chapter 3: nuclear chemistry
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 3: Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity Nuclear Equations Radiation Detection Half-Life Medical Applications Fission & Fusion. -. -. -. +. +. +. Isotopes of Hydrogen. Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but having different masses. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. H. H. H. Protium - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3: Nuclear ChemistryChapter 3: Nuclear Chemistry
RadioactivityRadioactivity
Nuclear EquationsNuclear EquationsRadiation DetectionRadiation Detection
Half-LifeHalf-Life
Medical ApplicationsMedical Applications
Fission & FusionFission & Fusion
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Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of HydrogenIsotopes =Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but
having different masses.
11
21
31
H H H
++
--
++
--
++
--
Protium99.99%99.99%Protium99.99%99.99%
Deuterium0.01%0.01%
Deuterium0.01%0.01%
TritiumTrace %Trace %TritiumTrace %Trace %
Average Atomic weightAverage Atomic weight of Hydrogen = 1.007941.00794 amuamu
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Isotopes of CarbonIsotopes of Carbon
Average Atomic weightAverage Atomic weight of C= 12.01112.011 amuamu
98.89%98.89%
CC661212 CC66
1313CC66
1414
1.11%1.11% Trace %Trace %
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
--
--
----
--
++++
++++
++ ++
--
---- --
--++
++
++++
++ ++
--
--
--
----
--
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Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes
CC661414
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
--
----
--++
31
H--
Nucleus is unstableSo falls apart (decays)
Giving radioactive particles
Nucleus is unstableSo falls apart (decays)
Giving radioactive particles
Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-3Carbon-14Carbon-14
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Radioactive Isotopes in MedicineRadioactive Isotopes in Medicine
TcTc434399m99m
123123 5353
II
131131 5353
II
60602727
CoCo
Diagnose thyroid functionDiagnose thyroid function
Treat hyperthyroid Treat hyperthyroid (destroys cells)(destroys cells)
Destroy tumors Destroy tumors (( radiation) radiation)
Diagnose bone, tissue Diagnose bone, tissue (most common)(most common)
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Alpha DecayAlpha Decay
PbPb8282206206 ++
++
++++
++ ++
2102108484 Po
44
22HeHe ++ ++
ParticleParticle
2102108484 Po PbPb8282
206206 + 44
22HeHe
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Beta DecayBeta Decay
NN771414
141466 CC
00
-1-1ee --
ParticleParticle++
++
++++
++ ++ ++++
++++
++ ++++
++ - -
11
00nn
11
11HH +
00
-1-1ee
neutron proton electron
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Beta DecayBeta Decay
NN771414
141466 CC
00
-1-1ee --
ParticleParticle++
++
++++
++ ++ ++++
++++
++ ++++
++ - -
+00
-1-1ee1414
66 CC NN771414
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Gamma DecayGamma Decay
99m99m4343 TcTc decaydecay
++++
++++
++ ++ ++++
++++
++ ++
99994343 TcTc
+99m99m4343 TcTc TcTc4343
9999
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Radiation: Penetration through AirRadiation: Penetration through Air
++ ++
--
2 - 4 cm2 - 4 cm
200 - 300 cm200 - 300 cm
500 m500 m
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Radiation: ShieldingRadiation: Shielding
++ ++
--
Paper Paper ClothCloth
Heavy Heavy ClothCloth
Pb, thick Pb, thick concreteconcrete
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++ ++
--
Tissue Penetration DepthTissue Penetration Depth
0.05 mm0.05 mm
4-5 mm4-5 mm
>50 cm>50 cm
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Nuclear EquationsNuclear Equations
2262268888 Ra RnRn8686
222222 + 44
22HeHe
Radon gas in BuildingsRadon gas in Buildings
PoPo8484218218 + 44
22HeHe
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1311315353 I XeXe5454
131131 + 00
-1-1ee
Thyroid check & treatmentThyroid check & treatment
Cancer TreatmentCancer TreatmentNuclear EquationsNuclear Equations
60602727 Co NiNi2828
6060 + 00
-1-1ee
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Radiation DetectionRadiation Detection
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010disintegrations sec
1 Bq = 1 disintegration sec
# of disintegrations by of 1g Ra
ActivityActivityActivityActivity
Becquerel (Bq)Becquerel (Bq)
Curie (Ci)Curie (Ci):
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Radiation DetectionRadiation Detection
Absorbed DoseAbsorbed DoseAbsorbed DoseAbsorbed Dose
