chapter 23, part 1

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 23, part 1

The Respiratory System


SECTION 23-1 The Respiratory System: An Introduction


Learning Objectives

• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system

• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions

• Define and compare the processes of external and internal respiration


Learning Objectives

• Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood

• Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane

• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood


• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood

• Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs

• Protection of respiratory surfaces

• Production of sound

• Provision for olfactory sensations

Functions of the respiratory system


• Upper respiratory system

• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

• Lower respiratory system

• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Organization of the respiratory system

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.1

Figure 23.1 The Components of the Respiratory System


• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the alveoli

• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify incoming air

• Lower passageways include delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange surfaces

The Respiratory tract


• Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue

• Respiratory membrane, supported by lamina propria, changes along tract

• Lines conducting portion of respiratory tract

• Protected from contamination by respiratory defense system

Respiratory Mucosa


Figure 23.2 The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity and Conducting System


SECTION 23-2 The Upper Respiratory System


• External nares

• Nasal cavity

• Vestibule

• Superior, middle and inferior meatuses

• Hard and soft palates

• Internal nares

• Nasal mucosa

The nose and nasal cavity consists of:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3a, b

Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.3c

Figure 23.3 The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx


• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

• Divided into three sections:

• Nasopharynx – superior portion

• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity

• Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone and the esophagus

The pharynx


SECTION 23-3 The Larynx


• Air passes through the glottis on the way to the lungs

• Larynx protects the glottis

• Cartilages of the larynx

• Three large cartilages

• Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis

• Paired cartilages

• Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform

The larynx


• Inelastic vestibular folds

• Delicate vocal folds

Folds of the larynx


Figure 23.4 The Anatomy of the Larynx

Figure 23.4


• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves

• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds

• Diameter

• Length

• Tension

Sound production


Figure 23.5 The Glottis

Figure 23.5a, b


• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and stabilize the larynx

• When swallowing,these muscles

• Elevate the larynx

• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis

• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis

The laryngeal musculature


SECTION 23-4The Trachea and Primary Bronchi


• Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra

• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi

• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in submucosa

• Mucosa is similar to the nasopharynx

The trachea


Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Figure 23.6a, b


Figure 23.6 The Anatomy of the Trachea

Figure 23.6c


• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right and left bronchi

• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus

• Root = the connective tissue mass including:

• Bronchus

• Pulmonary vessels

• Nerves

The primary bronchi


SECTION 23-5 The Lungs


• Lobes of the lung are separated by fissures

• Right lung has three lobes

• Left lung has two lobes

• Concavity on medial surface = cardiac notch

Lobes and surfaces of the lungs


Figure 23.7 The Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Figure 23.7


Figure 23.8 The Relationship between the Lungs and the Heart


• System of tubes formed from the primary bronchi and their branches

• Primary bronchi branch into secondary or lobar bronchi

• Secondary bronchus goes to each lobe of the lungs

• Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi

• Tertiary bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment

• Cartilage in walls decrease and smooth muscle increase with branching

The bronchial tree

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.10a

Figure 23.10 The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.10b

Figure 23.10 The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung


• Ultimately branch into terminal bronchioles

• Delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule

• Terminal bronchiole becomes respiratory bronchioles

• Connective tissue of root branches to form interlobar septa

The bronchioles


• Respiratory bronchioles end in ducts and sacs

• Respiratory exchange surfaces connected to circulatory system via pulmonary circuit

Alveolar ducts and alveoli

Animation: Lungs FlythroughPLAY


Figure 23.11 The Bronchioles


• Simple squamous epithelium

• Endothelial cell lining an adjacent capillary

• Fused basal laminae

Respiratory Membrane


• Septal cells

• Scattered in respiratory membrane

• Produce surfactant

• Alveolar Macrophage

• Patrol epithelium and engulf foreign particles

Cells of the respiratory membrane include

Animation: Respiratory StructuresPLAY

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.12a-c

Figure 23.12 Alveolar Organization


• Conducting portions

• Receive blood from external carotids, thyrocervical, bronchial arteries

• Respiratory exchange surfaces

• receive blood from the arteries of the pulmonary circuit

• are the source of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

• Pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium

The blood supply to the lungs


• Each lung covered by one pleura

• Pleura – serous membranes lining the pleural cavity

• Parietal - attaches to the walls of the pleural cavity

• Visceral - adheres to the surface of the lungs

• Pleural fluid – fills and lubricates the space between the pleura

The pleural cavities and pleural membranes


SECTION 23-6 An Overview of Respiratory Physiology


• Internal respiration

• Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells

• External respiration

• Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment

• The steps of external respiration include:

• Pulmonary ventilation

• Gas diffusion

• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Respiratory physiology is a series of integrated processes


Figure 23.13 An Overview of Key Steps in Respiration


SECTION 23-7 Pulmonary Ventilation


• The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Pulmonary Ventilation


• Movement of air depends upon

• Boyle’s Law

• Pressure and volume inverse relationship

• Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs

• Pressure and airflow to the lungs

• Compliance – an indication of the expandability of the lungs

Air movement


Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume Relationships


• Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow

• Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs

• Pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura

Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation


Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.15a-d

Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation


• Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation

• Amount of air moved in one cycle = tidal volume

Respiratory cycle

Animation: Pulmonary VentilationPLAY


Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation


• Quiet breathing (eupnea)

• Diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles

• Forced breathing (hyperpnea)

• Accessory muscles

Mechanisms of breathing


• Alveolar volume

• Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

• Tidal Volume (VT)

• Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath

• Vital capacity

• Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes

• Residual volume

• Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

Respiratory volumes


Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities


SECTION 23-8 Gas Exchange


• Daltons Law and partial pressure

• Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance

• Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henry’s law)

• The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure

The gas laws


Figure 23.19 Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure


• Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to:

• Differences in partial pressure

• Small diffusion distance

• Lipid-soluble gases

• Large surface area of all alveoli

• Coordination of blood flow and airflow

Diffusion and respiratory function


Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 23, part 4

The Respiratory System


SECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and Delivery


• Reactions are completely reversible

Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O2 and absorbs CO2


Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in RespirationPLAY

Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration

Figure 23.20a, b


• Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin

• The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is dependent upon:

• PO2

• pH

• temperature

• BPG

• Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult hemoglobin

Oxygen transport


Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve


Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation


Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin


• 7% dissolved in plasma

• 70% carried as carbonic acid

• buffer system

• 23% bound to hemoglobin

• carbaminohemoglobin

• Plasma transport

Carbon dioxide transport


Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood


• Driven by differences in partial pressure

• Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues

• Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at lungs

Summary of gas transport

Animation: Gas Exchange and Gas TransportPLAY


Figure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms


• The primary functions of the respiratory system

• The organs of the respiratory system and their functions

• The processes of external and internal respiration

• The physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood

• The important structural features of the respiratory membrane

• How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood

You should now be familiar with:

chapter 23, part 1

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