.

• What determines the function of

proteins.

• The function of nucleic acids.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Chapter 3 Section 3:

Carbon Compounds

Key Vocabulary

Terms


Carbohydrate

A class of

molecules that

includes sugars,

starches, and

fiber; contains

carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen.


Lipid

A fat molecule or

a molecule that

has similar

properties;

examples include

oils, waxes, and

steroids.


Phospholipids

A lipid with one

or more

phosphate

groups attached

to it.


Protein

An organic compound

that is made of one or

more chains of amino

acids and that is a

principal component

of all cells.


Amino Acid

A compound of a

class of simple

organic compounds

that contain a

carboxyl group and

an amino group and

that combine to form

proteins.


Nucleic Acid

Large molecules

made up of

nucleotides that

contain and transfer

the genetic

information in the cell.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA) and ribonucleic

acid (RNA) are

nucleic acids.


Nucleotide

A subunit of a nucleic

acid chain. A

nucleotide consists of

a sugar, a phosphate,

and a nitrogenous

base.


Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

The material that

contains the information

that determines

inherited characteristics.

The nucleotides that

make up DNA are

composed of a nitrogen

base, a phosphate

group, and a sugar.


Ribonucleic Acid

RNA

A natural polymer that is present in all living

cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis.


Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

An organic molecule that acts as the main

energy source for cell processes. It is

composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar,

and three phosphate groups.


Monosaccharides

Simple sugar molecules.

The most common monosaccharides are:

•Glucose

•Fructose

•Galactose.


Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides that can combine to

form a double sugar.

Sucrose, which is common table sugar, is

composed of fructose and glucose.


Polysaccharide

A complex molecule composed of three or

more monosaccharides.


Carbon

The chemical element

with symbol C and atomic

number 6. As a member

of group 14 on the

periodic table, it is

nonmetallic and

tetravalent—making four

electrons available to

form covalent chemical

bonds.


Chapter 3 Section 3:

Carbon Compounds

Supplementary Words


Biomolecules Any molecule that is

produced by a living

organism, including large

polymeric molecules

such as proteins,

polysaccharides, lipids,

and nucleic acids as well

as small molecules such

as primary metabolites,

secondary metabolites,

and natural products.


Isomers

Compounds like simple sugars, with a single

chemical formula but different forms.


Triglycerides

A chemical compound derived from glycerol

and three fatty acids. It is the main constituent

of vegetable oil and animal fats.


Steroid

A type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are

attached and that usually has a physiological action.


Waxes

A class of chemical

compounds that are plastic

(malleable) near ambient

temperatures.

Characteristically, they melt

above 45 °C (113 °F) to give

a low viscosity liquid. Waxes

are insoluble in water but

soluble in organic, nonpolar

solvents.


Pigment

A substance that gives another substance or

a mixture its color.


Steroid Hormone

A type of hormone that is derived from the

steroid cholesterol; various steroid hormones

are secreted by the adrenal cortex, testis,

ovary, and placenta.


Fats

Energy-storing nutrients that

help the body store some

vitamins and that provide

more than twice as much

energy per unit mass as

proteins and carbohydrates

do. Fats are needed to

transport vitamins, produce

hormones, keep skin

healthy, protect vital organs,

and provide insulation.


Fatty Acids

Unbranched carbon

chains that make up

most lipids.

The building blocks

of the fat in our

bodies and in the

food we eat.


Phospholipids

Phospholipids are

compounds whose

molecules contain both

polar (water-soluble)

and nonpolar (not

water-soluble) portions

in its structure in a way

that the 'head' is

hydrophilic and the 'tail'

is hydrophobic.


Carboxyl

The univalent radical,

COOH, the functional

group characteristic of

all organic acids.


Peptide Bond

A peptide bond is a

covalent bond that is

formed between two

molecules when the

carboxyl group of one

molecule reacts with the

amino group of the

another molecule,

releasing a molecule of

water.


Protein’s Primary Structure

The exact

specification of a

protein’s atomic

composition and the

chemical bonds

connecting those

atoms


Protein’s Secondary Structure

The specific

geometric shape

caused by

intramolecular and

intermolecular

hydrogen bonding of

amide groups.


Protein’s Tertiary Structure

The tertiary structure is

the final specific

geometric shape that a

protein assumes. This

final shape is

determined by a variety

of bonding interactions

between the "side

chains" on the amino

acids.


Protein’s Quaternary Structure

The clustering of several

individual peptide or

protein chains into a

final specific shape. A

variety of bonding

interactions including

hydrogen bonding, salt

bridges, and disulfide

bonds hold the various

chains into a particular

geometry.


Genetic Code

The set of rules by which

information encoded in

genetic material (DNA or

mRNA sequences) is

translated into proteins

(amino acid sequences)

by living cells.


