Fig. 2-0

Fig. 2-0a

Fig. 2-0b

Fig. 2-0c

Fig. 2-1

Fig. 2-2a

Fig. 2-2b

Fig. 2-3

Sodium ChlorideChlorineSodium

+

Fig. 2-3a

Sodium

Fig. 2-3b

Chlorine

Fig. 2-3c

Sodium Chloride

Fig. 2-4a

Electroncloud

Protons

2e–Nucleus

Electrons

Massnumber = 4Neutrons

2

2

2

Fig. 2-4b

Electroncloud

Protons

6e–

Nucleus

Electrons

Massnumber = 12Neutrons

6

6

6

Table 2-4

Fig. 2-5a

Fig. 2-5b

Healthy brain Alzheimer’s patient

Fig. 2-6

Magnesium

Lithium

Hydrogen

Thirdshell

Firstshell

Secondshell

Sodium

Beryllium

Aluminum

Boron

Silicon

Carbon

Phosphorus

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Oxygen

Chlorine

Fluorine

Argon

Neon

Helium

Fig. 2-7a-1

NaSodium atom

Transfer ofelectron

ClChlorine atom

Fig. 2-7a-2

NaSodium atom

Transfer ofelectron

ClChlorine atom

Na+

Sodium ionCl–

Chloride ion

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

+ –

Fig. 2-7b

Na+

Cl–

Fig. 2-8

Fig. 2-8a

Fig. 2-8b

Fig. 2-9

(–) (–)

O

HH

(+) (+)

Fig. 2-10

Hydrogen bond

Fig. 2-11

Fig. 2-12

Fig. 2-13a

Liquid waterHydrogen bonds

constantly break and re-form

IceHydrogen bonds

are stable

Hydrogen bond

Fig. 2-13b

Fig. 2-14

Ion insolution

Saltcrystal

Fig. 2-15

Acidic solution

pH scale

Battery acid

0

1

2

3

4

5

Lemon juice, gastric juice

Grapefruit juice, soft drink,vinegar, beer

Tomato juice

Rain water

Human urine

Saliva

Pure water

6

7

Human blood,tears

Seawater

8

9

10

11

12

13

Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Household bleach

Oven cleaner

Neutral solution

Basic solution

NEUTRAL[H+]=OH–]

Incr

ea

sin

gly

AC

IDIC

(Hig

he

r c

on

cen

tra

tio

n o

f H

+)

14

Incr

ea

sin

gly

BA

SIC

(Lo

we

r c

on

cen

trat

ion

of

H+)

Fig. 2-15a

Acidic solution Neutral solution Basic solution

Fig. 2-16

Fig. 2-17

August 1999 September 2005

New deposit

Fig. 2-18

2 H2 O2 2 H2O

Fig. 2-UN1

Fig. 2-UN2

electron transferbetween atoms

creates

electron sharingbetween atoms

creates

ChemicalBonds

atomic number ofeach element

water

nonpolarcovalent bonds

(e)ions

(f) (g)

(h)

attraction betweenions creates

unequalsharing creates

can lead toexample is

equalsharing creates

has importantqualities due

to polarity and

have positivelycharged have neutral

have negativelycharged

number in outershell determines

formation of

number maydiffer in

number presentequals

(a)

Atoms

(b) (c)

(d)

Fig. 2-UN2a

atomic number ofeach element

have positivelycharged have neutral

have negativelycharged

number in outershell determines

formation of

number maydiffer in

number presentequals

(a)

Atoms

(b) (c)

(d)

Fig. 2-UN2b

electron transferbetween atoms

creates

electron sharingbetween atoms

creates

ChemicalBonds

water

nonpolarcovalent bonds

(e)ions

(f) (g)

(h)

attraction betweenions creates

unequalsharing creates

can lead toexample is

equalsharing creates

has importantqualities due

to polarity and

Fig. 2-UN3

Potassium atomFluorine atom