chapter 26 early earth and the origin of life. phylogeny traces life backward to common ancestors....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 26 Early Earth and the Origin of Life
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Phylogeny Traces life backward to common
ancestors. How did life get started?
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Fossil Record Earliest - 3.5 billion years old. Earth - 4.5 billion years old. Point - Life on earth started relatively
soon after the earth was formed.
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Chemical Evolution The evolution of life by abiogenesis.
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Steps
1. Monomer Formation
2. Polymer Formation
3. Protobiont Formation
4. Origin of Heredity
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Primitive Earth Conditions Reducing atmosphere present. Simple molecules
Ex: H2O, CH4, H2, NH3
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Complex Molecule Formation Requires energy sources:
UV radiation Radioactivity Heat Lightning
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Oparin and Haldane 1920s Hypothesized steps of chemical
evolution from primitive earth conditions.
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Miller and Urey, 1953 Tested Oparin and Haldane’s
hypothesis. Experiment - to duplicate primitive earth
conditions in the lab.
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Results Organic monomers formed including
Amino Acids.
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Other Investigator's Results All 20 Amino Acids Sugars Lipids Nucleotides ATP
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Hypothesis Early earth conditions could have
formed monomers for life's origins.
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Polymer Synthesis Problem:
Monomers dilute in concentration. No enzymes for bond formation.
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Possible Answer
1. Clay
2. Iron Pyrite
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Explanation Lattice to hold molecules, increasing
concentrations. Metal ions present which can act as
catalysts.
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Protobionts Aggregates of abiotically produced
molecules. Exhibit some properties of life.
Ex: Osmosis, Electrical Charge, Fission
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Protobiont Formation Proteinoids + H2O microspheres
Liposomes + H2O lipid membranes
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Coacervates Colloidal droplets of proteins, nucleic
acids and sugars surround by a water shell.
Will form spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compounds.
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Summary Protobionts have membrane-like
properties and are very similar to primitive cells.
Start for selection process that lead to cells?
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Question? Where did the energy come from to run
these early cells?
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Answer ATP. Reduction of sulfur compounds. Fermentation. Rs and Ps developed much later.
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Genetic Information DNA RNA Protein Too complex for early life. Other forms of genetic information?
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RNA Hypothesis RNA as early genetic information.
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Rational RNA polymerizes easily. RNA can replicate itself. RNA can catalyze reactions including
protein synthesis.
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Ribozymes RNA catalysts found in modern cells. Possible relic from early evolution?
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Molecular Cooperation Interaction between RNA and the
proteins it made. Proteins formed may serve as RNA
replication enzymes.
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Molecular Cooperation Works best inside a membrane. RNA benefits from the proteins it made.
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Selection For RNA/protein complexes inside
membranes.
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DNA Developed later as the genetic information
Why? More stable than RNA
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Alternate Views
1. Panspermia
2. Volcanic Vents
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Panspermia Organic compounds for life from outer
space. Brought to earth by comets and
meteorites.
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Evidence Organic molecules are found in space
and in meteorites.
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Volcanic Vents Could easily supply the energy and
chemical precursors for chemical evolution.
Evidence – ecosystems that are around the sea floor volcanic vents.
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Modern Earth Oxidizing atmosphere. Life present. Prevents new abiotic formation of life.
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Hypothesis Life as a natural outcome of chemical
evolution. Life possible on many planets in the
universe.
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Kingdom Highest Taxonomic category Old system - 2 Kingdoms
1. Plant
2. Animal
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5 Kingdom System R.H. Whittaker - 1969 System most widely used today.
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Main Characteristics Cell Type Structure Nutrition Mode
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Monera Ex: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria Prokaryotic
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Protista Ex: Amoeba, Paramecium Eukaryotic Unicellular or Colonial Heterotrophic
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Fungi Ex: Mushrooms, Molds Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophic - external digestion Cell wall of chitin
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Plantae Ex: Flowers, Trees Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cell wall of Cellulose/Silicon
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Animalia Ex: Animals, Humans Eukaryotic Multicellular Hetrotrophic - internal digestion No cell wall
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Other Systems Multiple Kingdoms – split life into as
many as 8 kingdoms. Domains – a system of classification
that is higher than kingdom.
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3 Domain System Based on molecular structure for
evolutionary relationships. Prokaryotes are not all alike and should
be recognized as two groups. Gaining wider acceptance.
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3 Domains
1. Bacteria – prokaryotic.
2. Archaea – prokaryotic, but biochemically similar to eukaryotic cells.
3. Eucarya – the traditional eukaryotic cells.
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Summary Systematics is still evaluating the
evolutionary relationships of life on earth.
Be familiar with the conditions of primitive earth.
Know the steps of chemical evolution.
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Summary Recognize the 5 Kingdoms. Recognize alternate systems for
classification.