Adenosine Diphosphate

ADP

An organic molecule that plays a role in energy

metabolism. It is composed of a nitrogenous

base, a sugar, and two phosphate groups.


Chapter 3

Section 3:

Carbon Compounds

Notes

Section 3: Carbon Compounds

Overview

• Building Blocks of Cells

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks of Cells

Biomolecules

Large, complex molecules that

make up cells.

Building Blocks

of Cells

Biomolecules

Built from a few smaller, simpler,

repeating units arranged in an

extremely precise way.

Building Blocks

of Cells

Biomolecules

The basic unit contain atoms of

carbon. Carbon atoms can form

covalent bonds with as many as

four other atoms.

Carbon Bonding

Think, Share, Write #1

What element is the

basis of biomolecules?


What element is the basis of biomolecules?

Carbon is the element that is

the basis of biomolecules.


YOUR TURN

With a partner, read the Chapter 3 Section 3 Active Reading – The Chemistry of Cells.

1st - Take turns reading the questions aloud to each other, alternating questions.

2nd - Take turns reading the selection aloud to each other, alternating sentences or paragraphs.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008 Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

YOUR TURN

As you read discuss the content.

Reread and discuss each question. Write down the best answer to the question using full descriptive sentences.

• Be prepared to share with the class.


Carbohydrates

Molecules made of sugars.

Carbohydrates

Sugars contain carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates

Glucose is a common sugar.

Carbohydrates, continued

• Glucose is a

“single sugar” or

monosaccharide.

• Two sugars can be

linked to make a

disaccharide.

• Many sugars can

be linked to make

a polysaccharide.


• Monosaccharides

and disaccharides

are considered

simple

carbohydrates.

• Polysaccharides

are complex

carbohydrates.


Cells use carbohydrates

as a major source of

energy, for structural

materials, and cellular

identification.


• Chitin and cellulose are

complex carbohydrates

that provide support.

• Chitin is found in the

shells of insects and the

cell walls of mushrooms.

Cellulose is found in the

cell walls of plants.


What is the basic unit

of a carbohydrate?


What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?

A sugar (saccharide) is the basic

unit of a carbohydrate.

Lipids

Lipids are another class of biomolecules.

Includes:

fats

phospholipids

steroids

waxes

Lipids, continued

Functions

• Repel water

• Store energy (more efficiently than

carbohydrates)

• Control water molecules

**Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, help prevent evaporation of water

Proteins

Proteins are

chains of amino

acids that twist

and fold into

certain shapes

that determine

what the proteins

do.

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Protein_structure.png

Proteins

Proteins may be

involved in

structure, support,

movement,

communication,

transportation, and

carrying out

important chemical

reactions.

Proteins, continued

Amino acids

are building

blocks that link

to form proteins.

Proteins, continued

Amino acids

have an

amino group

and a

carboxyl

group.

Proteins, continued

Units of amino acids can form links called

peptide bonds.

Proteins, continued

Twenty different

amino acids are

found in

proteins.

Nucleic Acids

A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three

parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids are long chains of

nucleotide units.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or

DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or

RNA, contain the sugar ribose.

Nucleic Acids, continued

Hereditary Information

DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life.


Hereditary Information DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that

spiral around each other.


Hereditary Information RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the

information.


Hereditary Information Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary

information.


Energy Carriers Some single nucleotides have other important

roles.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups

and supplies energy to cells.


Energy Carriers Energy is released in the reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=UjlpvfBlUMmaKM&tbnid=VGYt_sggt9kHYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.mrsec.wisc.edu%2Fnanoquest%2Fmolecular_motor%2Findex.html&ei=yI64UdvcMIOKjALT8oGQAQ&bvm=bv.47810305,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFHiCz4IFIjELNE2bkhjnsXtkAwpw&ust=1371135855966470


Energy Carriers

Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for

other life processes.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=XWzD9-BtBWR6kM&tbnid=_MhWKt2eNyNBXM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fscience%2Fbiology_place%2Fbiocoach%2Fcellresp%2Fcloser2.html&ei=s4-4UcD7FonCigKEz4HIBw&psig=AFQjCNEQd1HLAQJw7Fhc84nYmehcjNW_vA&ust=1371136307411712

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=FAD&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=k2RDo07yjroRjM&tbnid=h80K13pC5SQTfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FPharmacy%2Fps%2Fporter%2Fsqualene_monooxygenase_family.htm&ei=Z5C4UcqXO-reiAKL04G4Aw&psig=AFQjCNGGZ01ua0VzS3dQa8QCKQ1b_LgNmA&ust=1371136356990074

chapter 3 - quia · pdf fileform covalent chemical bonds. adapted from holt biology 2008...

Documents