2/3/15 6:39 PM

Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals

Congress of Vienna

1. Objective was to restore order in Europe

1. Restore conservative ideal (Monarchy)

2. Create a Balance of Power

3. Limit France

4. Peace

2. France got no major war punishments; Quadruple alliance tried to be lenient with France

and also giving more power to surrounding countries

3. Bourbon dynasty restored in France

4. Belgium and Holland got united under the Dutch Monarchy

1. Strengthen low countries

5. Prussia gained some land, leading to a more equal balance of power

6. Metternich-Austria’s foreign minister there

7. Castlereagh- Great Britain's Foreign minister

8. Calleigh was France’s

9. Very little map changes

10. Great powers Austria, Russia, France, Great Britain, Prussia

11. Russia wanted Poland, almost went to war with Austria

12. “Concert of Europe”- congress system to discuss problems in Europe-> 99 years of peace

Intervention and Repression

1. Movement to stop revolutions Burke- “Revolutions are not good”

2. Holy Alliance formed by Metternich (austral, Russia, Prussia), its mission was to stop

liberal and revolutionary ideas and to give more power to the church

3. Invaded and restored old monarchs to power Ex. Spain

4. Helped keep lid on revolutionary ideas

5. German confederation got the Carlsbad Decrees, which were issued my Metternich

6. They stopped revolutionary ideas in newspapers, and introduced a spy system to hunt

down revolutionary ideas

Metternich

1. The main conservative in Europe, and loyal to his class of nobility

2. Believed that liberalism would lead to unnecessary violent revolution

3. Thought the institutions of the Monarchy and Nobility were the best for Europe

a. Also thought that tradition was the basic source of human institutions

4. Liberalism also led to the creation of new nations, which was bad for Austria because it

contained many ethnic groups

5. Many ethnic groups in Austria was strong because it allowed a lot of land and population,

but was weak because each ethnic group wanted freedom

6. Supported Russian and Ottoman Empire

a. Both were absolutist states with powerful armies and long traditions of expansion

and conquest

b. Both were multinational empires made of many peoples

c. Both were conservative

Conservatism

1. Metternich was the main conservative, and loyal to his class of nobility

2. Have to uphold church, king, and nobility

3. Believed those institutions helped create order

4. Liberalism led to war and needed to stopped {Did not like the middle class}

1. Anti-Enlightenment

Nationalism

1. Did not like conservatism because they believed it would not help out their empire

2. Austria had allot of nationalistic people because most of their population came from

minty ethnic groups

3. Desire to create a nation, based on cultural unity

4. Huge movement based on cultural ties

5. Grows because industrialism created communication, which led to common interests

6. They also had a common language, mass education, shared sense of ideology

7. They believed in mainly liberalism

8. Mazzini- Nationalist father of Europe

9. Downfalls, violent conflict, and belief of national superiority

10. Positives, Country ruling own people

11. Liked self government, only if the people are tied to common traditions[same with

liberals]

Liberalism

1. Political: Civil Liberties

1. Equality

1. Of laws

1. Free Trial

2. Of Opportunity

1. Press, Speech, Religion

2. Pro-Enlightenment

3. Economic: Adam Smith [Capitalism] wrote “Wealth of nations”

1. Adopted in England, promoted industrial outcome

1. Some other liberals gave their critics

4. Narrowed Class interests

1. Wanted only rich landowning people to vide

5. These were the classical liberalism beliefs

6. Radical liberals wanted universal male suffrage and democracy

7. Demanded representative government, but not a full democracy

8. Outlawed labor unions

Socialism [French Utopianism]

1. Did not like capitalism, believed in government controlled economy

2. Went against some principles of liberalism

3. Some socialists did not like industrialism because they believed it furthered broke up

society

4. Wanted economic planning by government to help out the economy

5. Regulation/Abolishment of private property, people wanted more communal ownership

6. French workers were mainly onboard with this idea, and they did not like Laissez Faire,

but wanted government intervention

7. Saint Simon [French]

a. 2 classes

i. Parasites, which were lawyers, church, and government

1. They were believed to of caused all the problems in society

ii. Doers, which were mainly doctors, engineers, workers, industrialists

1. Believed that they should run the society

b. Key to progress was proper social organization

c. Main goal of social institutions was to help out the poor

8. Charles Fourier- Wrote about utopia

a. Self Sufficient comminutes

i. Pick the job you wanted

b. Created phalanx

i. Which were hotels were he enforced this kind of task

c. Emancipation of women, believed that marriage limited women therefore called

for the abolishment for it

d. Creating competition for people to work harder

9. Blanc

a. Universal voting rights for both men and women

i. Would lead to a more socialist society

b. Government sponsored workshops that helped run the economy

c. Wrote “Organization of Work”

