chapter 22 a conservative era. section 1: reagan’s first term section 2: section 2: reagan’s...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 22
A Conservative Era
SECTION 1:SECTION 1:
Reagan’s First TermReagan’s First Term
SECTION 2:SECTION 2:
Reagan’s Foreign Policy
SECTION 3:SECTION 3:
A New World Order
SECTION 4:SECTION 4:
Life in the 1980s
As the 1980 presidential election approached, why was America a nation ready for change?
Low SpiritsLow Spirits
• People lacked confidence People lacked confidence in in governmentgovernment..
• The turbulent 1960s, The turbulent 1960s, WatergateWatergate, the Soviet , the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, invasion of Afghanistan, the Iranian the Iranian hostagehostage crisis, crisis, and long gasoline lines put and long gasoline lines put Americans in an uneasy Americans in an uneasy mood.mood.
• Critics said Critics said CarterCarter blamed blamed AmericansAmericans for the crisis in for the crisis in confidence instead of confidence instead of fixing the problems.fixing the problems.
• A A conservativeconservative movement movement that opposed liberal social that opposed liberal social and racial policies was and racial policies was growing.growing.
The 1980 ElectionThe 1980 Election
• Reagan promised to return Reagan promised to return the country to a simpler time the country to a simpler time of low of low taxestaxes, smaller , smaller governmentgovernment, a strong , a strong militarymilitary, and conservative , and conservative moral values.moral values.
• Focused on “family, work, Focused on “family, work, neighborhood, peace, and neighborhood, peace, and freedomfreedom.”.”
• Reagan asked if people were Reagan asked if people were better off than they were better off than they were fourfour years ago.years ago.
• Reagan and his running mate, Reagan and his running mate, George H.W. Bush, won in a George H.W. Bush, won in a landslidelandslide; Republicans also ; Republicans also gained control of the gained control of the SenateSenate..
The Reagan RevolutionThe Reagan Revolution
• Although Reagan began his Although Reagan began his political life as a political life as a DemocratDemocrat, , by 1962 he found his home in by 1962 he found his home in the the RepublicanRepublican Party. Party.
• In 1966 he became the In 1966 he became the governor of governor of CaliforniaCalifornia..
– Had trouble meeting his Had trouble meeting his goals for goals for cuttingcutting the size the size of governmentof government
– After two terms as After two terms as governor, he wanted to governor, he wanted to run for the presidencyrun for the presidency
• Reagan was the hero of a Reagan was the hero of a growing movement called the growing movement called the New RightNew Right..
• His powerful personality, His powerful personality, optimismoptimism, and acting skills , and acting skills drew many Americans—even drew many Americans—even Democrats—to his side.Democrats—to his side.
The New RightThe New Right• The New Right was a The New Right was a
coalitioncoalition of conservative of conservative media commentators, think media commentators, think tanks, and grassroots tanks, and grassroots Christian groups.Christian groups.
• The The New Right New Right endorsed endorsed school prayer, deregulation, school prayer, deregulation, lower taxes, a smaller lower taxes, a smaller government, a stronger government, a stronger military, and the teaching of military, and the teaching of a Bible-based account of a Bible-based account of human creation.human creation.
• They They opposedopposed gun gun control, abortion, control, abortion, school busing, the school busing, the Equal Rights Equal Rights Amendment, Amendment, affirmative action, affirmative action, and nuclear and nuclear disarmament.disarmament.
• ReaganReagan gave the gave the New Right an New Right an eloquent and eloquent and persuasive persuasive voicevoice and he drew many and he drew many Americans to his Americans to his side.side.
Reagan’s AlliesReagan’s Allies
• The New RightThe New Right• The New Right The New Right grewgrew in in
influence with the rise of influence with the rise of televangelism.televangelism.
• One One leaderleader of the New of the New Right, Rev. Jerry Falwell Right, Rev. Jerry Falwell founded a political activist founded a political activist organization called the organization called the Moral Majority in Moral Majority in 19791979..
• A Powerful PersonalityA Powerful Personality
• Reagan’s Reagan’s actingacting skills skills served him well in served him well in politics.politics.
• Reagan became known Reagan became known as the as the GreatGreat Communicator on the Communicator on the campaign trail.campaign trail.
