Chapter 24

World War Looms

Things to Know

• Fascism/ Nazism/Totalitarianism

• Benito Mussolini/ Adolf Hitler/ Joseph Stalin

• Europe after WWI

• The German expansion

Dictators Threaten World Peace

The Failures of the Treaty of Versailles

1. Blamed Germany

2. The League of Nations was a paper tiger

3. Did nothing to help war torn areas

4. Carved up parts of Russia

Germany After WWI

Treaty of Versailles

Article 231

The Germans had to accept responsibility for all of the damage to which the Allied

governments and their people were subjected as a consequence of the war “imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her

allies”

The Ramifications

People felt cheated by the treaty

-Economic Turmoil/ Political Disorder/ Fear

1. Totalitarianism

2. Fascism & Nazism

Countries To Look At

• Soviet Union (USSR)

• Italy

• Germany

The Soviet Union Joseph Stalin

- 1924 (Lenin Dies)

- Stalin “Man of Steel”

1. Progress vs Human Rights

2. Police State (Secret Police)

3. Great Purges

a. 8-13 million dead

b. record holder

-Totalitarianism

Italy Benito Mussolini ‘Il Duce” (1883- 1945) 1. Early Life

- Son of a socialist ( blacksmith & teacher)

- Leader of the revolutionary left of the Socialist party

2. WWI

- Abruptly becomes a nationalist

- Kicked out of socialist party

-Joins the Army

3. The Leader

- The Black Shirts (terrorism to restore order)

- Elected to Parliament (National Fascist Party)

- Becomes Premier (slowly creates a dictatorship)

Fascism

What is Fascism?

1. Extreme nationalism

2. Military expansionism

3. Private property with strong government control

4. Nazism (Extreme Racism)

Fascism

Benito Mussolini The Doctrine of Fascism

“The man of Fascism is an individual who is nation and fatherland, which is a moral law, binding together individuals and the generations into a mission, suppression of the instinct for a life enclosed within the brief round of pleasure…A life in which the individual, through denial of himself, through the sacrifice of his own private interests, through death itself realizes the spiritual existence in which his value as a man lies.”

Benito Mussolini On Myth

“ We have created our myth. The myth is a faith, it is passion. It is not necessary that it shall be a reality…”

Hitler and Nazism

Germany

Germany Height of the Great Depression 6 million Germans Unemployed

Adolf Hitler

- Struggling Artist

- WWI

- Joins National Socialists 1919

a. Charismatic Speaker - Beer Hall - Jail

1. Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

a. Nazism

- Extreme nationalism

(racism)

Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf (Hitler’s Racism)

“Thus the highest purpose of the folkish state is the care for the preservation of those racial primal elements which, supplying culture, create the beauty and dignity of a higher humanity…”

“ Just as little as nature desires a mating between weaker individuals and stronger ones, far less she desires the mixing of of a higher race with a lower one…

Nuremberg Laws

1.Marriages between Jews and Germans are forbidden

2.Jews are forbidden to hoist the swastikas emblem

3.Jews are permitted to hoist a racial flag of their own with assurance of official protection

The Swastika

The National Socialist Commandment

The National Socialist Commandments

• The Fuhrer is always right

• Never go against discipline

• Let loyalty and unselfishness be your highest priority

Nazi Policies toward Women• Separate spheres for men and women

– Men work and fight for the Reich

– Women work and fight for family

• Kinder, Kirche, Kuche (children,church, kitchen)

• Before the war, keep them out of work and having babies to provide soldiers for the Reich– # of women allowed into university was restricted– Divorce made easier for childless couples– Aryan women offered interest free marriage loan – Medals(Any woman having more than 8 children received a gold

medal from Hitler personally)

• After 1936, need for labor prompted the state to prod women into the workforce and even into the military itself (# of female auxiliaries in German armed forces reached 500,000 by 1945)

Europe

• Britain • France• Rhineland• Spain • Austria • Czechoslovakia • Poland • Italy• Germany• Soviet Union

War in Europe

• The weak responses of world leaders to Hitler’s aggressive moves in the late 1930s

• How Germany started WWII

Austria and Czechoslovakia

November 5th 1937

-Hitler met with his most trusted military

advisors

1. Unite all German people

2. New living space (Lebensraum)

- Where would it come from?

