CHAPTER 24 A WORLD IN FLAMES

CHAPTER 24: A WORLD IN FLAMES

ANNE FRANK

24.1 America and the World

24.2 World War II Begins

24.3 The Holocaust 24.4 America Enters

the War

24.1 AMERICA AND THE WORLD The Rise of

Dictators America Turns

to Neutrality

THE RISE OF DICTATORS The treaty that ended

WWI and the economic depression contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia.

Italy developed the first major dictatorship in Europe.

In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS Fascism was a kind of

aggressive nationalism. Fascists believed that

the nation was more important than the individual

They also believed a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military.

Facists were anti-Communist.

Mussolini and Hitler

THE RISE OF DICTATORS Backed by the

militia known as Blackshirts, Mussolini became the premier of Italy.

He became a dictator.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS In 1917 the Bolshevik Party,

led by Vladimir Lenin, established communism throughout the Russian empire.

The Russian territories were renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922.

The Communists set up a one-party rule.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS By 1926 Joseph Stalin

became the new Soviet dictator.

In 1927 he began a massive effort to industrialize the country.

Millions of peasants who resisted the Communist policies were killed.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS Poor economic

conditions led to the creation of the Nazi Party.

The Nazi Party was a new political party in Germany.

It was nationalistic and anti-Communist.

Adolf Hitler, a Nazi, called for Germany to be united.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS He believed the Aryans

were part of a “master race” destined to rule the world.

He wanted Eastern Europeans enslaved.

He blamed Jews for many of the world’s problems.

In 1933 Hitler was appointed prime minister of Germany.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS Storm troopers intimidated voters

into giving Hitler dictatorial powers.

THE RISE OF DICTATORS Poor economic conditions led many

Japanese citizens to want more territory to gain resources.

In 1931 the Japanese army invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria.

The army acted without the government’s permission.

The military took control of Japan.

AMERICA TURNS TO NEUTRALITY America began to support

isolationism because of: the rise of dictatorships

in Europe and Asia after WWI

the refusal of European countries to repay war debts

the Nye Committee findings that arms factories made huge profits and helped lead the U.S. into WWI

AMERICA TURNS TO NEUTRALITY Franklin D.

Roosevelt supported internationalism.

Internationalists believe that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war.

AMERICA TURNS TO NEUTRALITY Japan aligned itself with

Germany and Italy. These three countries

became known as the Axis Powers.

After Japan attacked China in 1937, FDR authorized the sale of weapons to China.

He claimed the Neutrality Act of 1937 did not apply because neither China nor Japan had actually declared war.

24.2 WORLD WAR II BEGINS

Peace in Our Time

The War Begins

Britain Remains Defiant

PEACE IN OUR TIME In February 1938, Adolf Hitler

threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts.

In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany.

The Sudetenland was an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population.

PEACE IN OUR TIME Hitler claimed the

Sudentenland for Germany despite Czech resistance.

France, USSR, and Britain threatened Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia.

At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and France agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement.

PEACE IN OUR TIME In March 1939, Germany

attacked Czechoslovakia. Hitler also demanded

Danzig–Poland’s Baltic Sea port.

He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor.

These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed.

THE WAR BEGINS On September 1, 1939,

Germany and the USSR invaded Poland.

On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany.

World War II had begun. The Germans used a

blitzkrieg, or lightening war, to attack Poland.

THE WAR BEGINS The Polish army was

defeated by October 5.

On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and Denmark.

Within a month, Germany overtook both countries.

THE WAR BEGINS After World War I, the

French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border.

Hitler attacked France by going around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

THE WAR BEGINS The French and British

tried to help Belgium but was trapped by German forces.

By June 4, the British and French evacuated Belgium through the French port of Dunkirk.

They crossed the English Channel, using ships of all sizes.

THE WAR BEGINS On June 22, 1940,

France surrendered to the Germans.

Germany installed a puppet government in France.

BRITAIN REMAINS DEFIANT Hitler thought that

Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered.

The British prime minister was Winston Churchill.

Germany had to defeat the British air force to invade Britain.

BRITAIN REMAINS DEFIANT In the Battle of

Britain, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, tried to destroy the British Royal Air Force.

The British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany.

BRITAIN REMAINS DEFIANT The British responded by

bombing Berlin, Germany. The Royal Air Force was

greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe.

The British had radar stations able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.

24.3 THE HOLOCAUST Nazi Persecution

of the Jews The Final Solution

NAZI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS The Nazis killed nearly 6 million

Jews and millions of others during the Holocaust.

The Hebrew term for the Nazi campaign to exterminate the Jews is Shoah.