10. Proudhon

a. Property is the profit stolen from workers, which creates a wealth gap

b. Wrote “What is property”

c. Abolishment of private property

d. Considered an Anarchist because he was really radical

11. Artists liked the guild system better, so they were on the socialist side

Communism [Marxism]

1. Communist Manifesto was the source of all communist ideas

2. Does not like that much of socialist ideas

3. Wrote Das Kapital

4. Anti-Semitic

5. Believed in the emancipation of women

6. No family, community raised children

7. Predicted violent revolution

8. Hagels thought that each period of time was a main idea, and every new time in history

comes with a new idea

9. Violent Revolution

Romanticism

1. Inspired by Rousseau

2. Ideas mainly went against classism, but went with more medieval style

3. Support on Emotion, individuality, nature, and creativity

4. Liked nature

a. John Constable

i. Thought nature was a source of Spiritual inspiration

5. Anti- Industrialists

a. Attack on nature

6. Early German Romantics

a. Called Strum und Drang(Storm and stress)

7. Hippies

8. Poetry

a. Expressed emotion

b. Organic and Dynamic view of the universe

c. Break rules

9. Frankenstein

a. Written by Mary Shelly

i. Showed the dangers of science

10. Most were antichristian

11. Their works of art helped spread nationalism

Literature

1. Romanticism first emerged in Britain

2. Writers

a. Wordsword

i. Influenced by Rousseau and the French revolution

ii. Worked with Coleridge

1. Both Published Lyrical Bollards, which gave a more vernacular

taste of poetry

iii. Wrote Daffodils, which showed his love for nature

b. Scott

i. Personified the romantic movement with history

ii. Influenced by German romanticism [Johann von Goethe]

iii. Translated his works

c. Stael

i. C

d. Hugo

i. Wrote Hunchback of Notre Dame

ii. Liked freedom of literature

1. Political Opinion was different from Wordsworth, more

conservative

e. Dupin or Sand

i. Wrote Romantic Novels

3. Romantics focused a bit more on peasant life

a. Grimm brothers

b. Puskin: Russian Poet

Art and Music

1. Eugene Delcrois

a. Brought Romantic themes to art

b. Massacre of Chios

i. Aimed to inspire people about the revolution in Greece

c. Liberty leading the people

2. Turner

a. Nature guy

i. “Shipwreck”

ii. “A Voyage of a Slave Ship”

3. Constable

a. Countryside Europe

4. Music had a larger impact

a. Liszt

i. Pianist

ii. Showed romantic emotion

iii. Increased range of intensity

b. Beethoven

i. Used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict

Revolution in Greece

1. Nationalism influenced the Greeks to rebel against the Turks

2. The Greek people were living under a Muslim rule, while they were Greek Orthodox

3. Alexander Ypsilanti leads the revolt

4. Metternich opposed

5. Many artist supported the Greeks because of their classic heritage

6. Turks refused to grant Greece’s freedom -> Battle of Naravrino -> Turks give up Greece

7. German prince was put on throne

Revolution of Great Britain

1. Britain was not very democratic

2. Nobility and the King were working together for their own self interests

3. Tory party- a political party that was conservative and tried to get rid of anything that was

radical

a. Tried to revise the Corn Laws, which were a set of laws that restricted the

importation of foreign grain

b. Led to the “Battle of Peterloo” which was a revolt against the corn laws

i. The Tory caused it with getting rid of Habeas Corpus, which was the right

of free trial

ii. Also had the six acts, which were a suspension of the freedom of speech

iii. Led to the Chartist Movement

4. Business owners wanted more liberal laws

a. Whig Party- A liberal political party in England that was mainly middle class

i. Campaigned for a Reform Bill of 1832

1. Allowed the House of Commons to be the most powerful

legislation

2. New industrial areas get equal representation in parliament

3. Getting rid of “rotten burrows”, which represented parliament

unfairly

4. More men could vote

b. The Reform bill allowed the revolution to subside

c. Workers were not happy with this bill

d. The Peoples Charter was created

i. Every man over 21 could vote

ii. Salary for holding office

iii. Amount of votes based on area

e. Rejected by parliament, led to a protest but failed

Ireland and the Potato Famine

1. Cultivation of the potato, Early Marriage, and exploitation of peasants allowed a large

population boom

2. This large population boom led to an increase need of the potato

3. Potato disease came, led to a lot of death and emigration

4. Another cause for emigration was the harsh treatment by Great Britain

a. Fueled nationalism and resentment of British Rule

Frances’s Revolutions

1. 1830

a. Louis 18th was brought back, bourbon dynasty was restored

b. Constitutional Charter passed

i. Liberal Constitutional Monarchy

ii. French Citizens got freedom of speech, but no democracy

iii. 1st and 2nd estates were still in power

iv. Chamber of Deputies (Parliament)