• As president, As president, ReaganReagan was called the Great was called the Great Communicator.Communicator.
• Nancy ReaganNancy Reagan• Reagan’s wife, Nancy Reagan’s wife, Nancy
Reagan, was one of his Reagan, was one of his greatest greatest alliesallies. .
• She ran the She ran the White White HouseHouse, advised her , advised her husband, and fiercely husband, and fiercely protected his interests.protected his interests.
Reagan’s Presidential AgendaReagan’s Presidential Agenda
• ReduceReduce the federal the federal bureaucracy, deregulate bureaucracy, deregulate certain industries, certain industries, cutcut taxes, increase the taxes, increase the defensedefense budget, take a hard line budget, take a hard line with the Soviets, and with the Soviets, and appoint conservative appoint conservative judgesjudges
• In his first few months as In his first few months as president, Reagan got president, Reagan got much of what he wanted.much of what he wanted.
• Image grew stronger as he Image grew stronger as he survivedsurvived an assassination an assassination attemptattempt
• Proved himself capable of Proved himself capable of decisive decisive actionaction when he when he firedfired 13,000 striking air 13,000 striking air traffic controllerstraffic controllers
ReaganomicsReaganomics
• Reagan’s plan for tax and Reagan’s plan for tax and spending cutsspending cuts
• Two goalsTwo goals– Reduce Reduce taxestaxes to to
stimulate economic stimulate economic growthgrowth
– Cut the federal Cut the federal budget budget • Based on Based on supply-sidesupply-side
economicseconomics– A theory that says A theory that says
breaks for businesses breaks for businesses will increase supply of will increase supply of goods and services, goods and services, aiding the aiding the economyeconomy
Reagan’s Economic PlanReagan’s Economic Plan
Supply-side EconomicsSupply-side Economics
• TaxTax cuts and cuts and businessbusiness incentives stimulate incentives stimulate investment.investment.
• Investment encourages Investment encourages economic economic growthgrowth. .
• A growing economy A growing economy results in more goods results in more goods and services.and services.
• Theory appealed to Theory appealed to conservatives who conservatives who supported supported freefree enterprise and minimal enterprise and minimal government government regulationregulation..
David A. StockmanDavid A. Stockman• Reagan appointed this Reagan appointed this
controversial young controversial young budgetbudget director to director to implement his economic implement his economic plan.plan.
• Stockman asked Stockman asked CongressCongress for tax cuts. for tax cuts.
• TaxTax cuts would cuts would stimulate businesses stimulate businesses who would pay more who would pay more taxes and eliminate any taxes and eliminate any budget deficit.budget deficit.
• Congress Congress passedpassed many many of the main components of the main components of Reaganomics.of Reaganomics.
The Effects of Reaganomics• Critics of ReaganomicsCritics of Reaganomics• Claimed the tax Claimed the tax breaksbreaks
simply made the rich simply made the rich richerricher, said wealth did not , said wealth did not ““trickletrickle down” to the down” to the working classworking class
• Said that tax cuts Said that tax cuts combined with increased combined with increased military spending would military spending would drive the federal deficit drive the federal deficit higherhigher
• ““Voodoo Economics”Voodoo Economics”• Vice President Bush had Vice President Bush had
questioned plan to cut questioned plan to cut taxestaxes and increase and increase militarymilitary budget during the budget during the Republican nomination Republican nomination race, calling Reagan’s plan race, calling Reagan’s plan “voodoo economics.”“voodoo economics.”
• Recession and Recession and RecoveryRecovery
• During During 19811981 and and 19821982 the nation suffered the the nation suffered the worst recession since worst recession since the Great Depression.the Great Depression.
• Unemployment rose Unemployment rose and government and government revenues fell.revenues fell.
• FederalFederal spending spending soared and the federal soared and the federal deficit skyrocketed.deficit skyrocketed.
