introduction to fire protection engineering for … protection...an introduction to fire protection...

Introduction to Fire Protection Engineering for Buildings Course No: M03-010

Credit: 3 PDH

J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI

Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774 [email protected]

An Introduction to Fire Protection Engineering for Buildings

J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. Paul Guyer is a registered fire protection engineer, mechanical engineer, civil engineer, and architect with over 35 years experience in the design of buildings and related infrastructure. For an additional 9 years he was a senior-level advisor to the California Legislature on infrastructure and capital outlay issues, including those involving fire and life safety. He is a graduate of Stanford University and has held numerous national, state and local positions with the American Society of Civil Engineers and National Society of Professional Engineers.

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© J. Paul Guyer 2009 2

This course is adapted from the Unified Facilities Criteria of the United States government, which is in the public domain, has unlimited distribution and is not copyrighted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3 2. The Fundamental Elements of Fire Protection Engineering 5 3. Building Materials and Design 7 4. Water Supply for Fire Protection 13 5. Fire Extinguishing Systems 22 6. Fire Alarm Systems 26 7. Special Occupancies and Hazards 29 8. Occupancy Hazard Classification System 33 9. Fire Flow Demand for Unsprinklered Facilities 35 10. Performance Based Fire Safety Design 36 11. Codes and Other Professional Resources 37


An Introduction to Fire Protection Engineering for Buildings

J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI

COURSE CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION This is an introductory course in fire protection engineering for all of the members

of the building design team. The architectural, civil, structural, mechanical and

electrical features of buildings and their related infrastructure are all affected by the

principles of fire protection engineering. Engineers need to know how fire safety

requirements affect the design work they do in their individual technical

disciplines. This course will tell you about the principle requirements of fire safety

in building design, show you some illustrative examples, and direct you to specific

codes and other technical resources you will need to efficiently and effectively

incorporate fire protection considerations in your building designs. This is a

course that will broaden your skills, add value to your career, and allow you to

design safe and cost-effective buildings and related infrastructure for your

company, agency, clients and the public.

As you go through this course, and in your engineering practice, keep some points

in mind:

• Fire protection engineering is almost completely code-and-regulation driven.

With the exception of the hydraulic principles of fluid flow in sprinkler

system pipes, there is little in the field that is theoretical in nature. This


means that in order to find out what you need to do in a given situation you

will almost always need to refer to a code or regulation.

• Fire safety is a highly regulated enterprise. This means that your building

designs will be meticulously reviewed by the regulatory authorities. In the

case of a typical commercial building design project, this means the local

building department and the fire department.

• Managing fire department reviews requires a special level of diplomacy and

care. Absent the fire department approval, your project will never get built.

As fire departments have developed over the years, the individuals who

review drawings for new construction are almost always individuals who

began their careers as fire fighters. Rarely is a professional engineer the

reviewer at the fire department. Occasionally a fire department reviewer

may feel a bit defensive when dealing with a professional engineer during

the review process. The only way to manage this type of situation is to take

special care to clearly explain your design in terms as non-technical as

possible, deferentially accept the fact that the fire department reviewer

controls the fate of your project, and just plain be diplomatic.

• Keep in mind that this course is only an introductory overview of fire

protection engineering. As noted above, in practice you must always be

guided by the codes and regulations applicable to your project in your local

jurisdiction. References to specific codes and regulations in this course are

for illustration only.


2. THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF FIRE PROTECTION

ENGINEERING

There are five fundamental elements of fire protection engineering; these are

shown in Figure 1:

Figure 1

Fundamental Elements of Fire Protection Engineering Element Considerations

Basic criteria Fire areas Height limitations Interior fire spread Egress Interior finishes Insulation Roof coverings Roof and fire department access Air handling Plastic pipe and conduit

• Building Materials and Design

Fire retardant wood products Demand for sprinklered facilities Demand for unsprinklered facilities Pressure requirements Required quantities and on-site storage Fire pumps

• Water Supply

Distribution systems Automatic sprinkler systems Foam (AFFF) systems Standpipes Dry chemical systems Carbon dioxide systems Halon 1301 systems

• Fire Extinguishing Systems

Portable extinguishers Detection systems Reporting systems

• Fire Alarm Systems Evacuation systems

• Special Occupancies and Hazards Numerous

These five elements are what will be discussed in this course. We will also discuss

four other areas of technical interest:


Figure 2

Additional Topics Discussed in this Course

• Occupancy hazard classification system

• Fire flow demand for unsprinklered facilities

• Performance based fire safety design

• Codes and other professional resources

After you have completed this course you should have sufficient understanding of

the principles of fire protection engineering to begin the first step in the design

process. This is a Design Analysis. A fire protection Design Analysis is required

for all designs and must address the fire protection requirements of the project as

required by applicable codes and regulations. Where applicable, discuss the

minimum fire protection provisions (include required vs. provided) indicated in

Figure 3:

Table 3 Typical Design Analysis Contents

• Building code analysis (i.e., type of construction, height and area limitations, and building separation or exposure protection)