c. Louis died replaced by Charles the 10th[Reactionary]

i. Revocation of the constitutional charter and claimed divine right

ii. Passed the 4 ordinances

1. Censored press

2. Stripping Middle Class Voting Rights

3. Changed election laws

4. Held new elections

iii. Aligned himself with catholic church

iv. Invaded Algeria-> Not to promising

1. Marked rebirth of colonial expansion

v. “July Coo” Charles tried to overthrow the rest of the government during

July

vi. This led to an enraged population-> “Three Glorious Days”

vii. Three Glorious Days were a revolt and led to the abdication of Charles

d. Louis Philipe was put on the throne, conservative only helped the upper classes

e. Brought a lot of romantic art

f. Brought no new change, and brought in a constitutional charter

2. 1848

a. Major Revolutions were sparked by nationalism, Economic Crisis, Socialist ideas,

and a push towards universal male suffrage

b. Revolts starts again in France

c. Poor harvest brought even more revolts demanding reform

d. Lots of protests, French army was sent to calm down the protests

e. Philippe Abdicated

i. Led to a 2nd republic that granted universal male suffrage, freedom of

slaves, 10 hour workday, and the death penalty was abolished

f. 2nd republic was liberal, but could not decide on future plans

g. Many people wanted socialist principles

i. Led to the creation of national workshops

1. These national workshops were run by the government to promote

fairness and equality and less completion

ii. Idea fell apart, not enough space-> General Louis Cavignac ->“June Days

Revolt”

iii. Louis Napoleon took the throne, was conservative and was just promising

“Law and Order

3. These Revolutions had spread throughout Europe

Austria

1. Many ethnic groups, spurred by nationalism, wanted to revolt

2. Ferdinand 1st listened [somewhat] and gave some liberal principles

3. Many ethnic groups started targeting each other, instead of independence against Austria

4. New Emperor was chose-> Franz Joseph

a. Called Nickolas 1st of Russia to help him crush Hungarian revolt

b. Conservatives won…. for now

Prussia

1. Liberalism spread, people wanted a constitution and civil liberties, and a unified

Germany

2. Revolt spread in Berlin, Frederick William IV made promises for change, but didn’t

really happen

3. Assembly gathered in Frankfurt called the Frankfurt Assembly

a. Goal was to write a new constitution

b. Self Appointed, was on track until Denmark attacked Germany and took their

plans off track

4. Frederick proclaimed divine right and secretly got all the German princes to back him up

5. Austria and Russia decided to attacked if that happened to keep Balance of Power in

check

6. German states remain intact and everything stays where it started

Chapter 24

Taming the City: 

Even though nineteenth-century cities saw horrible living conditions, there were also

greater opportunities.

Industry and the Growth of Cities: 

1. European cities had typically been congested and unhealthy, with a higher death rate

than rural areas.

2. Industrialization made those conditions more obvious as cities grew rapidly to supply

the needs of an expanding economy.

3. This rapid urbanization began in Great Britain and then France , and it soon became

apparent that highly concentrated, unsanitary living conditions needed to be

addressed.

Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution: 

1. Beginning in the 1840s, reformers such as Edwin Chadwick, who stressed the need

for better sanitation and public health, gained supporters in industrialized countries.

2. City governments responded with reforms. Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease

and his development of pasteurization, and Joseph Lister’s antiseptic principle played

major roles in reducing death rates.

Urban Planning and Public Transportation: 

1. Better urban planning greatly improved the cities.

2. Paris led the way and provided a model that other cities followed.

3. Mass public transportation also improved conditions because it allowed the

population to spread out more, which led to better housing.

Rich and Poor and Those in Between: 

1. In spite of improved health and living conditions, there were still major gaps in

the living standards of different classes.

Social Structure: 

2. Industrialization led to a rise in real wages, but it did not eliminate hardship and

poverty or equalize the classes.

3. The 5 percent of the population in the upper class received 33 percent of all

national income, the 20

4. percent that made up the middle class received more than 50 percent, and the

poorest 80 percent received far less than the two richest classes.

5. Industrialization did create a greater number of subclasses with a confusing social

hierarchy.

The Middle Classes: 

1. There was a tremendous range within the urban middle class.

2. The upper middle class included the most successful business families and was

typically drawn to aristocratic lifestyles.