SECTION 1:SECTION 1:
Reagan’s First Term
A Conservative Era
SECTION 2:SECTION 2:
Reagan’s Foreign PolicyReagan’s Foreign Policy
SECTION 3:SECTION 3:
A New World Order
SECTION 4:SECTION 4:
Life in the 1980s
President Reagan and the Cold War
• In his first term, Reagan In his first term, Reagan rejected the policies of rejected the policies of containmentcontainment and and détentedétente; he wanted to ; he wanted to destroy communism.destroy communism.– Position worsened Position worsened
relations with the relations with the SovietsSoviets
– Forged bonds with Forged bonds with like-minded leaders, like-minded leaders, including Margaret including Margaret ThatcherThatcher and Pope and Pope John Paul IIJohn Paul II
– Critics of his policy Critics of his policy called Reagan called Reagan recklessreckless
• Reagan obtained Reagan obtained massive increases in massive increases in militarymilitary spending. spending.– Much of the new Much of the new
spending went to spending went to nuclearnuclear weapons. weapons.
– Promoted the Promoted the Strategic Strategic DefenseDefense initiative (initiative (SDISDI)—a )—a shield in space to shield in space to protect the United protect the United States against States against incoming Soviet incoming Soviet missiles.missiles.• Critics called this Critics called this
Star WarsStar Wars and said and said it wouldn’t work.it wouldn’t work.
A Thaw in the Cold War
The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union• By the late 1970s the Soviet By the late 1970s the Soviet
economyeconomy was shrinking. was shrinking.• Industrial and farm Industrial and farm
production, population production, population growth, education, and growth, education, and medical care all medical care all fellfell..
• The Soviet Union started The Soviet Union started importing importing foodfood
• Strikes in Strikes in PolandPoland led by Lech led by Lech Walesa highlighted Soviet Walesa highlighted Soviet weaknesses.weaknesses.
• Walesa successfully forced Walesa successfully forced the Soviet-backed the Soviet-backed government to legalize government to legalize independent independent tradetrade unions. unions.
• He also led a new He also led a new independent union called independent union called SolidaritySolidarity..
U.S.-Soviet RelationsU.S.-Soviet Relations• A visionary leader came to A visionary leader came to
power in the Soviet Union—power in the Soviet Union—Mikhail Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev..
• Believed the only way to Believed the only way to savesave the Soviet Union was to strike the Soviet Union was to strike a a dealdeal with the United States with the United States
• Between 1985 and 1988 Between 1985 and 1988 ReaganReagan and and GorbachevGorbachev met met four times and produced the four times and produced the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.Forces (INF) Treaty.
• First treaty to actually First treaty to actually reducereduce nuclear arms nuclear arms
• INF Treaty destroyed a whole INF Treaty destroyed a whole class of weapons (more than class of weapons (more than 2,5002,500 missiles). missiles).
What foreign trouble spots persisted during Reagan’s presidency?
• Latin America Latin America —the —the United States United States supported several anti-supported several anti-Communist Communist governments and rebel governments and rebel groups in the regiongroups in the region
• LebanonLebanon —the United —the United States was part of an States was part of an international international peacekeeping force that peacekeeping force that tried to halt the tried to halt the country’s civil warcountry’s civil war
• GrenadaGrenada —Reagan sent —Reagan sent 5,000 marines to invade 5,000 marines to invade the island in order to the island in order to stop a violent stop a violent Communist coupCommunist coup
• South Africa South Africa —Congress —Congress overrode a Reagan veto overrode a Reagan veto and passed the and passed the Comprehensive Anti-Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act to help Apartheid Act to help end apartheid in the end apartheid in the countrycountry
Upheaval in Latin America
• El SalvadorEl Salvador• Violent civil war Violent civil war
between between MarxistMarxist guerrillas and guerrillas and government troops government troops supported by armed supported by armed extremist groupsextremist groups
• Reagan administration Reagan administration supported José supported José Napoleón Duarte—a Napoleón Duarte—a moderatemoderate leader who leader who won the 1984 election.won the 1984 election.
• NicaraguaNicaragua• U.S-backed Anastasio U.S-backed Anastasio
Somoza Debayle was Somoza Debayle was ousted by the Sandinistasousted by the Sandinistas—a Marxist group.—a Marxist group.
• Reagan cut off Reagan cut off aidaid to to Nicaragua saying that the Nicaragua saying that the SandinistasSandinistas were backed were backed by the by the USSRUSSR..
• Reagan then allowed the Reagan then allowed the CIA to equip and train a CIA to equip and train a Sandinista opposition Sandinista opposition group called the group called the ContrasContras..