• Classification of occupancy • Compliance with applicable codes and regulations • Requirements for fire-rated walls, fire-rated doors, fire dampers with their fire-

resistive ratings, smoke compartmentation, smoke barriers • NFPA 101, Life Safety Code application • Analysis of automatic sprinkler systems and suppression systems and protected

areas, including hydraulic analysis of required water demand • Water supplies, water distribution, location of fire hydrants • Smoke control methods and smoke control systems • Fire alarm system, type and location of equipment • Fire detection system and location of detectors • Standpipe systems and fire extinguishers • Interior finish ratings • Alarm reporting system • Identification of occupancy and hazard areas • Fire department access


3. BUILDING MATERIALS AND DESIGN

Basic Criteria

Conform building construction to fire resistance requirements, allowable floor

areas, building height limitations, and building separation distance requirements of

the International Building Code (IBC). These include:

• Egress and Safety to Life. Comply with National Fire Protection

Association (NFPA) 101 for building construction related to egress and

safety to life. For conflicts between the IBC and NFPA 101 related to fire

resistance rating, consider favoring NFPA 101.

• Partitions. IBC fire resistance requirements for permanent partitions do not

apply to non-bearing partitions. For fire resistance ratings of non-bearing

partitions comply with NFPA 101. Occupancy separation must comply with

the “Required Separation of Occupancies” table in the IBC.

• Type of Construction. Follow the requirements of the IBC to determine the

permitted types of construction, except where approved by local authority

Type V (wood) roofs may be constructed on buildings of Type I or II

construction provided that they are separated from all other areas of the

building by horizontal 2-hour concrete or masonry fire resistive

construction. Such roofs will not require sprinkler protection but will

require draft stops to divide the spaces into areas not exceeding 3000 SF,

with self-closing and latching access doors of similar construction in the

draft stop where there is no other means of access to the area.

• Separation Between Buildings. Use the IBC to determine required

separation distances between buildings.

Fire Areas


Conform to the IBC.

Height Limitations

Conform to the IBC.

Limiting Interior Fire Spread

• Door Openings: Door openings, in fire resistive construction, must be

protected in accordance with NFPA 80, Fire Doors and Fire Windows. Fire

door assemblies are required on each side of the door opening in 4-hour fire

walls when openings are fitted with 3-hour rolling or sliding fire doors. Use

fire doors listed by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), FM, or a nationally

recognized testing laboratory (NRTL). Do not modify approved fire doors

in the field. Local fabrication of fire doors is not permitted.

• Penetrations: The protection of ducts at point of passage through firewalls

must be in accordance with NFPA 90A, Installation of Air-Conditioning and

Ventilating Systems, and/or NFPA 90B, Installation of Warm Air Heating

and Air-Conditioning Systems. All other penetrations, such as piping,

conduit, and wiring, through firewalls must be protected with a material or

system of the same hourly rating that is listed by UL, FM, or a NRTL.

Means of Egress

• Requirements: Comply with the requirements of NFPA 101.

• Means of Egress Marking: Mark means of egress in accordance with

NFPA 101. Signs must have lettering on an opaque background. Internally

illuminated signs must be light emitting diode (LED) type,

electroluminescence (LEC), or cold cathode type. Incandescent fixtures are

not permitted except existing fixtures, which may remain in use.


Radioluminous exit signs are not permitted. Photoluminescent exit signs

and egress path marking is permitted only where provided with a reliable

external illumination (charging) source providing a minimum illumination of

54 lux (5 foot-candles) of unfiltered fluorescent light.

Interior Finish

• Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish: Wall and ceiling finishes and movable

partitions must conform to the requirements of NFPA 101 for interior

finishes. Drop-out ceilings are not permitted.

Insulation

• Requirements: Use thermal and acoustical insulation with a flame spread

(FS) rating not higher than 75, and a smoke developed (SD) rating not

higher than 150 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 (NFPA 255),

Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

Materials. Test cellular plastic insulation in the same densities and

thicknesses as the material that will be used in construction applications.

For certain types of insulation exceptions apply.

Roof Coverings and Roof Deck Assemblies

• Roof Coverings: Use roof coverings approved and listed by a NRTL. The

UL Roofing Materials and Systems Directory lists three Classes (A, B, and

C) of acceptable roof coverings based on compliance with UL 790, Tests for

Fire Resistance of Roof Covering Materials and NFPA 256, Fire Tests of

Roof Coverings. Restrict Class C roof coverings to housing and buildings

under 8,000 SF and that are not mission essential.

• Roof Deck Assemblies: Roof deck assemblies must be FM Class 1


approved or UL listed as Fire Classified or equal listing or classification by a

nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL), with the exceptions of: (a)

fully sprinklered buildings and (b) buildings less than 8,000 SF.

Roof and Fire Department Access

• Roof Access. All enclosed exit stairs that extend to the top floor in any

building three or more stories in height must have, at the highest point of the

stair tower, an approved hatch opening to the roof with an appropriate ladder

that conforms to 29 CFR 1910.27, Fixed Ladders. The hatch must be not

less than 16 ft2 in area, with a minimum dimension of 2 ft. At least one

stairway must terminate at a standard door opening leading onto the roof

surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than 4 in 12.

• Fire Department (Emergency Vehicle) Access. All buildings greater than

5,000 sq ft, or more than two stories in height must have at least one means

of all-weather ground access to allow emergency vehicles unimpeded access

to the building. All-weather ground access must be paved, start from the

road, and terminate no farther than 33 ft from the building.

