Chapter 27Chapter 27

Discussion and ReviewDiscussion and Review

Compare the situations of the Ottoman and Qing Empires in the Compare the situations of the Ottoman and Qing Empires in the nineteenth century and their responses to the European nineteenth century and their responses to the European

challenge.challenge. The Ottoman empire The Ottoman empire

It was geographically close to Europe and fairly early began reforms It was geographically close to Europe and fairly early began reforms designed to maintain an equilibrium with Europe. designed to maintain an equilibrium with Europe.

Those reforms included financial and military modernization, standardizing Those reforms included financial and military modernization, standardizing taxation, control the provincial governors and eliminating the influence of taxation, control the provincial governors and eliminating the influence of religious elites from much of the state and the economy.religious elites from much of the state and the economy.

Janissaries were the most persistent opponent Janissaries were the most persistent opponent QingQing

Distant from Europe, both geographically and ideologically, the Qing Empire Distant from Europe, both geographically and ideologically, the Qing Empire began reform efforts so late that even the central territories could not unite began reform efforts so late that even the central territories could not unite against European pressure. against European pressure.

The Russian state, which bordered both empires, was important in the fate The Russian state, which bordered both empires, was important in the fate of each. of each.

Being on the eastern border of Russia, the Qing failed to see a connection Being on the eastern border of Russia, the Qing failed to see a connection between Russian expansion and European seaborne expansion to the between Russian expansion and European seaborne expansion to the southeast, and were consequently less prepared for the European southeast, and were consequently less prepared for the European challenge.challenge.

The Janissary revolt in Serbia taught Ottoman leaders that The Janissary revolt in Serbia taught Ottoman leaders that reform had to be more systematic. The Ottoman response reform had to be more systematic. The Ottoman response was the Tanzimat Reforms. Describe those reforms, and was the Tanzimat Reforms. Describe those reforms, and

evaluate their effectiveness.evaluate their effectiveness. The Tanzimat (restructuring) Reforms The Tanzimat (restructuring) Reforms

guaranteed political rights that were similar in some ways to those in the guaranteed political rights that were similar in some ways to those in the Magna Carta but restricted to men and the public sphere. Magna Carta but restricted to men and the public sphere.

The guarantees covered the right to public trials, equal protection under the The guarantees covered the right to public trials, equal protection under the law for all religious persuasions, equal eligibility of men for military service, law for all religious persuasions, equal eligibility of men for military service, education reform (preferred French text), and new tax collection methods, education reform (preferred French text), and new tax collection methods, which eliminated the outdated tax farming system.which eliminated the outdated tax farming system.

Effects of the reform on womenEffects of the reform on women Decreased their status; seclusion of women symbolized Turkish nativism Decreased their status; seclusion of women symbolized Turkish nativism

and Muslim traditionand Muslim traditionOverall effectOverall effect

Extraterritoriality was a practice of the Europeans which allowed them to live Extraterritoriality was a practice of the Europeans which allowed them to live under their own laws within Ottoman cities; also enjoyed tax breaks on under their own laws within Ottoman cities; also enjoyed tax breaks on imports and establish banksimports and establish banks

The Ottoman Empire thus became a leader in secular reforms within the The Ottoman Empire thus became a leader in secular reforms within the Islamic world and developed a system that most nearly resembled a Islamic world and developed a system that most nearly resembled a constitution. The reforms helped modernize the empire.constitution. The reforms helped modernize the empire.

What were the causes of the Crimean War (1853-1856)?What were the causes of the Crimean War (1853-1856)?

RussiaRussiaRussia had been geographically pressuring the Russia had been geographically pressuring the

Ottoman Empire for several decades before the Ottoman Empire for several decades before the Crimean War and exploited the weakness of the Crimean War and exploited the weakness of the Ottoman empire. Ottoman empire.

In 1805, It had undermined Ottoman control in In 1805, It had undermined Ottoman control in Serbia by threatening to intervene Serbia by threatening to intervene

Russia also seemed poised to continue seizing Russia also seemed poised to continue seizing Ottoman lands in the Balkans and Central Asia. Ottoman lands in the Balkans and Central Asia.

The tsars demanded recognition as the spiritual The tsars demanded recognition as the spiritual and political leaders of Orthodox Christians living and political leaders of Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman territories.in Ottoman territories.