• CongressCongress cut off funds to cut off funds to the the ContrasContras and banned all and banned all further direct or indirect further direct or indirect U.S. support of them.U.S. support of them.
Trouble Spots Abroad
• LebanonLebanon• Muslim and Christian Muslim and Christian
groups waged a groups waged a civil civil warwar. .
• IsraelIsrael invaded Lebanon invaded Lebanon to expel the PLO.to expel the PLO.
• U.S. sent U.S. sent 800800 peacekeepers.peacekeepers.
• A suicide bomber killed A suicide bomber killed 241 241 marinesmarines..
• Reagan Reagan withdrewwithdrew the the troops.troops.
• GrenadaGrenada• 1983 Communist coup 1983 Communist coup
stranded 800 U.S. stranded 800 U.S. studentsstudents..
• Cuba’sCuba’s role and students’ role and students’ safety concerned Reagan.safety concerned Reagan.
• Reagan sent in Reagan sent in soldierssoldiers who took the island in two who took the island in two days with a loss of days with a loss of 1919 soldiers.soldiers.
• South Africa South Africa • Apartheid enforced Apartheid enforced
legalized legalized racialracial segregation. segregation.
• Reagan’sReagan’s policy was one of policy was one of “constructive “constructive engagement” with the engagement” with the white minority white minority government.government.
• CongressCongress overrode his overrode his vetoveto and imposed trade and imposed trade limits and other sanctions.limits and other sanctions.
The Iran-Contra Affair
• Despite the Congressional Despite the Congressional banban on U.S. funds for the on U.S. funds for the ContrasContras war, Reagan’s war, Reagan’s national security staff national security staff sought to continue the sought to continue the funding.funding.
• In 1985 National Security In 1985 National Security Advisor Robert McFarlane Advisor Robert McFarlane persuaded Reagan to sell persuaded Reagan to sell armsarms to to IranIran in hopes that in hopes that Iran would help obtain the Iran would help obtain the release of U.S. release of U.S. hostageshostages in in Lebanon.Lebanon.
– This violated a U.S. This violated a U.S. arms embargo.arms embargo.
• Members of the National Members of the National Security Council staff then Security Council staff then secretly diverted the secretly diverted the moneymoney from the sale of from the sale of arms to Iran to the arms to Iran to the ContrasContras in Nicaragua.in Nicaragua.
• Vice Admiral John Vice Admiral John Poindexter and Lieutenant Poindexter and Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North Colonel Oliver North carried out the plan to carried out the plan to divert divert armsarms sale money to sale money to the the ContrasContras..
• When the Iran-Contra affair When the Iran-Contra affair came to light, Congress came to light, Congress wanted to know if anyone wanted to know if anyone higher up higher up was involved.was involved.
• ReaganReagan admitted admitted authorizing the sale of authorizing the sale of arms to Iran but arms to Iran but denieddenied knowing that the knowing that the moneymoney was then diverted to the was then diverted to the Contras.Contras.
• Full details of the affair Full details of the affair are not known because the are not known because the administration engaged in administration engaged in a a cover-upcover-up of their actions. of their actions.
– North admitted North admitted destroying key destroying key documentsdocuments..
– High-level Reagan High-level Reagan staffstaff members lied in members lied in testimony to Congress testimony to Congress and withheld evidence.and withheld evidence.
– North was North was convictedconvicted of of destroying documents destroying documents and perjury. His and perjury. His conviction was conviction was overturnedoverturned on on technicalities.technicalities.
SECTION 1:SECTION 1:
Reagan’s First Term
A Conservative Era
SECTION 2:SECTION 2:
Reagan’s Foreign Policy
SECTION 3:SECTION 3:
A New World OrderA New World Order
SECTION 4:SECTION 4:
Life in the 1980s
The Candidates in the Election of 1988
• George H.W. BushGeorge H.W. Bush• Wealthy, World War II Wealthy, World War II
pilotpilot, congressman from , congressman from TexasTexas, U.S. ambassador , U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, to the United Nations, head of the C.I.A., and head of the C.I.A., and vice presidentvice president
• RepublicanRepublican nomination nomination for president in 1988for president in 1988
• Jesse JacksonJesse Jackson• Major Major civilcivil rights leader rights leader
and a liberal candidate and a liberal candidate who ran for the who ran for the Democratic Party’s Democratic Party’s nominationnomination
• Won the most votes Won the most votes on Super on Super TuesdayTuesday and had significant and had significant supportsupport from both from both white and black white and black votersvoters
• Michael DukakisMichael Dukakis• GovernorGovernor of of
Massachusetts who Massachusetts who ended up winning ended up winning the the DemocraticDemocratic Party’s nomination Party’s nomination
• Running mate was Running mate was TexasTexas senator Lloyd senator Lloyd BentsenBentsen
The Election of 1988
• LowLow voter turnout ( voter turnout (50.150.1 percent)percent)
• Most attribute low Most attribute low turnout to turnout to negativitynegativity of of the campaign.the campaign.