• Access to Residential Facilities. Residential facilities must be provided

with all-weather ground access to 3 sides, with a minimum of 2 sides having

access to sleeping rooms.

• Vehicle Access. All force protection equipment, such as bollards or gates,

must not require more than one person to remove or open. Access may

require fire apparatus to drive over a curb. Any locking device controlling

vehicle access must be under control of the fire department or 24-hour

security personnel located at the specific facility. Dimensions of fire lanes

and turnarounds must comply with NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code.


• Aerial Apparatus Access. New facilities four stories or more in height and

all new warehouses must be provided with suitable all-weather ground

access surface for aerial apparatus on a minimum of two sides of the

perimeter of the structure.

• Fire Department Connection. Facilities with fire department connections

for sprinkler or standpipe systems must be provided with suitable all-

weather ground access surface for pumper apparatus within 150 ft of such

fire department connections.

Air Handling

• Design Requirements. Air handling, heating, ventilation and exhaust

systems must comply with the requirements of NFPA 90A.

• Corridors. Egress corridors must not be used as a portion of a supply,

return, or exhaust air system serving adjoining areas. Air transfer opening(s)

must not be permitted in walls or in doors separating egress corridors from

adjoining areas. Exception: Toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms, sink

closets, and similar auxiliary spaces may have air transfer openings, unless

prohibited by NFPA 101, such as in residential occupancies.

• Plenums. Plenums may be used as an integral part of an air handling system

only if they conform to the requirements of NFPA 90A. Under no

circumstances may combustible materials be located within the plenum

space. Electrical wiring passing through the space, including telephone and

communication wiring, must be plenum rated or must be in metal conduit.

Rooms or areas that form a plenum space or that are used as a plenum must

not be occupied for any purpose except during repairs or maintenance

operations to the air handling equipment.


• Smoke and Heat Vents. Smoke and heat vents may be considered in

buildings where a high rate of heat release is anticipated during a fire. In

buildings without automatic sprinklers, smoke and heat vents must be

arranged to operate automatically in accordance with NFPA 204, Smoke and

Heat Venting. In buildings with automatic sprinkler protection, smoke and

heat vents must be arranged to operate in the manual mode only. Skylights

are the preferred method of providing manual smoke and heat vents.

Plastic Pipe and Conduit

Penetrations by plastic pipe or conduit through fire-rated walls, partitions, shafts,

and floors must be fire-stopped by an approved or listed method in accordance

with ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration

Fire Stops or UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops. Plastic pipe

and conduit must not be installed in exit stair enclosures, or in air plenum spaces

unless specifically listed for that application.

Fire Retardant Treated(FRT) Plywood

Use of FRT plywood is prohibited except as permitted by the IBC or local

authority. FRT plywood must not be used in any part of the roof or roofing

system.


4. WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION

Factors Influencing the Water Demand for Sprinklers

The water demand required for sprinkler protection depends upon occupancy,

discharge density, design area, and type of sprinkler system (wet or dry), type of

construction, and other building features. Water Demand for Sprinklers

• The water demand required for sprinklers must be determined from Figure 4.

(Figure 4 is, as always, for illustration purposes only. Applicable codes and

regulations must be used.)

• Design densities indicated in Figure 4 are minimum densities, and each

• sprinkler in the design area must discharge at least the flow rate required to

• produce the stipulated density.

• Design areas shown in Figure 4 are the hydraulically most remote areas.

Hose streams are needed concurrently with sprinkler discharge in order to

effect final extinguishment or to wet down adjacent structures.

• The hose stream demand for sprinklered occupancies must be determined

from Figure 4.

• The total water demand for sprinklered occupancies is equal to the sum of

the domestic/industrial demand plus the sprinkler system(s) water demand

and the hose stream(s) demand. The total demand must be available at the

sprinkler system connection to the underground main, and at the pressure

necessary to produce the required sprinkler density over the required

hydraulically most remote area of sprinkler operation.


FIGURE 4 SPRINKLER SYSTEM AND WATER SUPPLY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

FOR SPRINKLERED FACILITIES

Sprinkler System

Occupancy

Classification

Design Density, GPM/SF

Design Area, SF

Hose Stream Allowance,

GPM

Duration of

Supply, minutes

Light Hazard

0.01

3000

250

60

Ordinary Hazard,

Group 1

0.15

3000

500

60

Ordinary Hazard,

Group 2

0.20

3000

500

90

Extra Hazard,

Group 1

0.30

3000

750

120

Extra Hazard,

Group 2

0.40

3000

750

120

Water Demands for Unsprinklered Facilities

Water demands for buildings and facilities that are not fully sprinklered are based

on fire department hose stream requirements. Hose stream demands and duration

requirements are outlined in Section 9. The following factors affect the water

demand and duration and must be considered to determine the specific demand and

duration within a given range in accordance with Section 9.

• Occupancy classification

• Response time by fire department

• Type of construction


• Number of stories

• Separation distances

• Building floor area

• Firefighting access

Petroleum/Oil/Lubricant (POL) Areas

Areas where POL materials are stored require special consideration. Figure 5

shows required fire flow rates for above ground atmospheric POL tanks. Figure 6

shows required fire flow rates for above ground pressurized POL tanks.

