RISE OF MODERN JAPANChapter 22.3

411 Key ideas:

Isolationism and Japan Treaty of Kanagawa

Meiji Restoration Change in Japan

Essential Question: How did Imperialism impact Japanese

isolationism?

AN END TO ISOLATION 1800 – Japanese Tokugawa (military

power) shogunates have ruled in Japan for 200 years.

Kept out foreign trade and missionaries Isolated the country from contact with

outside world Formal relations only with Korea Informal trading was with Dutch and

Chinese merchants at Nagasaki.

FOREIGN POWERS APPROACH JAPAN 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. American fleet of four warships arrive in Edo

Bay Sought “to bring a singular and isolated people

into the family of civilized nations.” Brings letter from President Millard Fillmore

Asks for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked in Japanese waters

Requests the opening of foreign relations between the U.S. and Japan

COMMANDAR PERRY AT EDO BAY

PERRY RETURNS FOR ANSWER Six months later Perry returns with a

larger fleet for his answer Some Japanese said contact would hurt

Japan Others wanted concessions (political

compromises) Under military pressure, Japan agrees

to the Treaty of Kanagawa

TREATY OF KANAGAWA Provides for the return of shipwrecked

American sailors Opening up of two ports to Western

traders Establishment of a U.S. consulate in

Japan 1858 – U.S. Consul Townsend Harris

signs a more detailed treaty Opens up more ports to U.S. trade Exchange of ministers

RESISTANCE TO THE NEW ORDER Resistance of new relations with foreign

countries was very strong among the samurai warriors

Japanese fire on Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki

Westerners fire back and destroy the Choshu fortifications

Samurai sees need to strengthen their military

SHOGUNATE SYSTEM COLLAPSES The Sat-Cho leaders demand the

Shogun resign and restore power of the emperor

The Sat-Cho armies attack the Shogun’s palace in Kyoto in January of 1868

A few weeks later, the shogun’s forces collapsed, ending the shogunate system.

THE MEIJI (MAY-JEE) RESTORATION Policy of reform begins as Japanese

leaders realize they must change to survive

Emperor Mutsuhito calls new reign the Meiji “Enlightened Rule” Capital moved to Edo (present day Tokyo)

JAPANESE POLITICS TRANSFORM The Meiji leaders set out to create a

modern political system based on the Western model and to abolish the old order.

In theory the emperor had all executive authority. Real executive authority rested in the hands of a prime minister and his cabinet of ministers.

MEIJI ECONOMICS Meiji leaders also set up a new system of

land ownership. A land reform program made the traditional

lands of the daimyo into the private property of the peasants.

Daimyos, in exchange would get government bonds.

A burdensome tax was set on the landowners – 3% value of the land was the tax

MEIJI ECONOMICS, CONT The government gave -

subsidies to needy industries provided training and foreign advisers Improved transportation and

communications Started a new educational system that

stressed applied science By 1900, Japan’s industrial sector was

growing

SOCIAL STRUCTURE Meiji’s model was “strengthen the army”

so they worked to improve the military 1871 – all Japanese men served for three

years The American model of education was

adapted – elementary schools, secondary schools and universities

Emphasis still placed on loyalty to the family, community and emperor

WESTERN IDEAS INCORPORATED Women could receive an education Economy shifts from agricultural to

industrial base New social relationships are established Western fashions become the rage in

elite circles Ballroom dancing and baseball

DOWNFALLS OF CHANGE Commoners ere exploited in coal mines

and textile mills Some worked 20 hours/day Conditions horrible Worked in harsh temperatures If workers tried to escape, they were

shot

SEE PAGE 700Meiji Restoration: Birth of Modern Japan

Politics Imperial rule reestablishedCapital moved to EdoMost power in executive branch(emperor, prime minister, cabinet)

Economics Daimyo’s lands given to peasantsMany farmers, unable to pay new land tax, forced into tenancy

Industrialization encouragedSocial Structure New imperial army created

Universal system of education developed

Western practices adopted

JOINING THE IMPERIALIST NATIONS 1874– Japan starts to expand

Ryukyu Islands 1876 – forces Korea to open ports 1894 – China and Japan go to war over

Korea Japan’s ships destroy the Chinese fleet and

seize the Manchurian city of Port Arthur Treaty - Manchu rules of China recognize

independence of Korea Japan get Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula

Strained relations with Russia over Korea leads to war with Russia

1904 – Japan launches a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur

1905 - Russians agree to peace Japan get Liaodong Peninsula again Japan gets island north of Japan -

Sakhalin

U.S. RELATIONS WITH JAPAN Japan established a sphere of influence in

Korea (see map page 702) 1905 – U.S. recognizes Japan in Korea, in turn,

Japan recognizes the U.S. in the Philippines 1910 – Japan annexes Korea Suspicions grow between two countries President Roosevelt makes a “gentleman’s

agreement” with Japan that stops Japanese immigration to the U.S.

JAPANESE CULTURE Western literature penetrates Japan Novels take on French style of realism Japanese copied Western artistic

techniques and styles Some incorporated Western styles with

traditional Japanese art Japanese styles become fashionable in

Europe