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Backed by promises of support from Britain and Backed by promises of support from Britain and

France, the Ottomans refused Russian demands France, the Ottomans refused Russian demands and attempted to drive them from the region of and attempted to drive them from the region of present-day Romania. present-day Romania.

Britain and France joined the Ottomans in an Britain and France joined the Ottomans in an invasion of the Russian territory of Crimea.invasion of the Russian territory of Crimea.

Significance of the Crimean WarSignificance of the Crimean War Marked the transition to modern warfare (trench Marked the transition to modern warfare (trench

warfare, machine guns, grenades, etc.)warfare, machine guns, grenades, etc.)

Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people that explain the powerful British presence in China by 1842.that explain the powerful British presence in China by 1842.

Causes for discontentCauses for discontent By the early nineteenth century, Qing society had By the early nineteenth century, Qing society had

become overburdened by enormous population become overburdened by enormous population growth, resulting in a failing agricultural base, a growth, resulting in a failing agricultural base, a restless and urbanizing population, and a generally restless and urbanizing population, and a generally failing economy.failing economy.

BritainBritain The Qing, did not consider the British a serious threat. The Qing, did not consider the British a serious threat. To the Qing, the British were geographically distant To the Qing, the British were geographically distant

and uninterested in trade. and uninterested in trade. However the British were much more than mildly However the British were much more than mildly

interested, especially in luxury items such as tea and interested, especially in luxury items such as tea and silks. silks.

Opium trade and war 1839-1842Opium trade and war 1839-1842 The only item that the British could find to exchange was The only item that the British could find to exchange was

opium. opium. Although opium imports had long been banned by the Although opium imports had long been banned by the

Qing government, the ban was seldom enforced. Qing government, the ban was seldom enforced. By 1839, opium imports and drug-related problems By 1839, opium imports and drug-related problems

increased enormously, and the Qing decided to begin increased enormously, and the Qing decided to begin enforcing the ban. enforcing the ban.

The British considered enforcement a restraint on trade The British considered enforcement a restraint on trade and an assault on British economic well-being. and an assault on British economic well-being.

Therefore, they sent their naval and marine forces (gun Therefore, they sent their naval and marine forces (gun boats) to China, to attack Chinese coastal cities; boats) to China, to attack Chinese coastal cities; Chinese forces, Bannermen, who fought with traditional Chinese forces, Bannermen, who fought with traditional weapons were no matchweapons were no match

The Treaty of Nanking solidified British power by The Treaty of Nanking solidified British power by granting the British rights of residence in Chinese “treaty granting the British rights of residence in Chinese “treaty ports,” a low tariff on British imports, and Hong Kong ports,” a low tariff on British imports, and Hong Kong became a British colony.became a British colony.

What was the most obvious demonstration of the Chinese What was the most obvious demonstration of the Chinese people’s dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain the causes people’s dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain the causes and results of that Nineteenth-century Qing China unrest.and results of that Nineteenth-century Qing China unrest.

The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Beginning in the Guangxi region, the rebellion was sparked by Beginning in the Guangxi region, the rebellion was sparked by

an unstable agricultural base and a population that increasingly an unstable agricultural base and a population that increasingly relied on odious labor, such as carrying human waste. relied on odious labor, such as carrying human waste.

Influenced by Protestant Christianity, the Hakka (a minority Influenced by Protestant Christianity, the Hakka (a minority group) led by Hong Xiuquan, a failed candidate in the group) led by Hong Xiuquan, a failed candidate in the examination system, saw himself as a younger brother of examination system, saw himself as a younger brother of Jesus, destined to drive the Qing from China. Jesus, destined to drive the Qing from China.

Hong gathered different ethnic and economic groups to fight Hong gathered different ethnic and economic groups to fight against the Qing. against the Qing.

The movement was unique in its use of women in warrior The movement was unique in its use of women in warrior brigades. brigades.

Other villages feared the rebellion’s mix of warrior women, Other villages feared the rebellion’s mix of warrior women, totalitarian rule, and bizarre foreign ideology. totalitarian rule, and bizarre foreign ideology.

Taiping armies controlled the countryside and captured the city Taiping armies controlled the countryside and captured the city of Nanjing, where they barricaded themselves against imperial of Nanjing, where they barricaded themselves against imperial forces during a ten-year siege.forces during a ten-year siege.

European Reactions to the Taiping rebellion European Reactions to the Taiping rebellion The Qing government was now heavily indebted to The Qing government was now heavily indebted to

Britain and France, and these European powers Britain and France, and these European powers feared that the Taipings might succeed in the war to feared that the Taipings might succeed in the war to overthrow the Qing empire. overthrow the Qing empire.