Figure 5

Atmospheric POL Tank Cooling Water

Tank Diameter, Feet

Fire Flow Rate, GPM

0 – 64

500

65 – 119

750

120 -154

1000

155 – 199

1250

200 or greater

1500

Minimum duration: 240 minutes


Figure 6

Pressurized POL Tank Cooling Water

Tank Group Size

Fire Flow Rate,

GPM

Single tank less than 30,000 gallons capacity

250

Single tank more than 30,000 gallons capacity

500

2 to 6 tanks, one or more tanks greater than 30,000 gallons capacity

500

2 to 6 tanks, each greater than 30,000 gallons capacity

1000

7 or more tanks, each tank less than 30,000 gallons capacity

1000

7 or more tanks, one or more tanks greater than 30,000 gallons capacity

1500

Minimum duration: 240 minutes

Water Supply Pressure Requirements

Pressure required for sprinklered facilities must be the most demanding pressure of

the domestic/industrial demand, sprinkler demand, or hose stream demand and

must be determined by hydraulic calculations.

Quantities of Water Required

Requirements for fire protection water storage are based on the assumption that


there will be only one fire at a time. The quantity of water required is equal to the

product of the fire protection water demand and the required duration. This

quantity represents fire protection requirements only, and must be available at all

times. Water supply for domestic, industrial, and other demands must be added to

these requirements to determine the total amount of water that is necessary at a

facility.

• Total Storage Capacity. The total supply stored for fire protection

purposes must be sufficient to meet the maximum required fire flow demand

for the durations specified in applicable codes and regulations.

• Reduction in Storage Capacity. In computing the fire protection storage

requirement, a reduction in storage capacity is acceptable if an adequate

replenishment source is available. Factors that must be evaluated include

the reliability of the makeup facility, its sustained flow capacity, its method

of operation (automatic or manual), and flow limitations imposed by the

capacity of treatment operations.

• Replenishment of Storage. The water storage must be self-replenishing. It

must reach required volume during normal consumption within 48 hours,

and within 24 hours curtailing normal consumption.

Water for Fire Protection

One or more of the following reliable means shall provide water to an installation

for fire protection:

• Multiple connections to looped or gridded public water distribution

system(s) arranged so that during any single-point failure, at least 50% of the

maximum required fire flow demand plus 100% of domestic demand can

still be supplied to the activity / facility.


• A single connection to a public water distribution system, plus on-site

storage that is adequate to supply domestic demand for 24 hours plus the

maximum required fire flow demand in the event the connection to the

public system is lost.

• One or more on-site sources, such as wells or open bodies of water, with

treated water storage capacity adequate to supply domestic demand for 24

hours plus the maximum required fire flow demand.

• For a small, non -essential activity, a single connection to a looped or

gridded public water distribution system, capable of providing concurrent

domestic and fire flow demands to the facility, is acceptable.

On-Site Storage

Where on-site storage is part of a sole-source water supply, or is needed to provide

the required fire flow, the storage facilities must be divided into two or more

approximately equal capacity tanks or reservoir sections, arranged so that at least

one-half of the water supply will always be available during tank or reservoir

maintenance. The discharge or suction line(s) from each individual tank or

reservoir section shall be sized to deliver the maximum required fire flow.

Fire Pumps

Pumps for fire protection must have adequate capacity with reliable power and

water supply. This equipment must conform to requirements of NFPA 20,

Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection. Fire pumps,

drivers, and other equipment including automatic accessories must be listed by UL,

approved by FM, or listed or classified by an NRTL.


Water Distribution Systems

• Distribution Mains. The distribution system must be sized to accommodate

fire flows plus domestic and industrial or flushing demands that cannot be

restricted during fires. Distribution must be looped to provide at least 50 percent

of the required fire flow in case of a single break. Dead-end mains must be

avoided. Distribution systems must be designed in accordance with American

Water Works Association Manual M31 Distribution System Requirements for Fire

Protection, NFPA 24, Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their

Appurtenances.

• Valves. Control valves must be provided in each source of water supply,

such as tanks and pumps. Control valves must be either post-indicating or

outside-stem-and-yoke types. A sufficient number of sectional valves must

be provided so that not more than a combined total of five hydrants and

sprinkler systems, or not more than three sprinkler systems must be out of

service due to a single break. Sectional valves may be key-operated type.

New valves must open by counter-clockwise rotation of the stem.

• Hydrants. Fire hydrants must be UL listed, FM approved, or listed or

classified by an NRTL and must have two 65 mm (2-1/2-inch) hose outlets

and one 115m (4-1/2-inch) suction connection with national standard fire

hose threads in accordance with NFPA 24 and NFPA 1963, Fire Hose

Connections. Wet-barrel or California-type hydrants are preferable in areas

where there is no danger of freezing. Dry barrel or traffic-type hydrants must

be used in areas where there is a danger of freezing. Hydrants must be

aboveground type. .

• Hydrants Installation. Hydrants must be installed adjacent to paved areas,

accessible to fire department apparatus. Hydrants must not be closer than 3

ft nor farther than 7 ft from the roadway shoulder or curb line. Hydrants


must be installed with not less than 6-inch connection to the supply main,

and valved at the connection. Barrels must be long enough to permit at least

18-inch clearance between the center of the 4-1/2-inch suction connection

and grade. The ground must be graded so that any surface drainage is away

from the hydrant. Installation must be in accordance with NFPA 24, except

as modified by this UFC. Suction connection should be perpendicular to the

street to allow straight lined connection to the pumper.


4. FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Water Flow Testing

Conduct water flow tests, in accordance with the procedures contained in NFPA

291, to determine available water supply for the water-based fire extinguishing

systems.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems

• Characteristics. Properly engineered and installed automatic sprinkler

systems are designed to detect the presence of fire, activate both local and

remote (fire department) alarms, and distribute water in sufficient quantity to

either control or extinguish the fire.

• Design Requirements. Sprinkler systems must use equipment and devices

listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL).

• Sprinkler Density and Hose Stream Requirements. Building and

structures requiring sprinkler protection must be provided with sprinkler

systems that are designed using the Area/Density Method of NFPA 13.

• Quick Response Automatic Sprinklers. The use of quick response

automatic sprinklers (QRAS) is limited to wet pipe systems.

• Hydraulic Calculations. New sprinkler systems protecting areas of 1,500

ft² and greater must be designed using hydraulic calculations. Use of pipe

schedule designs is discouraged for any sprinkler system. Calculations must

follow the format of NFPA 13. Pipe friction losses and equivalent lengths of

pipe for fittings and valves must be in accordance with NFPA 13.

• Sprinkler Coverage. In buildings protected by automatic sprinklers,

sprinklers must provide coverage throughout 100 percent of the building


except as permitted by NFPA 13. This includes, but is not limited to,

telephone rooms, electrical equipment rooms, boiler rooms, switchgear

rooms, transformer rooms, and other electrical and mechanical spaces.

Coverage per sprinkler must be in accordance with NFPA 13.

• Interconnection of Risers. For facilities four (4) stories and taller, there

must be a combination sprinkler/standpipe riser in at least two stairwells that

are interconnected on each floor. Each floor control valve assembly for the

sprinkler connection must include a check valve. See Figure 7. The

sprinkler system must be hydraulically calculated using the most

hydraulically demanding riser. The calculations must not assume the use of

both risers simultaneously.

Floor Con

© J. Paul Guyer 2009

Figure 7 trol Valve Assembly

23

Water Spray Systems

Design requirements for water spray systems must conform to NFPA 15, Water

Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection.

Foam Systems (Aqueous Foam Film Forming - AFFF)

Foam installations must be in accordance with NFPA 11, Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, and NFPA 16, Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems. For additional information, the NFPA Fire Protection Handbook and FM Global Data Sheets contain data and information concerning installation and arrangement of foam systems for various types of flammable and combustible liquids hazards.

Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems

Fixed dry chemical extinguishing systems are appropriate for the protection of

certain types of special occupancies, hazards, and facilities such as dip tanks, and

other operations involving flammable liquids. Dry chemical extinguishing systems

must conform to NFPA 17, Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems. Dry chemical

agents should not be used to protect sensitive electronics. Dry chemical

extinguishing systems are no longer UL listed or FM approved for the protection of

cooking equipment.

Carbon Dioxide Systems

Carbon dioxide (CO2) systems are normally effective against flammable liquid

(Class B) and electrical (Class C) fires. New total flooding systems are not

authorized in normally occupied areas. Carbon dioxide systems must conform to

NFPA 12, Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems. Carbon dioxide systems must


conform to NFPA 12, Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems.

Halon 1301 Systems

Gas extinguishing systems are highly desirable in facilities containing high-value

electronic equipment because the gases do not damage the equipment. A major

challenge with gas extinguishing systems, however, in facilities where people are

present is that they rely on depleting the oxygen supply in order to smother the fire.

Halon 1301 was a proprietary chemical system that effectively addressed this issue

because, coupled with an annunciation (alarm) system, provided a safe

environment that allowed time for personnel to evacuate the fire zone.

Regrettably, Halon 1301 was a fluorocarbon, and its use is now banned on

environmental grounds. Thus, installation of new Halon 1301 systems is now

prohibited. The only current replacement technology for this type of facility is

carbon dioxide, which is much riskier for people who are present. Most if not all

Halon 1301 systems have now been de-commissioned.

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguishers must be provided where required by NFPA 101, Life

Safety Code. Portable fire extinguishers must be located and installed in

accordance with NFPA 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers.

Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems

Fixed wet chemical systems are suitable for protection of certain types of special

occupancies, hazards, and facilities, such as cooking surfaces, cooking exhaust

systems, and dip tanks. Wet chemical systems must conform to NFPA 17A, Wet

Chemical Extinguishing Systems.


Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems

Clean agent fire extinguishing systems are suitable for protection of certain types

of special occupancies, hazards, and facilities. Clean agent fire extinguishing

systems are not a substitute for required automatic sprinkler systems. Clean agent

fire extinguishing systems must conform to NFPA 2001, Clean Agent Fire

Extinguishing Systems.

Water Mist Fire Protection Systems

Water mist fire protection systems are suitable for protection of certain types of

special occupancies, hazards, and facilities. Water mist fire protection systems are

not a substitute for required automatic sprinkler systems. Water mist fire protection

systems must conform to NFPA 750, Water Mist Fire Protection Systems.


5. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

Fire alarm reporting systems are reporting systems that connect the building fire

alarm control panel(s) to the fire department. Required systems are to be digital,

telephonic, radio, or supervised conductor types. Consider compatibility of

extensions of fire reporting systems with existing equipment. Alarm reporting

systems must conform to NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 70,

National Electric Code.

Fire Alarm Evacuation Systems

Fire alarm evacuation systems must be provided in the following locations:

o Buildings required by NFPA 101.

o Buildings requiring automatic detection or suppression systems.

o These systems consist primarily of initiating devices and notification

appliances. Manual pull stations must be provided where fire alarm

evacuation systems are required. Automatic alarm initiating devices such as

detectors and water flow alarms must be connected to these systems when

provided. Fire alarm systems must be connected to a central alarm location,

fire department, or alarm monitoring location. Building fire alarm

evacuation systems must be installed in accordance with NFPA 72. Fire

alarm systems must be independent, stand-alone systems that are not an

integral part of a security, an energy monitoring and control system (EMCS),

or other system, except that a fire alarm system may be combined with a

building mass notification system or with a combination building mass

notification and public address system. Fire alarm systems may be

connected to security systems or an EMCS for monitoring purposes only,

but must in no way rely on any components of those other systems for


operation. Wireless interior fire alarms are not permitted.

Fire Alarm Evacuation Systems

These systems consist primarily of initiating devices and notification appliances.

Manual pull stations must be provided where fire alarm evacuation systems are

required. Automatic alarm initiating devices such as detectors and water flow

alarms must be connected to these systems when provided. Fire alarm systems

must be connected to a central alarm location, fire department, or alarm monitoring

location. Building fire alarm evacuation systems must be installed in accordance

with NFPA 72. Fire alarm systems must be independent, stand-alone systems that

are not an integral part of a security, an energy monitoring and control system

(EMCS), or other system, except that a fire alarm system may be combined with a

building mass notification system or with a combination building mass notification

and public address system. Fire alarm systems may be connected to security

systems or an EMCS for monitoring purposes only, but must in no way rely on any

components of those other systems for operation. Wireless interior fire alarms are

not permitted.

Automatic Fire Detection Systems

• Fire detection systems must conform to the applicable provisions of

NFPA72, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Detection

systems must be arranged to alert building occupants and to transmit a signal

to a constantly attended location. Fire detection systems must be

independent, stand-alone systems that are not an integral part of a security

system, or other building management, energy/utility management systems.

Fire detection systems may be connected to security systems or building

management, energy/utility management systems for monitoring purposes


only, but must in no way rely on any components of those other systems for

operation.

• Detection systems, especially smoke detection systems, require significant

maintenance. It is critical that the required detectors are properly installed

and maintained. Providing detectors in locations that are not required

increases the already high maintenance costs of alarm systems and strains

the maintenance program for critical detection systems. If a facility warrants

protection and criteria does not require detection, protection should be

accomplished by a wet pipe sprinkler system. Wet pipe sprinklers provide

superior protection with little maintenance.

• The area of protection for smoke detection devices permitted by NFPA 72

must be reduced by 50 percent where ceiling fans are used (i.e., this may

require additional smoke detectors for that area being protected).


6. SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES AND HAZARDS

There are many special occupancies and hazards that require special fire protection features are required by applicable codes and regulations. Only a few are discussed here, for illustration purposes. Food Preparation Areas

• Hood and duct systems for commercial cooking equipment that produces

smoke or grease-laden vapors must comply with NFPA 96, Ventilation

Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations. Limit

kitchen-extinguishing systems to wet chemical or automatic sprinklers

installed in accordance with NFPA 96. Install fire suppression systems that

sound a general building fire alarm and transmit a signal to the fire

department or to a constantly monitored location.

• Areas, other than dwelling units, that are provided with residential type

range top cooking surfaces must be equipped with an approved residential

range top extinguishing system. The range top extinguishing system must

be connected to the building fire alarm system to sound a general building

fire alarm and must automatically shut off all sources of fuel and electric

power that produce heat to the equipment being protected by that unit.

Medical Facilities

Medical facilities include hospitals, composite medical facilities, ambulatory

health care centers, occupational health clinics, outpatient clinics, dental clinics,

flight medicine clinics, medical logistics facilities, biological safety and medical

laboratories, and similar facilities. There are many special requirements for

medical facilities called for by applicable codes and regulations. A discussion of


these requirements is far beyond the scope of this introduction to fire protection

engineering principles.

Detention and Correctional Facilities

Comply with NFPA 101 and the following:

• Individual fire areas must not exceed 50,000 ft2.

• Construction type must not be less that Type I - A, as defined in the IBC.

• Provide a minimum separation from other structures and public ways of 20

ft.

• Provide complete automatic sprinkler protection. Design must utilize

institutional (breakaway) type sprinklers. Sprinkler piping in inmate areas

must be concealed.

• Provide smoke detection in all areas as required by NFPA 101and American

Correctional Association’s (ACA) Planning and Design Guide for Secure

Adult and Juvenile Facilities.

• Provide an automatic smoke removal system in cell areas. In addition,

provide manual system activation controls at a continuously manned

position outside of the cell area.

• Provide for constant visual supervision of cell areas. If this supervision is by

direct line of sight, it must be separated by not less than one-hour fire rated

construction.

