chapter 3 public fire protection
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Chapter 3 Public Fire Protection. Introduction. The only creature in the world that has learned how to initiate and utilize fire is man When people first learned to use fire, culture and society changed dramatically - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3
Public Fire Protection
Introduction
•The only creature in the world that has learned how to initiate and utilize fire is man•When people first learned to use fire, culture and society changed dramatically•Later, people used fire to make tools, implements, and pottery, which could be used to store foodstuffs•Three causes of hostile fires
Learning Objectives 1 and 2Origins and Evolution of Fire Protection
ORIGINS OF FIREFIGHTING
•First recognized firefighting force organized in RomeEmperor Augustus in A.D. 6
•Corps of Vigiles Buckets and axes Patrolled the streets Fought fires Performed fire prevention duties
EVOLUTION OF FIRE PROTECTION
•1608: Conflagration destroys colonists’ homes•1647: Stuyvesant draws up building codes•1666: Great fire of London•1679: First publicly funded fire department in
America•1736: Union Volunteer Fire Company in Philadelphia•1853: Cincinnati is first city with fully paid fire
department
Learning Objectives 1 and 2Origins and Evolution of Fire Protection
VOLUNTEER FIRE COMPANIES
• Membership a great source of pride for many Americans• Adventurous young men wanted to join
• After Revolutionary War, concept of volunteer fire companies spread across the nation
• Competition See who could claim “first water”
Learning Objective 3Demise of Volunteer Fire
Companies in Cities
FIRE DEPARTMENT’S EXPANDED ROLE IN THE U.S.
•Modern fire department is proactive in the community
•Routinely provides fire prevention and education
•Public shows appreciation
for firefighters
•More involved in medical aid
•Demand has fueled the evolution of the fire service
Learning Objective 3Demise of Volunteer Fire
Companies in Cities
Learning Objective 4
Identify the U.S. Fire ProblemNATIONAL FIRE INCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM
• NFPA collects data to develop a snapshot view of the U.S. fire problem
• Examples of fire data: Third leading cause of accidental death in the home Cooking is leading cause of home fires and injuries U.S. fire service responds to a fire every 17 seconds
EFFECTS OF FIRE ON CITIZENS
• Family’s belongings are destroyed and unrecoverable Irreplaceable photos and heirlooms
• Business fires mean lost jobs and tax revenue Must rebuild and regain previous customers Few businesses reopen Negative impact on community
Learning Objective 4
Identify the U.S. Fire Problem
WILDLAND FIRES
• In national forests, lightning is the cause for many fires
• Effects of wildland fires: Vast areas of natural resources are lost Animals are killed Valuable watersheds are destroyed May take over one hundred years to return to
previous condition
Learning Objective 4
Identify the U.S. Fire Problem
Learning Objective 5Responsibilities of the Modern Fire
ServiceMANAGING COMMUNITY RISK
• Limiting probable loss to the community
• Weighing cost versus benefit
• Providing emergency medical services
• Having hazmat response teams
• Engaging in public education, prevention, and code enforcement
EMERGENCY RESPONSE AS ESSENTIAL SERVICE
• Ready to respond and carry out life-saving functions
• Must be managed in a cost-effective manner
SAVING PROPERTY• Salvage work became a fire department responsibility
SAVING LIVES• Capability has been enhanced by improved equipment
Learning Objective 5Responsibilities of the Modern Fire
Service
PREVENTING FIRES
• Involved in design process of new buildings
• Periodically make inspections to ensure compliance
EDUCATING THE PUBLIC• Not limited to fire safety; child passenger-safety seats
INVESTIGATING ARSON• Gathering evidence to prosecute criminals
Learning Objective 5Responsibilities of the Modern Fire
Service
Learning Objective 6Evolution of Modern Firefighting
EquipmentFIRE APPARATUS
• Hand-pumped engines First known pump, a siphona, fourth century
B.C. Most effective designs used the principle of siphona First hand pumpers dischargedthrough a mounted nozzle on top
Cont.
FIRE APPARATUS
• Hoses First hoses were of sewn leather Today synthetic hose is used
• Hose companies Carried hose on a wheeled carriage
• Steamer Could pump as long as there was coal available
Cont.