– Dukakis challenged Dukakis challenged Bush on the Bush on the economyeconomy..
– Bush called Dukakis Bush called Dukakis softsoft on on crimecrime..
• Bush won with the Bush won with the promise of promise of nono new new taxestaxes..
How did Soviet society become more open?
GlasnostGlasnost
• Gorbachev announced a Gorbachev announced a new era of new era of glasnostglasnost, or , or ““openingopening.”.”
• Lifted Lifted mediamedia censorship, censorship, allowing public criticism of allowing public criticism of the governmentthe government
• Gorbachev held Gorbachev held presspress interviews. interviews.
• Slowly Soviet citizens Slowly Soviet citizens began to began to speak outspeak out..
• They complained about They complained about the the priceprice of food, of empty of food, of empty store shelves, and of their store shelves, and of their sons dying in sons dying in AfghanistanAfghanistan..
PerestroikaPerestroika
• Gorbachev began the process Gorbachev began the process of of perestroikaperestroika, the , the ““restructuringrestructuring” of the corrupt ” of the corrupt government bureaucracy.government bureaucracy.
• Dismantled the Soviet central Dismantled the Soviet central planningplanning system and released system and released Andrey Sakharov from exileAndrey Sakharov from exile
• Free Free electionselections took place in took place in 1989.1989.
• WithdrewWithdrew from Afghanistan from Afghanistan
• Visited with Visited with ChinaChina to ease to ease tensions between the nationstensions between the nations
• Attempted to cover up the Attempted to cover up the Chernobyl Chernobyl nuclearnuclear accident accident
The Collapse of the Soviet Empire
• The call for glasnost and The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a perestroika awakened a spirit of spirit of nationalismnationalism in in the subject nations of the subject nations of Eastern Eastern EuropeEurope..
• Gorbachev knew the Gorbachev knew the USSR could not support USSR could not support the ailing Eastern the ailing Eastern European European economieseconomies..
• He ordered a large troop He ordered a large troop pullbackpullback from the region from the region and warned leaders to and warned leaders to adopt adopt reformsreforms..
• RevolutionsRevolutions swept swept across Eastern Europe in across Eastern Europe in the late the late 1980s1980s..
Eastern Europe Crumbles
• PolandPoland• Solidarity forced the Solidarity forced the
government to hold government to hold elections.elections.
• Lech Walesa became Lech Walesa became Poland’s Poland’s presidentpresident in in 1990.1990.
• HungaryHungary• Opened the Opened the borderborder
between Hungary and between Hungary and Austria in August 1989, Austria in August 1989, and people streamed and people streamed into the Westinto the West
• CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia• The nonviolent The nonviolent velvetvelvet
revolution swept the revolution swept the Communists from power Communists from power in November 1989. in November 1989.
• Playwright Vaclav Havel Playwright Vaclav Havel became president.became president.
• RomaniaRomania• Violent revolution Violent revolution
brought down Nicolae brought down Nicolae Ceausescu, one of the Ceausescu, one of the Soviet bloc’s cruelest Soviet bloc’s cruelest dictatorsdictators..
The Fall of the Berlin Wall• The The Berlin Wall Berlin Wall remained a remained a
repressive symbol of Soviet repressive symbol of Soviet communism.communism.
• To calm rising To calm rising protestsprotests in in East Germany, the East Germany, the government opened the government opened the gatesgates of the Berlin Wall on of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989.November 9, 1989.
– Thousands of Thousands of EastEast Berliners poured into Berliners poured into WestWest Berlin. Berlin.