3. The next group included the moderately successful businessmen and professionals,

and the lower middle class was primarily small business owners.

4. New to the middle class, were the experts with specialized knowledge such as

engineers and a management class, including government officials.

5. The middle class grew substantially.

Middle-Class Culture: 

1. Middle-class culture emphasized food because the middle class liked to eat well and

enjoyed entertaining with dinner parties.

2. Middle-class homes included servants and comfortable settings, although many

rented apartments.

3. Other major expenses include fashionable clothes and education.

4. The middle classes shared a code of strict behavior and morality, supported by

Christianity.

The Working Classes: 

1. With industrialization, more of the working class were urban workers rather than

peasants.

2. The working classes included a great diversity of jobs, skills, and lifestyles.

3. The most skilled workers created a labor aristocracy that enjoyed the greatest

earnings and maintained strict standards of behavior.

4. The unskilled and lower classes included many different groups; one of the largest

was domestic servants.

Working-Class Leisure and Religion: 

1. While drinking remained one of the favorite pastimes of the lower class, “problem

drinking” did become less socially acceptable due to middle-class moral values.

2. Sports and music halls were also popular. Religion and Christian churches played a

major role in the lives of the lower class, even though church attendance declined for

European urban working classes near the end of the century.

3. Churches were often seen as too conservative by an increasingly politically conscious

working class.

The Changing Family: 

1. In the late nineteenth century, family life stabilized from the disruptions

associated with the earliest decades of industrialization.

Premarital Sex and Marriage: 

2. Working-class marriages were more likely to be motivated by romantic love after

1850.

3. The middle class still gave great emphasis to economic considerations.

4. From 1750–1850, there was greater sexual experimentation before marriage and

an illegitimacy explosion, particularly in industrialized, urbanized areas not

strongly influenced by religious groups prohibiting premarital sex.

5. After 1850, the rate of illegitimate births declined, but the rate of pregnant brides

remained constant.

Prostitution :  

1. Prostitution was common, with middle- and upper class men providing much of the

motivating cash.

2. For many lower-class girls, prostitution was a way to support themselves as young

adults, and they later went on to marry and have families.

Kinship Ties: 

1. Extended families often lived close together and retained close ties.

2. Family members typically supported each other in hardship, so that there was less

reliance on government welfare programs.

Gender Roles and Family Life: 

1. After 1850, women were more likely to stay at home, with only women in the poorest

families working outside the home.

2. Separate spheres in the division of labor led to sexually discriminatory hiring,

education, and legal practices.

3. Middle-class feminists slowly won significant victories, while socialist women linked

their liberation to the working-class revolution.

4. Women dominated their households, including finances. The home as a sanctuary

received increasing attention, and marriages involved stronger emotional ties.

Child Rearing: 

1. Nineteenth-century women were more likely to form strong emotional ties to their

infants and became better mothers.

2. They increasingly breast-fed their infants, and fathers were becoming more involved

with their children.

3. Parents expressed greater concern for their older children.

4. Extending greater care to children led to lower birthrates, as parents were more

careful not to overextend their resources.

5. Parents often created pressure for their children with this increased emphasis on their

well being.

6. Fathers were often overbearing.

7. Sigmund Freud’s theories reflect this new tension and emotional ties in the family.

Science and Thought: 

1. In the nineteenth century, scientific knowledge was rapidly expanding and having

a greater impact on western thought. Also, much of the century saw a literary shift

toward realism.

The Triumph of Science: 

2. Numerous scientific discoveries greatly influenced human thought and their

practical applications improved lifestyles.

3. Examples include Louis Pasteur’s work, the development of thermodynamics, and

advancements in chemistry and electricity.

4. As people became more aware of science and its impact on their lives, it gained a

new importance in western thought.

Social Science and Evolution: 

1. Attempts to apply scientific methods to society created the social sciences.

2. Thinkers such as economist Karl Marx and sociologist Auguste Comte applied

massive amounts of data to their theories.

3. The idea of evolution dominated many thinkers and impacted the work of geologist

Charles Lyell, naturalist Charles Darwin, and sociologist Herbert Spencer.

Realism in Literature: 

1. By the 1840s, realism was dominating western literature and would continue to do so

until the 1890s.

2. Attempting to depict life accurately, realists employed scientific objectivity in writing

about everyday life, particularly focusing on the working classes.

3. Realists were strict determinists, believing that human acts were results of unalterable

natural laws, such as heredity and environment.

4. The movement began in France but quickly spread elsewhere, including England,

Russia, and the United States.