pearl harbor the day of infamy december 7, 1941. the rise and fall of imperial japan. (by ka) the...
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PEARL HARBORPEARL HARBOR
THE DAY OF INFAMYTHE DAY OF INFAMY
December 7, 1941December 7, 1941
The rise and fall of Imperial The rise and fall of Imperial Japan. Japan. (by KA)(by KA)
The background.The background. Western countries merely wished to exploit Asia and showed much Western countries merely wished to exploit Asia and showed much
prejudice against her peoples.prejudice against her peoples.
The 19thcentury Western carving up of China had been a warning to Japan.The 19thcentury Western carving up of China had been a warning to Japan.
Japan realised that to retain her independence and national character she Japan realised that to retain her independence and national character she had to adopt some Western ideas, and quickly.had to adopt some Western ideas, and quickly.
In particular Japan copied Western military ideas, for example her navy In particular Japan copied Western military ideas, for example her navy started building a ‘dreadnaught’ battleship in 1905 - a year before HMS started building a ‘dreadnaught’ battleship in 1905 - a year before HMS Dreadnaught was started in Britain.Dreadnaught was started in Britain.
Japan’s modern military then set about finding ways to promote Japanese Japan’s modern military then set about finding ways to promote Japanese interests abroad.interests abroad.
China was defeated in battle in 1894-5 and Japan got influence on the China was defeated in battle in 1894-5 and Japan got influence on the mainland and Taiwan. This was the First Sino-Japanese War. mainland and Taiwan. This was the First Sino-Japanese War. (Sino=Chinese)(Sino=Chinese)
The Japanese Empire.The Japanese Empire.
Japan had a severe lack of natural Japan had a severe lack of natural resources. resources.
Nearby Manchuria had plenty of coal, plus Nearby Manchuria had plenty of coal, plus industries and ports.industries and ports.
China had already been carved up by the China had already been carved up by the Western powers. Why shouldn’t Japan do Western powers. Why shouldn’t Japan do the same?the same?
1910 Japan moved into Korea.1910 Japan moved into Korea.
The Manchurian Incident 1931The Manchurian Incident 1931
The Great Depression in the USA was devastating to The Great Depression in the USA was devastating to Japan.Japan.
Many people were in poverty, and half the factories had Many people were in poverty, and half the factories had closed.closed.
The Japanese army saw conquest as a way out of this.The Japanese army saw conquest as a way out of this. The army was also afraid of Chiang Kaishek’s moves to The army was also afraid of Chiang Kaishek’s moves to
unify China. They thought he would take Manchuria from unify China. They thought he would take Manchuria from them.them.
Claiming Chinese sabotage of a railway, the Japanese Claiming Chinese sabotage of a railway, the Japanese army occupied Manchuria. They renamed it Manchukuo army occupied Manchuria. They renamed it Manchukuo and put the deposed Chinese Emperor Pu Yi up as a figure and put the deposed Chinese Emperor Pu Yi up as a figure head.head.
This was the run-up to the Sino-Japanese war 1937-45This was the run-up to the Sino-Japanese war 1937-45
Japanese tanks of the Kwantung Japanese tanks of the Kwantung Army in ManchuriaArmy in Manchuria
Causes…Causes…
The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and Indochinafrom China and Indochina
Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an easy win, and a territory provide them an easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to rule with abundant land and resources to rule once they were victorious.once they were victorious.
The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s economyhurting Japan’s economy
General Hideki TojoGeneral Hideki Tojo Prime Minister of Japan and Prime Minister of Japan and
primary military leader.primary military leader. Rose to power in the Rose to power in the
Manchukuo ‘Kwantung’ armyManchukuo ‘Kwantung’ army Nicknamed the ‘razor’Nicknamed the ‘razor’ Keen on ultra nationalistic Keen on ultra nationalistic
secret societies.secret societies. Responsible for 8m civilian Responsible for 8m civilian
deaths, countless deaths and deaths, countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of experiments on prisoners of war.war.