Learning Objective 6Evolution of Modern Firefighting
Equipment
FIRE APPARATUS
• Ladder company Needed a way to effect rescues from windows Evolved into forcible entry, rescue, and
ventilation Extension ladders Evolved into spring assist, compressed air, and,
finally, hydraulicsCont.
Learning Objective 6Evolution of Modern Firefighting
Equipment
FIRE APPARATUS
• Chemical wagon Carried two tanks─one soda, one water Effectiveness limited to what was on the wagon
• Internal combustion engine Motorized apparatus eventually dominated Today same motor propels the apparatus and
pumpCont.
Learning Objective 6Evolution of Modern Firefighting
Equipment
FIRE APPARATUS
• Fire service symbols Maltese cross Dalmatians
• Fire stations Needed sleeping quarters Slide pole introduced to give quick access to
apparatus floor
Learning Objective 6Evolution of Modern Firefighting
Equipment
Learning Objective 7Evolution of Protective Clothing
and EquipmentHISTORY
• As pride grew, uniforms identified company members
FIRE HELMET• Was a product of necessity• Traditional shape Kept embers and hot water off the neck• Shield mounted on front, with company number or
department name
BUNKER GEAR OR TURNOUT CLOTHING
• Long canvas coats were worn Protected firefighters from falling embers
• Water barriers were added to the coat Insulation was added to protect from the heat
• Long boots were eventually replaced with knee-high boots and insulated pants
Learning Objective 7Evolution of Protective Clothing
and Equipment
SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
• Historically, wrapped wet rags around the face• Improved to gas mask
Did not protect from toxic fumes or low oxygen concentrations
• Today SCBA used on almost all fires• Enhanced ability to perform interior attack
Learning Objective 7Evolution of Protective Clothing
and Equipment
Learning Objective 8Major Fire Losses and the Modern
Fire ServiceHISTORICAL FIRES
• Great Chicago Fire: October 8-10, 1871 100,000 homeless and killed approximately 300
• Baltimore, Maryland: February 7, 1904 Led to standardized hose threads on equipment
• Chelsea, Massachusetts: April 12, 1908 Destroyed 3,500 buildings
• Salem, Massachusetts: June 25, 1914 Destroyed 1,600 buildings
HISTORICAL CONFLAGRATION CAUSES
• Combustible construction• Narrow streets• Ineffective building codes
PRIMARY CAUSES FOR RECENT FIRES• Terrorism• Extreme weather
Learning Objective 8Major Fire Losses and the Modern
Fire Service
Learning Objective 9
Reasons for Fire Defense Planning
FIRE DEFENSE PLANNING
• Determine acceptable level of loss due to fire• Goals• Objectives• Statistics• Policies• Procedures
Cont.
FIRE DEFENSE PLANNING
• Cost analysis• Approved budget• Planning: Never-ending cycle
Setting goals Determining objectives Evaluating results
Learning Objective 9
Reasons for Fire Defense Planning
ALL HAZARD PLANNING
• Prepare to respond to many types of incidents• Obtain, train, and stage resources• Comply with legal requirements• Reach agreements with responding agencies
Training on cooperation Training on establishing communication
Learning Objective 9
Reasons for Fire Defense Planning
Learning Objective 10
Define Risk and Risk Management
DEFINITIONS OF RISK
• Noun: exposure to harm or loss• Verb: to expose to the chance of injury or loss
PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES• Probability: can be in subjective terms
Rare or high• Consequences: expressed in descriptive terms
Death, injury, disaster
RISK MANANAGEMENT
• Activity that involves evaluation or comparison of risks and approaches that change the consequences of a harmful action
• Three control measures Administrative controls Engineering controls Personal protection
Learning Objective 10
Define Risk and Risk Management
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
• Written plan must be a part of policies and procedures
• Components of a risk management plan Risk identification Risk evaluation Risk control techniques Program evaluation and review
Learning Objective 10
Define Risk and Risk Management
Learning Objective 11Fire Department and Community Risk
ReductionFOUR STEPS TO PROTECT COMMUNITY
FROM RISK
• Preparation
• Mitigation
• Response
• Recovery
Summary
•The fire service and firefighters have a long history rich in tradition and honorable sacrifice
•As the fire service progresses, there will be new challenges to be met
•The modern fire service is a delivery system that contains many parts integrated into a whole