At first they hesitated to attack the Taipings, because At first they hesitated to attack the Taipings, because they understood the Taipings to be Christians. they understood the Taipings to be Christians.

However, they soon concluded that the Taipings were However, they soon concluded that the Taipings were not true Christians. not true Christians.

When the Crimean War was ended in 1856, Britain When the Crimean War was ended in 1856, Britain and France were free to turn their attention to China. and France were free to turn their attention to China.

They briefly attacked Qing port cities as punishment They briefly attacked Qing port cities as punishment for Qing reluctance to fulfill the obligations of previous for Qing reluctance to fulfill the obligations of previous treaties, then threw themselves into the war against treaties, then threw themselves into the war against the Taipings, on the side of the Qing. By 1864 the the Taipings, on the side of the Qing. By 1864 the Taiping Rebellion was suppressed.Taiping Rebellion was suppressed.

How did Japan’s reaction to the Euro-American presence differ How did Japan’s reaction to the Euro-American presence differ from the responses of other Eurasian nations?from the responses of other Eurasian nations?

Tokagawa JapanTokagawa Japan Like other Eurasian nations, the Tokugawa shogunate was well established Like other Eurasian nations, the Tokugawa shogunate was well established

but suffered from a declining economy and agricultural base and from but suffered from a declining economy and agricultural base and from governmental corruption. governmental corruption.

Japan closed its borders to foreigners and prohibited the Japanese travel Japan closed its borders to foreigners and prohibited the Japanese travel abroad because of its inability to resist invasionsabroad because of its inability to resist invasions

Like other nations, Japan also faced the shock of military and economic Like other nations, Japan also faced the shock of military and economic encounters with Europeans and Americans. encounters with Europeans and Americans.

Effects of DecentralizationEffects of Decentralization What made the Japanese reaction unique was the decentralized nature of What made the Japanese reaction unique was the decentralized nature of

the Tokugawa government, which prevented Japan from instituting reforms the Tokugawa government, which prevented Japan from instituting reforms at the top. at the top.

Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration Contact with the West ultimately led to the disintegration of the Japanese Contact with the West ultimately led to the disintegration of the Japanese

political system and the Meiji Restoration. political system and the Meiji Restoration. Meiji Japan featured a revolutionary centralized and efficient national Meiji Japan featured a revolutionary centralized and efficient national

government and restored political power to the emperor.government and restored political power to the emperor. It instituted reforms in education and promoted military and industrial It instituted reforms in education and promoted military and industrial

expansion that would enable the Japanese to compete with Europeans and expansion that would enable the Japanese to compete with Europeans and Americans in a very short span of time.Americans in a very short span of time.

What were the immediate and the long-term results of the What were the immediate and the long-term results of the Tokugawa shogunate’s response to the threat of Euro-Tokugawa shogunate’s response to the threat of Euro-

American invasions?American invasions?

Problems in the Tokugawa Problems in the Tokugawa Like the Qing and Ottoman Empires, Tokugawa Japan tried to Like the Qing and Ottoman Empires, Tokugawa Japan tried to

strengthen its finances and military. strengthen its finances and military. However, because of the decentralized nature of Tokugawa However, because of the decentralized nature of Tokugawa

government and the growing power of regional leaders estranged government and the growing power of regional leaders estranged from Tokugawa favor and control, the Tokugawa government from Tokugawa favor and control, the Tokugawa government crumbled. crumbled.

Transformation of JapanTransformation of Japan When the shogunate agreed to sign an unequal treaty with the When the shogunate agreed to sign an unequal treaty with the

United States in 1858, many regional governors became opposed to United States in 1858, many regional governors became opposed to the Tokugawa and began to plan the overthrow of the shogunate.the Tokugawa and began to plan the overthrow of the shogunate.

Under the leadership of the domains of Choshu and Satsuma, the Under the leadership of the domains of Choshu and Satsuma, the rebel governors overthrew Tokugawa government, “restored” rebel governors overthrew Tokugawa government, “restored” Emperor Mutsuhito, and created a strong central government, which Emperor Mutsuhito, and created a strong central government, which completed the political, economic, and industrial transformation of completed the political, economic, and industrial transformation of Japan. Within decades, Japan became a world naval power.Japan. Within decades, Japan became a world naval power.