– Berliners pulled down Berliners pulled down the the razorrazor wire and wire and spontaneously began spontaneously began ripping down the ripping down the wallwall with axes and with axes and sledgehammers and sledgehammers and their bare hands.their bare hands.
• Less than a Less than a yearyear later, East later, East Germany and West Germany and West Germany were reunified as Germany were reunified as one one countrycountry..
The Communist Superpower Collapses•Russia’s Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s Boris Yeltsin,
the leader of the the leader of the RussianRussian Republic, Republic, helped foil a hard-liners’ helped foil a hard-liners’ coup against Gorbachev coup against Gorbachev in 1991.in 1991.
•Beginning in Beginning in 19901990, , Soviet republics started Soviet republics started declaring their declaring their independence.independence.
•Gorbachev resigned as Gorbachev resigned as presidentpresident and the Soviet and the Soviet Union Union dissolveddissolved..
•Yeltsin now led the Yeltsin now led the much much weakerweaker superpower.superpower.
•BushBush and and YeltsinYeltsin signed signed arms treaties in 1991 arms treaties in 1991 and 1993.and 1993.
Global Conflicts near the End of the Cold War
ChinaChina: Democracy Crushed: Democracy Crushed
• Chinese Chinese studentsstudents called on called on their Communist leaders to their Communist leaders to embrace reforms.embrace reforms.
• Led huge pro-democracy Led huge pro-democracy demonstrations that filled demonstrations that filled Tiananmen Tiananmen SquareSquare. .
• TanksTanks surrounded the surrounded the protesters and opened fire.protesters and opened fire.
• HundredsHundreds of unarmed of unarmed people were killed in the people were killed in the Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square massacre.massacre.
• Bush announced an arms Bush announced an arms embargoembargo..
PanamaPanama: A Dictator Falls: A Dictator Falls
• Colonel Manuel Noriega Colonel Manuel Noriega was a brutal was a brutal dictatordictator..
• The United States tried The United States tried to indict him for to indict him for drugdrug smuggling.smuggling.
• In 1989 Noriega declared In 1989 Noriega declared a state of a state of warwar with the with the United States.United States.
• Noriega’s soldiers killed Noriega’s soldiers killed a U.S. a U.S. marinemarine
• Bush ordered an Bush ordered an invasioninvasion of Panama.of Panama.
• Troops Troops arrestedarrested Noriega Noriega and took him to Florida.and took him to Florida.
Other Bush-era Conflicts
The Persian Gulf WarThe Persian Gulf War
• Iraq’sIraq’s Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990.invaded Kuwait in 1990.
• The attack The attack shockedshocked the United the United States—who depended on the States—who depended on the region’s oil—and other Arab region’s oil—and other Arab nations. nations.
• Reports of atrocities by Iraqi Reports of atrocities by Iraqi troopstroops surfaced. surfaced.
• The The UNUN imposed sanctions but imposed sanctions but the deadline passed. the deadline passed.
• ON January 16, ON January 16, 19911991, the U.S.-, the U.S.-led force attacked.led force attacked.
• Operation Desert Operation Desert StormStorm was a was a successful, conventional war.successful, conventional war.
South Africa: New FreedomSouth Africa: New Freedom
• F.W. de Klerk sought a F.W. de Klerk sought a gradualgradual, orderly lifting of , orderly lifting of apartheid.apartheid.
• He released He released politicalpolitical prisoners, including Nelson prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. Mandela.
• De Klerk and Mandela worked De Klerk and Mandela worked together to together to endend apartheid. apartheid.
• A A newnew constitution was constitution was written.written.
• Nation’s first Nation’s first all-raceall-race elections were held in 1994.elections were held in 1994.
• Mandela and his African Mandela and his African National Congress won.National Congress won.
• De Klerk and Mandela won the De Klerk and Mandela won the NobelNobel Peace Prize in 1993. Peace Prize in 1993.
SECTION 1:SECTION 1:
Reagan’s First Term
SECTION 2:SECTION 2:
Reagan’s Foreign Policy
SECTION 3:SECTION 3:
A New World Order
SECTION 4:SECTION 4:
Life in the 1980sLife in the 1980s
New technologies
• Steve Jobs and Steve Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started Wozniak started AppleApple Computer.Computer.