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Radiation DetectionRadiation Detection
++ ++
--
0.05 mm0.05 mm
4-5 mm4-5 mm
>50 cm>50 cm
Tissue Penetration DepthTissue Penetration Depth
Absorbed DoseAbsorbed DoseAbsorbed DoseAbsorbed Dose
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++ ++
--
0.05 mm0.05 mm
4-5 mm4-5 mm
>50 cm>50 cm
Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad) (D)Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad) (D): Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad) (D)Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad) (D):
1 rad = 1 rad = 1 x 101 x 10-2-2 JJ
1 kg tissue1 kg tissue1 rad = 1 rad = 1 x 101 x 10-2-2 JJ
1 kg tissue1 kg tissue1 rad = 1 rad = 2.4 x 102.4 x 10-3 -3 calcal
1 kg tissue1 kg tissue1 rad = 1 rad = 2.4 x 102.4 x 10-3 -3 calcal
1 kg tissue1 kg tissue
100 rad = 1 Gray (Gy)100 rad = 1 Gray (Gy)100 rad = 1 Gray (Gy)100 rad = 1 Gray (Gy)
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Radiation DetectionRadiation Detection
Biological Damage Biological Damage Biological Damage Biological Damage
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Radiation Equivalent for Man (rem)Radiation Equivalent for Man (rem)
1 rem1 rem = 1 rad x RBERBE
RBERBE2020
11
11
RBERBE2020
11
11
Damage (rem) = absorbed dose (rad) X Damage (rem) = absorbed dose (rad) X factorfactor
(relative biological effectiveness)(relative biological effectiveness)
100 rem100 rem = 1 sievert (Sv)
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Annual Radiation Exposure in USAAnnual Radiation Exposure in USA
Ground = 15 mrem
Air, H2O, Food = 30 mrem
Cosmic = 40 mremCosmic = 40 mrem
Wood,concrete,bricks = 50 mremWood,concrete,bricks = 50 mrem
X-rays: Chest = 50 mremDental = 20
Smoking = 35 mrem
TV = 2 mrem
Radon = 200 mrem
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Biological Effects of RadiationBiological Effects of Radiation
Dose in remDose in rem0-250-25 genetic damage possible but genetic damage possible but usually undetectedusually undetected
25-10025-100 decrease # of white blood decrease # of white blood cells (temporary)cells (temporary)
100-200100-200 mild radiation sickness mild radiation sickness (vomit, diarrhea, strong decrease # (vomit, diarrhea, strong decrease # white blood cells)white blood cells)
>300>300 (diarrhea, hair loss, infection) (diarrhea, hair loss, infection)
500500 LDLD50 50 for humansfor humans
Dose in remDose in rem0-250-25 genetic damage possible but genetic damage possible but usually undetectedusually undetected
25-10025-100 decrease # of white blood decrease # of white blood cells (temporary)cells (temporary)
100-200100-200 mild radiation sickness mild radiation sickness (vomit, diarrhea, strong decrease # (vomit, diarrhea, strong decrease # white blood cells)white blood cells)
>300>300 (diarrhea, hair loss, infection) (diarrhea, hair loss, infection)
500500 LDLD50 50 for humansfor humans
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300 300 LDLD50 50 for dogsfor dogs
500500 LDLD50 50 for humansfor humans
800 800 LDLD50 50 for ratsfor rats
50,000 LD50,000 LD50 50 for Bacteriumfor Bacterium
100,000 LD100,000 LD50 50 for Insectsfor Insects
Biological Effects of RadiationBiological Effects of RadiationDose in remDose in rem
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Half-LifeHalf-Life
tt1/21/2 = Time for 1/2 sample to decay = Time for 1/2 sample to decay
m = g(0.5)tm = g(0.5)t
1311315353 I
20 g
tt1/21/2 = =
8 days8 days10 g
8 days8 days
5 g
Mass remaining
Beginning mass
# of half lifes
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m = g(0.5)ttm = g(0.5)tt
1311315353 I
20. g
tt1/21/2 = =
8 days8 days10. g
8 days8 days
5.0 g
How much I-131 will be left after 72 days?How much I-131 will be left after 72 days?
Half-LifeHalf-Life
= 20. g(0.5)9= 20. g(0.5)9
72 days 1
1 half-life = 8 days
99 half-lifes
= .039 g= .039 g
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Positron Emission TomographyPositron Emission Tomography
PETPET
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FissionFission
23592 U
10
n 23692 U
+
9136Kr
14256Ba
unstable
Splitting atoms for Energy
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FissionFission
Need critical mass of U-235
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42
He
FusionFusion
21 H
31
H++
++
DeuteriumDeuterium
TritiumTritium
++ ++ + +
10
n
Combining atoms for Energy
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FusionFusion
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