• Provide mechanical or closed circuit electrical gang release devices


whenever 10 or more locks must be operated to release prisoners confined in

cells. Require gang release devices to open doors necessary to evacuate

prisoners to an area of refuge. Require heavy, identically keyed, prison-type

locks for exit and corridor doors not requiring gang release devices that must

be opened for evacuation in the event of fire.

• Interior finish including padded cells must be Class A flame spread (i.e., 25

or less) and must have a SD rating not exceeding 50 when tested in

accordance with ASTM E 84.

Electronic Equipment Installations

• These areas include major automatic data processing (ADP) areas,

communication centers, command and control systems, and other mission

critical systems. Incidental electronic equipment such as word processing

stations, printers, and systems; desk top computers; office automation

systems; individual data output stations (e.g., printers, etc.); individual

computer work stations; telephones; video conference centers;

administrative telephone rooms; reproduction equipment; and similar

equipment do not require protection under this section.

• Construct and protect electronic equipment installations in accordance with

NFPA 75, Protection of Information Technology Equipment.

• Electronic equipment installations must be located in buildings protected by

wet-pipe automatic sprinklers. Provide complete coverage throughout the

building including electronic equipment areas. Protect electrical equipment

installations by disconnecting the power upon activation of the fire


protection system.

• Consideration may be given to the use of a supplementary clean agent fire

extinguishing system inside the electronic equipment units or a total

flooding system for the room and raised floor. Supplementary clean agent

fire extinguishing systems will augment the wet-pipe automatic sprinkler

system and will not be considered as a substitute.

• Power and communication (data) cabling installed in spaces above ceilings

or below raised floors must be plenum rated or installed in metallic conduit.

If this cannot be achieved, the spaces must be protected by an automatic fire

suppression system.

High Rise Buildings

• High rise buildings must comply with NFPA 101.

• The central control station must have exterior and interior access, a 1-hour

fire rated barrier, and must be a minimum of 96 ft² with a minimum

dimension of 8 ft.

• The central control station must also include air-handling system status

indicators and controls, a fire department control panel for smoke control

systems (includes visual status indicators and controls), and schematic

building plans indicating the typical floor plan and detailing the building

core, means of egress, fire protection systems, fire-fighting equipment and

fire department access.


8. OCCUPANCY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The principal occupancy classifications are light hazard, ordinary hazard, and extra

hazard. Listed below are the classifications with examples of common

occupancies listed under each. The basic hazard classification of occupancy does

not define the fire hazard present in all areas of that occupancy. If more hazardous

processes or areas exist within a given occupancy, protect these areas in

accordance with the fire protection requirements pertaining to the hazard

classification of that area. Determine the classification for unlisted occupancies

from the definitions or by comparison with one of the listed occupancies.

Light Hazard Occupancies

Occupancies or portions of occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of

the contents are low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.

Small, scattered amounts of flammable liquids in closed containers are allowable

in quantities not exceeding 5 gal per fire area. Examples of this classification

include: offices, churches, gymnasiums, and child development centers.

Ordinary Hazard, Group 1

Occupancies or portions of occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of

combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft, and fires

with moderate rates of heat release are expected. Modest, scattered amounts of

flammable liquid, in closed containers are allowable in quantities not to exceed 20

gal per fire area. Examples of this classification include: kitchens and bakeries,

sheet metal shops, laundries, parking garages, theatres and auditoriums.

Ordinary Hazard, Group 2

Occupancies or portion of occupancies where quantity and combustibility of


contents is moderate, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft, and fires with moderate rate

of heat release are expected. Moderate, scattered amounts of flammable liquids in

closed containers are allowable in quantities not exceed 50 gal per fire area. Small

amounts of flammable liquids may be exposed as required by normal operations.

Examples of this classification include: department stores, supermarkets,

electrical maintenance shops, laboratories and switchgear rooms.

Special Occupancies

Special occupancies are facilities or areas that cannot be assigned a specific

classification because of special protection requirements. Refer to the appropriate

NFPA codes and standards. Examples of this classification include: warehouses

and aircraft hangars.


9. FIRE FLOW DEMAND FOR UNSPRINKLERED FACILITIES

Refer to Appendix C of the Department of Defense’s Unified Facilities Criteria,

Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities for a description and examples of the

procedure to use to determine fire flow demand for unsprinklered facilities.


10. PERFORMANCE BASED FIRE SAFETY DESIGN

Refer to Appendix D of the Department of Defense’s Unified Facilities Criteria,

Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities for a description of the procedure to use

to implement performance based fire safety design.