• Apple computers were Apple computers were smallsmall enough to be enough to be used at home, and they used at home, and they transformed the way transformed the way Americans lived and Americans lived and worked.worked.
• Bill GatesBill Gates
• Bill Gates started Bill Gates started MicrosoftMicrosoft, a company , a company that invented a new that invented a new type of computer - type of computer - operatingoperating software. software.
• The Space ShuttleThe Space Shuttle• Unlike previous Unlike previous
spacecraft, the space spacecraft, the space shuttle could be shuttle could be usedused over and over again.over and over again.
• The technologies The technologies developed or developed or discovered by scientists discovered by scientists working on the space working on the space shuttle led to the shuttle led to the development of infrared development of infrared camerascameras and a and a treatment for treatment for brainbrain tumors.tumors.
How did changes in the economy of the 1980s affect various groups of Americans?
• Uneven economic growth—strong growth, but unevenly distributed
• Rising deficits —expenditures far greater than tax revenue
• Financial deregulation —led to corporate raiders, downsizing, and hostile takeovers
• Savings and loan crisis—deregulated S&Ls loaned out too much of their wealth and went bankrupt on a massive scale
Uneven Economic Growth
The EconomyThe Economy
• GDP and the stock market GDP and the stock market roserose to unprecedented to unprecedented highs.highs.
• Alan Greenspan and the Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve Board Federal Reserve Board actively lowered and raised actively lowered and raised interestinterest rates to avoid a rates to avoid a recession and inflation.recession and inflation.
• Unemployment slowly Unemployment slowly droppeddropped..
• Some credit Some credit ReaganomicsReaganomics for the positive economic for the positive economic trends of the 1980s.trends of the 1980s.
• Others credit the Federal Others credit the Federal ReserveReserve Board. Board.
The DistributionThe Distribution
• The economic The economic growthgrowth was was unevenly distributed.unevenly distributed.
• Farmers did Farmers did poorlypoorly due to due to droughts and floods.droughts and floods.
• A recession in 1982-1983 A recession in 1982-1983 hurt older U.S. industries hurt older U.S. industries such as such as steelsteel and and automobile production.automobile production.
• FactoriesFactories closed, throwing closed, throwing tens of thousands out of tens of thousands out of work.work.
• Bankruptcies rose 50 Bankruptcies rose 50 percent in one year.percent in one year.
• Homelessness Homelessness increasedincreased sharply.sharply.
• Reagan Reagan taxtax cuts mainly cuts mainly benefited the wealthy.benefited the wealthy.
The Economy of the 1980s
• Rising DeficitsRising Deficits• TaxTax cuts coupled with cuts coupled with
high high militarymilitary spending spending tripled the budget deficit tripled the budget deficit from 1980 to 1986.from 1980 to 1986.
• Huge government Huge government borrowing was needed borrowing was needed to fund the deficit.to fund the deficit.
• The U.S. The U.S. tradetrade deficit deficit grew as well.grew as well.
• DeregulationDeregulation• Regan deregulated Regan deregulated
financial financial servicesservices..• Corporate raiders Corporate raiders
bought declining bought declining businesses and merged businesses and merged them, cut them into them, cut them into pieces, or sold them.pieces, or sold them.
• Resulted in Resulted in layoffslayoffs• Supporters claimed this Supporters claimed this
weeded out weak weeded out weak companies and helped companies and helped productivity.productivity.
• S&L Crisis S&L Crisis • Deregulation allowed Deregulation allowed
S&Ls to offer services S&Ls to offer services besides mortgages.besides mortgages.
• They loaned out They loaned out too too much much of their wealth.of their wealth.
• Went bankrupt during Went bankrupt during the savings and loan the savings and loan crisis.crisis.
• GovernmentGovernment was forced was forced to bail S&Ls out.to bail S&Ls out.
Bush and the Economy
•The S&L crisis cost The S&L crisis cost taxpayers an estimated taxpayers an estimated $152 billion$152 billion. .
•This and a recession that This and a recession that began in late 1990 forced began in late 1990 forced Bush to Bush to raise taxes.raise taxes.
•Unemployment and Unemployment and poverty poverty roserose significantly significantly during his term.during his term.