Commemorated at the Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine.Yasukuni Shrine.
Apologized for military Apologized for military atrocities on his death.atrocities on his death.
Executed for war crimes 1948Executed for war crimes 1948
Gradual Japanese advances.Gradual Japanese advances.
The Japanese army gradually crept The Japanese army gradually crept Southward, through China, fighting all Southward, through China, fighting all the way.the way.
Japanese soldiers ‘conquer’ the Japanese soldiers ‘conquer’ the Great Wall 1933Great Wall 1933
Japanese occupation of China.Japanese occupation of China.
By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China.By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China. By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough. By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough. Japan could occupy only key areas and cities. Japan could occupy only key areas and cities. Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ (‘Kill Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ (‘Kill
all, burn all, destroy all’)all, burn all, destroy all’) She simply didn’t have enough soldiers however.She simply didn’t have enough soldiers however. By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60 million By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60 million
had been displaced.had been displaced. Many Chinese cities lay in ruins.Many Chinese cities lay in ruins.
The Japanese army rapidly The Japanese army rapidly advanced through China, Indo-advanced through China, Indo-China, Malaya, and Indonesia.China, Malaya, and Indonesia.
-- Some Asian people Some Asian people welcome them as welcome them as liberators from western liberators from western ImperialistsImperialists
- Soon they were generally - Soon they were generally feared as new feared as new imperialists, not as Asian imperialists, not as Asian liberatorsliberators
They treated non-They treated non-Japanese peoples with Japanese peoples with ruthlessness, cruelty and ruthlessness, cruelty and severity.severity.
Great cruelty.Great cruelty.
Imperial Japanese expansion up to 1941
..
The British government- alarmed at the The British government- alarmed at the rapid Japanese advance-decided to send rapid Japanese advance-decided to send some big warships to show strength.some big warships to show strength.
They ignored the advice of the navy that They ignored the advice of the navy that already knew that aeroplanes could now already knew that aeroplanes could now sink ships easily.sink ships easily.
Both ships were sunk by over 100 Both ships were sunk by over 100 Japanese planes. Japanese planes.
It was a major blow to Britain. Another It was a major blow to Britain. Another pointer to the new nature of naval pointer to the new nature of naval warfare.warfare.
The Prince of Wales ,and the The Prince of Wales ,and the Repulse- both sunk Dec 1941.Repulse- both sunk Dec 1941.
USS Arizona
Major CombatantsMajor Combatants
JapanJapan- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the
command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral YamamotoYamamoto
- Aerial Assault Force under the command of Aerial Assault Force under the command of Mitsuo FuchidaMitsuo Fuchida
United StatesUnited States- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the - Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the
command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. General Walter C. ShortLt. General Walter C. Short
Battle SequenceBattle Sequence
5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…(as noted by the U.S. Navy)(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m. PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 –
9:15 a.m.9:15 a.m. PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45
a.m.a.m. PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid
after 9:45 a.m.after 9:45 a.m.
Pearl HarbourPearl Harbour
Warfare Used During AttackWarfare Used During Attack
JapanJapan- 81 Fighter Planes81 Fighter Planes- 135 Dive Bombers135 Dive Bombers- 104 Horizontal Bombers104 Horizontal Bombers- 40 Torpedo Planes40 Torpedo Planes- At least 5 Midget SubmarinesAt least 5 Midget Submarines
Warfare (continued)Warfare (continued)
United StatesUnited States- 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for
flight)flight)- 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)- 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
USS ArizonaUSS Arizona
CasualtiesCasualties
JapanJapan- Less then 100 menLess then 100 men- 29 planes29 planes- 5 midget submarines5 midget submarines
United StatesUnited States- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178
woundedwounded- 188 planes188 planes- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3
destroyers, 4 other vessels)destroyers, 4 other vessels)
USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ USS Arizona Burning: 1,100+ servicemen died on the shipservicemen died on the ship
Effects/OutcomeEffects/Outcome
Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet the U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & aircraft carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga were not in port)Saratoga were not in port)
Japan began their quest for a Pacific empireJapan began their quest for a Pacific empire The U.S. finally was forced to join World The U.S. finally was forced to join World
War II (“The Sleeping Giant was War II (“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)awakened”)
The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)
Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941)(Dec. 11, 1941)
The US fleet lies destroyed. The US fleet lies destroyed.