Austria

February 1938

- Hitler invites Austrian chancellor (Kurt von Schuschnigg)

1. Forced Austrian leader to sign an agreement to bring

Austrian Nazis into his government

- Second thoughts

March 12th 1938

1. Hitler marches on Austria (Welcomed)

2. Forces Austrian leader to resign

Czechoslovakia

Sudetenland

- Mountainous German speaking area of Czechoslovakia

Spring 1938

- Hitler states that Czechs are abusing Germans in the

Sudetenland

- Germany masses troops

1. Britain and France

- Hitler meets with Neville Chamberlain & Eduard Daladier

1. The Munich Pact “last territorial demand”

-Appeasement

2. Sudetenland turned over to Hitler without a shot being fired

The German Offensive Begins

The Soviet Union

- non-aggression pact (August 23, 1939)

1. Hitler and Stalin (Stalin needs it!)

- Germany started moving east to Poland to expand

- The pact would allow Hitler to attack Poland

without the Soviets feeling Hitler was too close

for comfort

Blitzkrieg in Poland

September 1st 1939

- German planes dropped bombs like rain over Poland

- German tanks roared through the countryside

1. Blitzkrieg (lightning war)

- take enemies by surprise and crush them with

resounding force

2. Poland falls in three weeks

- Germany takes 2/3 of Poland - Russia takes what

remains

Poland Divided

The War Begins

Britain and France Declare War

On Germany, Sept 1, 1939

World War II Begins!

Blitzkrieg in Poland

The Phony War (sitzkrieg)

- For months nothing happened

- USSR breaks the peace

1. Takes back land lost after WWI

(Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland)

- Germany invades

(Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands, Belgium)

The Fall of France

Italy enters the war on the side of Germany and invaded France

Germany Invades France from the south

France Falls

- North (German occupied )

- South (Vichy France)

1. Marshal Henri Petain

- Real French government in England

1. Charles de Gaulle

The Fall of France

The Battle of Britain

Summer of 1940

The Battle of Britain

- Winston Churchill

- Only Britain left ( Hitler wants peace??)

1. Luftwaffe - Bombing runs over Britain

2. Every night for two months bombers pounded

London

- (RAF) fights back

The United States

The United States does not want war

Why???

1. The U.S. believed that greedy merchants and

arms dealers brought the U.S. into WWI

2. Anti-War Sentiment

- “Scholarship not Battle Ships”

The United States

The Neutrality Acts

1. Effort to keep U.S. out of war- Outlawed loans or sales of arms to nations at war

- Outlawed loans or sales of arms to nations in civil war

Would These Acts Work In A Fascist World ????

The Soviet Union

Hitler Invades The Soviet Union

June 1941

- Oil

- Hitler’s Beliefs

The United States

What does Roosevelt do?

Roosevelt breaks the acts

- Japan (Nationalist Government)

1. Attacks China

-sent arms to China

- Called for nations to quarantine aggressor

nations throughout the world

- Stay neutral (70% of the population wants this)

- Break the acts

The Holocaust

Things to Know

• Explain the reasons behind the Nazis’ persecution of the Jewish Community, as well as, the problems facing the Jews in Germany

• Describe the Nazis’ “final solution” to the what they stated as Jewish problem and the horrors of the Holocaust

Why The Jewish Community

1. Anti-Semitism had deep roots in German history

2. German people wanted a scapegoat for their loss in WWI

3. German people wanted a scapegoat for their poor economic condition

The Persecution Begins Law For The Restoration of The Professional Civil

Service (1933)

Article 3

“Civil servants of non-Aryan descent must retire in regards to the honorary officials, they must be discharged”

Germany removes all non-Aryans from government jobs

The Persecution Begins

Law Against The Overcrowding of German Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning (1933)

Article 2

“State governments will determine, at the beginning of each school year. How many pupils each school may accept and how many new students each university faculty may accept “

Non-Aryans are being denied an education

The Persecution Begins September 15th 1935

The Nuremberg Laws

Reich Citizenship Law

Article 1

“ A subject of the state is a person who enjoys the

protection of the German Reich…”

Article 2

“ A Reich citizen is a subject of the state who is of

German or related blood”

Non-Aryans are stripped of their civil rights

Kristallnacht November 9th 1938

Kristallnacht “The Night of Broken Glass”

-A way to eliminate the Jewish community from economics

1. Propaganda campaign

-Nazi storm troopers attack Jewish

homes and businesses

- After it was over Nazis blamed the Jews

1. 1,300 Synagogues burned

2. 7,000 businesses smashed

3. 236 Jews killed

Pictures 1 2 3 4

“Jewish dwellings were smashed into and contents demolished or looted. In one of the Jewish sections, an eighteen-year-old boy was hurled from a three-story window to land with both legs broken on a street littered with burning beds and other household furniture… Jewish shop windows by the hundreds were systematically and wantonly smashed throughout the city at a loss estimated at several million marks… the main streets of the city were a positive litter of shattered plate glass… the debacle was executed by SS men and Storm Troopers, not in uniform, each group having been provided with hammers, axes, crowbars, and bombs.”