The Nazis persecuted Jews, the disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavic peoples.

In September 1935, the Nuremberg Laws denied citizenship to Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans.

NAZI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS Jews were deprived of many rights. By 1936 at least half of Germany’s Jews

were jobless. Jewish persecution intensified on

November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass.”

Ninety Jews died. Hundreds were badly injured. Jewish businesses were destroyed. Over 180 synagogues were wrecked.

Between 1933 and 1939, many Jews escaped Nazi-controlled Germany.

Many emigrated to the U.S. Millions of Jews stayed trapped in Nazi

territory.

NAZI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS Jews were deprived of many rights.

By 1936 at least half of Germany’s Jews were jobless.

NAZI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS Jewish persecution

intensified on November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass.” Ninety Jews died. Hundreds were badly

injured. Jewish businesses were

destroyed. Over 180 synagogues

were wrecked.

NAZI PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS Between 1933 and 1939,

many Jews escaped Nazi-controlled Germany.

Many emigrated to the U.S.

Millions of Jews stayed trapped in Nazi territory.

INTERNMENT CAMPS

THE FINAL SOLUTION On January 20, 1942,

Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee Conference to decide the “final solution” of the Jews and other “undesirables.”

Jews were sent to concentration camps–detention centers where individuals worked as slave laborers.

THE FINAL SOLUTION Upon arrival, the prisoners

were soon divided into two groups: skilled laborers and unskilled laborer.

Skilled laborers were forced to work.

The unskilled Jews, the elderly, the sick, and young children were sent to extermination camps.

Gas chambers and ovens were used to kill the Jews.

THE FINAL SOLUTION Auschwitz was the

most famous extermination camp.

1, 600, 000 people were gassed at Auschwitz.

300, 000 were Poles, Soviet POWs, and gypsies.

The rest were Jews.

AUSCHWITZ ENTRANCE

AUSCHWITZ FENCES

AUSCHWITZ GATES “Work brings freedom”

AUSCHWITZ BUNKS

THE FINAL SOLUTION The Nazis built

concentration camps throughout Europe.

Extermination camps were built in many concentration camps, mostly in Poland.

Thousands were killed each day at these camps.

In only a few years, Jewish culture had been virtually obliterated by the Nazis.

AUSCHWITZ GAS CHAMBER

AUSCHWITZ OVENS

REMAINS AT AUSCHWITZ

24.4 AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

 FDR Supports England

The Isolationist Debate

 Edging Toward War

 Japan Attacks the United States

FDR SUPPORTS ENGLAND Roosevelt

declared the U.S. neutral.

The Neutrality Act of 1939 let countries buy weapons from the U.S.

The buyers had to pay cash and carry the arms away on their own ships.

FDR SUPPORTS ENGLAND Roosevelt found a

loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939.

He sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain.

The British gave the U.S. rights to build military bases at: Newfoundland Bermuda Caribbean islands.

THE ISOLATIONIST DEBATE American public

opinion shift in support of limited aid to the Allies.

The America First Committee opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies.

Roosevelt ran for a third term in the election of 1940.

THE ISOLATIONIST DEBATE The Republican

candidate was Wendell Willkie.

Both candidates promised to keep the U.S. neutral but assist the Allied forces.

Roosevelt won by a large margin. Wendell Willkie

EDGING TOWARD WAR  Roosevelt proposed the

Lend-Lease Act. It stated that the U.S. could

lend or lease arms to any country to help promote U.S. security.

Congress passed the act by a wide margin.

In June 1941, Hitler violated the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

He invaded the Soviet Union.

EDGING TOWARD WAR  Roosevelt developed the

hemispheric defense zone.

He declared the western half of the Atlantic part of the Western hemisphere and neutral.

This allowed the U.S. Navy to patrol the Atlantic and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.

In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the Atlantic Charter.

EDGING TOWARD WAR They committed to a postwar

world of: Democracy Nonaggression free trade economic advancement freedom of the seas.

A German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer.

Roosevelt ordered American ships to “shoot-on-sight” at German submarines.

Germans torpedoed and sank the American destroyer Reuben James.

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

Roosevelt’s primary goal was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany.

Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic.

Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire.

In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act.

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

It gave Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials–materials important for fighting a war.

Roosevelt blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.

The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy.

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

Roosevelt responded by freezing Japanese assets in the U.S. and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan.

He also sent General MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there.

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

The Japanese decided to: attack British and

Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia

seize the Philippines attack Pearl Harbor.

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

They sunk or damaging 21 U.S. ships killing 2,403 Americans and injuring hundreds more.

The next day, Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

FDR signs declaration of war

TEST TOMORROW!