Unfortunately the Japanese destroyed Unfortunately the Japanese destroyed battleships, but no US aircraft carriers. battleships, but no US aircraft carriers.
They also failed to either destroy or They also failed to either destroy or capture the harbour.capture the harbour.
Roosevelt Day of Infamy speech.Roosevelt Day of Infamy speech.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgthakFtZQY
The USS EnterpriseThe USS Enterprise Only luck kept Only luck kept
this ship out of this ship out of Pearl Harbour Pearl Harbour on the 7on the 7thth. She . She arrived the arrived the following day.following day.
She was to lead She was to lead the US Navy the US Navy back into the back into the fight in the fight in the Pacific.Pacific.
Fantastic industrial output allows the Fantastic industrial output allows the US to pour new ships into the US to pour new ships into the
Pacific.Pacific.
Doolittle Raid-April 1942 Doolittle Raid-April 1942 Pay Back!!Pay Back!!
Chinese mountain “air raid shelter”; Doolittle and men hide Chinese mountain “air raid shelter”; Doolittle and men hide out for 10 days from Japanese bombing attacks.out for 10 days from Japanese bombing attacks.
Chinese rescuersChinese rescuers
Chinese rescuersChinese rescuers
““Blood Chit”-carried by raiders, it said, “This foreign person Blood Chit”-carried by raiders, it said, “This foreign person has come to China to help in the war effort. Soldiers and has come to China to help in the war effort. Soldiers and civilian, one and all, should rescue, protect, and provide him civilian, one and all, should rescue, protect, and provide him medical care.” medical care.”
http://www.historyanimated.com/Doolittle.html
Midway Island. May 1942Midway Island. May 1942
US aircraft carriers outclass the Japanese carriers and catch them off guard.The Japanese navy loses 4 of it precious aircraft carriers in this one battle. Japan cannot replace the loss quickly- unlike the US. It is the turning point of the war.
A Japanese carrier on fire and sinking.
The Japanese Shinano.The Japanese Shinano.-to make up for losses, the Japanese built the world’s largest -to make up for losses, the Japanese built the world’s largest aircraft carrier. Due to bombing it had to put to sea whilst still aircraft carrier. Due to bombing it had to put to sea whilst still
unfinished, and with workers onboard still building it!unfinished, and with workers onboard still building it!-it was sunk by a US submarine shortly afterwards, still -it was sunk by a US submarine shortly afterwards, still
incomplete.incomplete.
Mighty Japanese battleships are Mighty Japanese battleships are pounded to pieces by US carrier planes. pounded to pieces by US carrier planes.
They are obsolete.They are obsolete.
The USS IOWA.
Battleships found a new role in bombarding
Japanese held island defences.
A US carrier sinks.A US carrier sinks.
Carrier battles were fierce.Carrier battles were fierce. Japanese islands acted as permanent aircraft carriersJapanese islands acted as permanent aircraft carriers If you crashed in the Pacific you were unlikely to be found / rescued.If you crashed in the Pacific you were unlikely to be found / rescued.
The US carrier St.Lo, attacked and sunk by Kamikaze.
19411941
19421942
The Battle Of MidwayThe Battle Of MidwayJune 4-7 1942
6 months after Pearl Harbour
Yamamoto seeks to capture Midway atoll and thus confront and destroy the US Navy’s carrier forces.
Midway Order of BattleMidway Order of Battle
US forces:
3 carriers
~50 support ships
233 carrier aircraft
127 land-based aircraft
Japanese forces:
4 carriers
7 battleships
~150 support ships
248 carrier aircraft
16 floatplanes