chapter 26 phylogeny and the tree of life. learning targets
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 26Phylogeny and The Tree of Life
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Learning Targets
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Focus Questions
1. What is binomial nomenclature? And why is it useful?
2. What are the taxanomic groups from domain to species?
3. Why must scientists sort homologies from analogies when making phylogenetic trees?
4. What are the three domains of life and how are they related to each other?
5. What problems are there with the old 5 kingdom system of classification?
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FIGURE 26.3
Species:Panthera pardus
Genus:Panthera
Family:Felidae
Order:Carnivora
Class:Mammalia
Phylum:Chordata
Domain:Bacteria
Kingdom:Animalia Domain:
ArchaeaDomain:Eukarya
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5 kingdom system is no longer valid…Why?
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FIGURE 26.7
Are they related? How would you know?
What would you look for?
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DNA USED AS INDICATOR OF RELATEDNESS…How is this done?
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FIGURE 26.8-1
1
2
1
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FIGURE 26.8-2
Deletion
Insertion
1
1
2
2
2
1
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FIGURE 26.8-3
Deletion
Insertion
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
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FIGURE 26.8-4
Deletion
Insertion
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
4
Alignment is
awesome!
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FIGURE 26.9
Even non-homologous chromosomes share ~ 25% of the genome
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FIGURE 26.11
TAXA Lancelet(outgroup)
Lamprey
Bass
Frog
Turtle
Leopard
Vertebralcolumn
(backbone)
Four walkinglegs
Hinged jaws
Amnion
Hair
Vertebralcolumn
Hinged jaws
Four walking legs
Amnion
Hair
(a) Character table (b) Phylogenetic tree
CH
AR
AC
TE
RS
La
nc
ele
t(o
utg
rou
p)
La
mp
rey
Ba
ss
Fro
g
Turt
le
Le
op
ard
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
Making a Cladogram…
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FIGURE 26.UN07
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FIGURE 26.21
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
COMMONANCESTOR
OF ALLLIFE
Land plants
Green algae
Red algae
ForamsCiliates
Dinoflagellates
Cellular slime moldsAmoebas
Animals
Fungi
EuglenaTrypanosomes
Leishmania
Sulfolobus
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Methanobacterium
Greennonsulfur bacteria
(Mitochondrion)
Spirochetes
Chlamydia
Cyanobacteria
Greensulfur bacteria
(Plastids, includingchloroplasts)
Diatoms
Look closely…which domains are more related to each other?
A branching tree?
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FIGURE 26.22
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Billions of years ago
4 3 2 1 0
Horizontal Gene transfer
mitochondrionchloroplast
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FIGURE 26.23
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
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Focus Questions
1. What is the difference between monophyletic, polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups?
2. What is the difference between orthologous and paralogous genes, why are they important?
3. What is the difference between shared derived characteristics and shared ancestral characteristics?
4. What is a molecular clock, how is it used?
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FIGURE 26.10
(a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group
Group
Group
Group
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Which is the correct way to classify?
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Branch point:where lineages diverge
ANCESTRALLINEAGE
This branch pointrepresents thecommon ancestor oftaxa A–G.
This branch point forms apolytomy: an unresolvedpattern of divergence.
Sistertaxa
Basaltaxon
Taxon A
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Taxon G
How to Read a phylogenetic Tree
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Determine shared bases
Compute possibilities and apply maximum parsimony
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Sometimes the results are surprising
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FIGURE 26.18
Formation of orthologous genes:a product of speciation
Formation of paralogous genes:within a species
Ancestral gene Ancestral gene
Ancestral species Species C
Speciation withdivergence of gene
Gene duplication and divergence
Orthologous genes Paralogous genes
Species A Species B Species C after many generations
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Not all molecular clocks run at the same rate
Mammalian Molecular Clock