Chapter 2

The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America

Chapter 2Chapter 2

The Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain

• Martin Luther– 95 Theses

• John Calvin– Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)

• France, Netherlands, England all experienced powerful Protestant movements – challenged Spanish Power

New France: Early French Explorers

• Giovanni da Verrazano

• Jacques Cartier

• Henry IV– Huguenots– Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Samuel de Champlain

Missions and Furs

• coureur de bois

• Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

• Algonquian

• Iroquoian

• Hurons

New France Under Louis XIV

• Jean-Baptiste Colbert in Canada• Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal• habitants• seigneurs

The Dutch and Swedish Settlements

• 17th Century Dutch: more active overseas than French

• Profit – main motivation in Dutch expansion overseas

The East and West India Companies

• Henry Hudson

• Dutch West India Company– New Amsterdam– Fort Orange

• patroonships

New Netherland as a Pluralistic Society

• William Kieft: Pavonia Massacre (1643)

• War ensued with nearby Algonquians

Swedish and English Encroachments

• Fort Christina (Wilmington)

• English settled around Chesapeake Bay and New England

The Challenge from Elizabethan England

• Giovanni Cabato (John Cabot), 1497– Newfoundland

The English Reformation

• Elizabeth I

• Church of England (Anglicanism)– Book of Common Prayer

• Puritans

• Separatists (colony of Plymouth)

Hawkins and Drake

• John Hawkins

• Francis Drake

Gilbert, Ireland, and America

• History of English attempts at control in Ireland

• Sir Humphrey Gilbert

• Colonization of Ireland by the English (1560-1640)

• English turn to America for colonization

Raleigh, Roanoke, and War with Spain

• Sir Walter Raleigh– Roanoke Island

• Spanish Armada & War 1588-1604

• Richard Hakluyt (elder and younger)

The Swarming of the English

• Over 700,000 immigrated from Europe or (forcibly) Africa to English colonies in North America and the Caribbean– Many arrived with hope for a better lot in life– Many arrived as servants– Most immigrants were to plantation areas

The Pattern of Settlement in the English Colonies up to 1700

The Chesapeake and West Indian Colonies

• King James I of England, 1606– Chartered the Virginia Company to colonize

North America between 34th and 45th parallels– 2 headquarters:

• Plymouth Company, Sagadahoc, bankruptcy

• London Company and Jamestown

The Jamestown Disaster

• Jamestown (1607)– Over 65% death rate 1st years– John Smith’s leadership– Powhatan and the 1st Indian War (1609-1614)– Near abandonment in 1610– Pocahantas: war ending hostage – John Rolfe and tobacco

Reorganization, Reform, and Crisis

• House of Burgesses

• “head-right” system

• Opechancanough and the Massacre of 1622

• 2nd Indian War

• Royal Intervention 1624

Tobacco, Servants, and Survival

• Natives driven between James & York rivers

• Tobacco exports financed importation of indentured servants

• Limited upward mobility

• Virginia heads toward oligarchy

Maryland

• Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)– Catholic, prominent officeholder

• Maryland Charter 1632: the Proprietary model

• Economic and class structure similar to Virginia

• Toleration Act of 1649

Chesapeake Family Life

• Men greatly outnumbered women in 17th century• Population becomes self-sustaining 1680• Men outlived women• Pre-marital 1st pregnancies over 50%• Groom in his 30’s, bride in her early 20’s• Frequent remarriage• Family loyalty and kinship

The West Indies and the Transition to Slavery

• Leeward Islands– St. Christopher– Nevis– Montserrat– Antigua

The Rise of Slavery in North America

• Africans appeared in Virginia before 1619• Uncertain status of Africans

– Some treated as servants– England had no history of slavery at home

• By 1680: rigid caste system set in Chesapeake colonies– Fewer indentured servants– Expanding English navy and army competed for young

men– Slaves cost more, but served for life

The New England Colonies

• New England settlers reproduced mixed economy of old England with some variations

• Radical communitarian vision

• Early settlers questioned the English ways

• Over time, these settlers became more conservative than earliest settlers

The Pilgrims and Plymouth

• Mayflower– Mayflower Compact

• William Bradford

• Wampanoag– Massasoit

Covenant Theology

• Charles I

• Puritans – large exodus settled Massachusetts Bay, 1630-1641

• Idea of the covenant becomes powerful social metaphor– “City upon a Hill”– John Winthrop

Massachusetts Bay

• Massachusetts Bay Company

• Settlers: broad middle range of English society (few rich, few poor)

• Organized original settlements around congregation

• Puritan orthodoxy and economics of survival

Puritan Family Life

• New Englanders robust vs. sickly Virginians

• Puritan families grew rapidly

• New England families: intensely patriarchal

• New England towns settled into a tight community – fearful of letting “strangers” in

Conversion, Dissent, and Expansion

• New Haven Colony– Thomas Hooker

• Roger Williams

• Anne Hutchinson– Antinomian heresy

• Colony of Rhode Island

Congregations, Towns, and Colony Governments

• Congregationalism– Cambridge Platform (1648)

• Town becomes distinct from the congregation

• Town Meetings

• Bicameral legislature, 1640’s Massachusetts

Infant Baptism and New Dissent

• 1640s, Baptists – only converted adults receive right to baptism– Harvard College

• Quakers – came from England in the 1650s to New England

• Half-Way Covenant (1662)

The English Civil Wars

• Oliver Cromwell

• The “Restoration” – Charles II

The First Restoration Colonies

• 6 colonies founded under Restoration era (1660-1688)

• These new colonies founded by men with big ideas, but small purses– Tried to persuade existing settlers to move to

new colonies– Promised religious toleration or religious

liberty

Carolina, Harrington, and the Aristocratic Ideal

• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)– Anthony Ashley-Cooper– James Harrington

New York: An Experiment in Absolutism

• Dutch ceded New Amsterdam – becomes New York

• English absolutism makes it difficult to attract English colonists to New York

• New York goes to Dutch hands again (New Orange), then back to English

• Edmund Andros

Brotherly Love: The Quakers America

• Society of Friends (Quakers)– “Inner Light”– Weekly meetings– No established clergy

• Quakers infuriated other Christians– Pacifists– Denounced oath-taking– Others saw them as “dangerous radicals”

Quaker Families

• Mary Dyer

• Affectionate families

• Large houses

• To marry outside Quaker religion = expulsion from the Society

• Strong need to provide for their children and protect from worldly corruption

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West New Jersey

• Sir George Carteret

• John, baron Berkeley

• West Jersey Concessions and Agreements (1676)

Pennsylvania

• William Penn, gentleman and a Quaker

• Granted a charter for a proprietary colony: Pennsylvania

• Led a group of Quaker colonists to America

• Pennsylvania:– economic success– Policy of of religious freedom

Conclusion

• France, Netherlands, England all founded colonies in North American and Caribbean in 1600s

• New France: missionaries and traders, cooperation with Indians

• New Netherland: fur trading• New England: desired land – establishment

of colonies