11. CODES AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL RESOURCES

29 CFR 1910.27, Fixed Ladders, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html 29 CFR 1910.109, Explosives and Blasting Agents, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html 385-100, Safety Manual, Department of the Army, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Bldg 4D, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-5094 A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, ASME International, Three Park Ave. New York, NY, 10016-5990, 1-800-843-2763 ADAAG, Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines, United States Access Board, http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm AFMAN 91-201, Explosives Safety Standard, Department of the Air Force, http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/ AR 385-64, Explosives Safety Program, Department of the Army, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Bldg 4D, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-5094 ASTM E 84, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA, 19428, www.astm.org ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA, 19428, www.astm.org ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750ºC, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA, 19428, www.astm.org ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA, 19428, www.astm.org B1.20.1, Pipe Thread, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1819 L Street, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC, 20036, www.ansi.org DOD 6055.9-STD, DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards,


Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Service, http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/ EM-385-1-1, Safety and Health Requirements Manual, Department of the Army, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Bldg 4D, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-5094 FED-STD-795, Uniform Federal Accessibility Act, United States Access Board, http://www.access-board.gov/ufas/ufas-html/ufas.htm FMDS 1-20, Protection Against Exterior Fire Exposure, Factory Mutual Global (FM), 1301 Atwood Ave., PO Box 7500, Johnston, RI, 02919 FMDS 1-23, Protection of Openings in Fire Subdivisions, Factory Mutual Global (FM), 1301 Atwood Ave., PO Box 7500, Johnston, RI, 02919 FMDS 1-53, Anechoic Chambers, Factory Mutual Global (FM), 1301 Atwood Ave., PO Box 7500, Johnston, RI, 02919 FMDS 5-4, Transformers, Factory Mutual Global (FM), 1301 Atwood Ave., PO Box 7500, Johnston, RI, 02919 FMDS 8-33, Carousel Storage and Retrieval Systems, Factory Mutual Global (FM), 1301 Atwood Ave., PO Box 7500, Johnston, RI, 02919 Guidance for Family Housing Master Plans, (memorandum) 14 January 2002, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, International Building Code (IBC), International Code Council (ICC), 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600, Falls Church, VA, 22041, www.icc-safe.org Manual M 14, Recommended Practice for Backflow Prevention and Cross Connection Control, American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO, 80235 Manual M31, Distribution System Requirements for Fire Protection, American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO, 80235 MIL-F-24385F, Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film-forming Foam (AFFF) Liquid Concentrate, for Fresh and Seawater, Department of the Navy, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 Robbins Ave, Bldg 4D, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-5094 NAVSEA OP-5, Ammunition and Explosives Ashore Safety Regulations for Handling, Storing, Production, Renovation, and Shipping,


NFPA 1, Fire Prevention Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org

NFPA 11, Low-Expansion Foam, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 11A, Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 12, Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 13, Installation of Sprinkler Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 13R, Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 13D, Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 14, Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant, and Hose Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 15, Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 16, Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 17, Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 17A, Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems, National Fire Protection


Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 24, Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 37, Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 51, Design and Installation of Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 55, Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, cylinders, and Tanks, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 70, National Electric Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 75, Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,


MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 80, Fire Doors and Fire Windows, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 80A, Protection of Buildings From Exterior Fire Exposures, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 88A, Parking Structures, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org

NFPA 90A, Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 90B, Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 96, Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 99, Health Care Facilities, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 99B, Hypobaric Facilities, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 102, Grandstands, Folding and Telescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 211, Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 220, Types of Building Construction, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 230, Standards for the Fire Protection of Storage, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org


NFPA 241, Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 256, Fire Test of Roof Coverings, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 303, Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 307, Construction and Fire Protection of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 312, Fire Protection of Vessels During Construction, Repair, and Lay-Up, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 430, Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 434, Storage of Pesticides, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 490, Storage of Ammonium Nitrate, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 501A, Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Site and Communities, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist fire Protection Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269- 9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 1963, Fire Hose Connections, National Fire Protection Association


(NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 2001, Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA 8503, Pulverized Fuel Systems, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org NFPA Handbook, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org Planning and Design Guide for Secure Adult and Juvenile Facilities, 1999, American Correctional Association (ACA), 4380 Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD, 20706-4322, 1-800-222-5646 SS 521-AA-MAN-010, U.S. Navy, diving and Manned Hyperbaric Systems Safety Certification Manual, TI 800-01, Design Criteria, Appendix G, Department of the Army, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 Robbins Avenue, Bldg 4D, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-5094 UFC 3-230-10A, Water Supply: Water Distribution, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 3-230-02, Water Supply Systems, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 3-460-01, Petroleum Fuel Facilities, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-010-01, DOD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-150-02, Dockside Utilities, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-151-10, Waterfront Construction, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-152-01, Piers and Wharves, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-159-01N, Hyperbaric Facilities, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-213-10, Graving Drydocks, Unified Facilities Criteria Program,


http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-213-12, Drydocking Facilities Characteristics, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-442-01N, Covered Storage, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-451-10N, Hazardous Waste Storage, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-510-01, Medical Military Facilities, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UFC 4-740-14, Child Development Centers, Unified Facilities Criteria Program, http://dod.wbdg.org UL 790, Safety Tests for Fire Resistance of Roof Covering Materials, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL, 30062-2096 UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, Underwriters Laboratory (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL, 30062-2096 USC Title 10, Section 1794, Military Child Care, Office of the Law Revision Counsel, http://uscode.house.gov/ USC Title 15, Section 272, Utilization of Consensus Technical Standards by Federal Agencies, Office of the Law Revision Counsel, http://uscode.house.gov/ USC Title 15, Section 2225, Hotel-Motel Fire Safety, Office of the Law Revision Counsel, http://uscode.house.gov/ USC Title 15, Section 2227, Fire Administration Authorization Act, (also referred to as the "Fire Safety Act,") Office of the Law Revision Counsel, http://uscode.house.gov/