Changes and challenges of the U.S. society in the 1980s
• Milestones for Milestones for womenwomen — —politicians began to pay politicians began to pay more attention to more attention to female voters and to female voters and to appoint women to appoint women to highhigh public officespublic offices
• Changes in immigration Changes in immigration lawlaw —laws increased —laws increased the legal immigration the legal immigration limits and toughened limits and toughened penalties on penalties on hiringhiring undocumented workersundocumented workers
• CourtCourt battles over social battles over social issues—the Supreme Court issues—the Supreme Court ruled on several sensitive ruled on several sensitive landmark caseslandmark cases
• Battles over Supreme Battles over Supreme Court nominations—Court nominations—Reagan and Bush tried to Reagan and Bush tried to pack the Supreme Court pack the Supreme Court and federal courts with and federal courts with conservativeconservative judges judges
• A deadly disease—A deadly disease—scientists identified scientists identified AIDSAIDS, , one of the world’s worst one of the world’s worst outbreaks of infectious outbreaks of infectious diseasedisease
Changes and Challenges in American Society
Milestones for WomenMilestones for Women
• Politicians began to pay Politicians began to pay attention to women attention to women voters and interests.voters and interests.
• Reagan Reagan elevatedelevated women to high public women to high public office. office.
• Sandra Day O’Connor—Sandra Day O’Connor—first first womenwomen appointed appointed to the to the SupremeSupreme Court Court
• Walter Mondale asked Walter Mondale asked Geraldine Ferraro to be Geraldine Ferraro to be his presidential running his presidential running mate.mate.
Immigration LawsImmigration Laws
• Laws passed in 1980 Laws passed in 1980 and 1986 and 1986 increasedincreased legal immigration limits legal immigration limits and granted legal and granted legal status to status to millionsmillions of of undocumented undocumented immigrants living in the immigrants living in the United States.United States.
• They also toughened They also toughened penalties on employers penalties on employers who who hiredhired undocumented workers.undocumented workers.
• Illegal immigration Illegal immigration continued to continued to growgrow..
Court Battles
Social IssuesSocial Issues• New JerseyNew Jersey v. v. T.L.O T.L.O.—schools .—schools
have the right to search have the right to search students’ students’ belongingsbelongings
• Westside Community School Westside Community School DistrictDistrict v. v. MergensMergens—school —school had to allow had to allow studentsstudents to form to form an after-school Christian group an after-school Christian group that could meet on school that could meet on school grounds.grounds.
• Planned Parenthood of Planned Parenthood of Southwestern PASouthwestern PA v. v. Casey Casey——state could require informed state could require informed consent, a 24-hour wait, and consent, a 24-hour wait, and parentalparental consent for consent for minorsminors before women could have an before women could have an abortionabortion
• CruzanCruzan v. v. Director, Missouri Director, Missouri Dept. of HealthDept. of Health—recognized an —recognized an adult’s right to adult’s right to refuserefuse medical medical serviceservice
NominationsNominations
• Reagan filled Reagan filled threethree Supreme Court seats Supreme Court seats and appointed half of and appointed half of the judges in the the judges in the federal system.federal system.
• Reagan and Bush Reagan and Bush appointed appointed conservativeconservative judges, which set off judges, which set off furious confirmation furious confirmation hearings.hearings.
• The Senate The Senate rejectedrejected Robert Bork, who Robert Bork, who advocated a strict advocated a strict interpretation of the interpretation of the Constitution.Constitution.
A Deadly Disease
• Scientist identified one Scientist identified one of the worst outbreaks of the worst outbreaks of infectious disease in of infectious disease in human history in human history in 19811981: : AIDS.AIDS.
• AIDS is caused by the AIDS is caused by the human human immunodeficiency immunodeficiency virusvirus (HIV).(HIV).
• AIDS has spread to AIDS has spread to millionsmillions of men and of men and women around the women around the world.world.
A Conservative Era
A Conservative Era
Section NotesReagan’s First TermReagan’s Foreign PolicyA New World OrderLife in the 1980s
VideoA Conservative Era
ImagesBerlin Wall FallsPolitical Cartoon: Corporate RaidersAverage Family Income in the
1980sDynasty
Quick FactsReagan’s Foreign PolicyVisual Summary: A Conservative
Era
MapsThe Election of 1980An Empire FallsThe Persian Gulf War, 1990 – 1991