Spievogel- Hitler and Nazi Germany (276)

Kristallnacht

Consequences

1.20,000 Jews blamed and thrown into concentration camps

2. Rubble ruined synagogues had to be cleared by

the community 3. A collective fine of one billion Marks

was imposed on the Jewish Community

The Plight of The Jewish Refugee

Thousands of Jews try to leave/ Nazis’ Jewish Question

Where do they go?

International indifference to the Jewish Refugee

France – 40,000

Great Britain – 500 per week

United States - 60,000

Why ?

The Plight of The Jewish Refugee

1.More refugees meant competition for jobs

2. Fear of German Spies

3. Anti-Semitism

Other Nazi Targets

• Gypsies • Freemasons • Jehovah's Witnesses • Homosexuals • Disabled

(Mentally/Physically) • Work Shy

Nazis and Eastern Europe

Untermenchen

- Subhuman

1. Term given to all non-Germans in the east

-Hundreds of thousands of

Poles were killed

1. Germans moved in

The Final Solution

Genocide

The Einsatzgruppen

- Nazi SS unit - Special death units

- Conquered areas

1. 1.2 million Jews killed

2. Babi Yar

The Final Solution

Hitler’s Plan to Murder the Jewish Population of Europe

Jan 20th 1942

Wannsee Conference

- Berlin

-“The Final Solution “

-“Evacuation to the East”

The Jewish Ghetto

The Jewish Ghettos

The Jewish community was deported to ghettos

What were the Ghettos like??

-Sealed off by barbed wire

-Located in the oldest part of town

-Dilapidated

-Lacked running water & toilets

-Barely enough food to stay alive

-6-7 people lived in every room

The Jewish Ghettos

Jewish Councils

- Made sure all Nazi orders are carried out

Jewish Resistance

- Very difficult

Warsaw

1. JFO

Jewish Fighting Organization

Death Camps

Auschwitz

We did not know which was the better side, right or left; which road led to prison and which to the crematory. But for the moment I was happy; I was near my father. Our procession continued to move slowly forward.

Another prisoner came up to us;

“Satisfied?”

Yes” someone replied

“Poor devils, you’re going to the crematory”

He seemed to be telling the truth. Not far from us, flames were leaping up from a ditch, gigantic flames. They delivered its load – little children. Babies! Yes, I saw It – saw it with my own eyes…those children in the flames…So this is where we were going . A little further on was another and larger ditch for adults.

I pitched my face. Was I still alive? Was I awake? I could not believe it. How could it be possible for them to burn people, children, and for the world to keep silent?

Millions Massacred

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

NaziMurders

Jews

Soviets

Gypsies

Disabled

The Survivors

Some Jews Escaped the Worst

1.Many who survived had help

2.Those who survived were forever changed

The United States Musters its Forces

The United States Musters its Forces

Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality

Sept 5th 1939

- Special Session of Congress

1. “Cash and Carry”

The Axis Threat

1940

Tripartite Pact (Axis Powers) Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

1. Germany/Italy/ Japan

-Aimed at keeping US out

of the war

- War on one is war on all

Building America’s Defenses

Problems *18 countries had better armies than U.S.

* Italy’s airforce had more power than U.S.

Solving Problems

-Congress boosts spending

-Reinstate the draft

1940-Roosevelt runs for another term and wins landmark third consecutive term in office!

The Lend Lease Plan

Britain cannot afford “Cash and Carry”

Lend Lease Act 1940

1. Lend arms to countries whose defense was

vital to our own

2. Spent 50 billion

- Great Britain

- Soviet Union

The German Response

Is the U.S. neutral ?

German Wolf Packs

- U-Boat Attacks

- April - May 1941

1. 1.2 million tons of cargo were sunk

2. Sinking ships faster than the British could make them

Planning For War

The Atlantic Charter

-Seek no territorial expansion

-Pursue no territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants

-Respect the right of people to choose their own form of government

-Promote free trade among nations

-Encourage international cooperation

The Shooting Begins

September 4th 1941

- German U-Boats sink a U.S.

Destroyer

1. Roosevelt orders U.S. ships to sink

U-Boats on sight

Third Week of September

- Germans sink

1. the Pink Star

2. the Kearny

3. the Ruben James

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

Japan Attacks the United States Japan is under a Nationalistic Government

1. Hideki Tojo

2. Hirohito

1941

- Japan moves into French Indo-China

U.S. protests

Japan –U.S. peace talks

1. “peace envoy”

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7th 1941

- Early Morning

1. Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor 1. hours of bombing

2. Japan decimated the US Navy

The Attack

1. Sunk or badly damaged 18 ships

2. Destroyed or severely damaged 350 planes

3. 2,400 people died

4. 1,178 were wounded

Roosevelt Speaks

“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”