Chapter 16 Section 1 Spain Phillip IIBecame king of Spain/Netherlands Absolute Monarch (Absolutism) – ruler with complete authority over the govt. and the lives of the peopleDivine Right – authority to rule came directly from God. Ruled for 42 years, guardian of the Catholic ChurchLived simply as a monkUsed the Inquisition to fight the spread of ProtestantismProtestants in the North rebel, declare their independence = Dutch NetherlandsBuilds armada to attack England (Elizabeth 1/Protestant) who supported the Dutch Elizabeth also encouraged sea dogs (pirates) to attack Spanish ships and citiesSpanish Armada = 130 ships, 20,000 men, 2,400 pieces of artilleryEnglish ships were lighter, faster and more maneuverableBeginning of the end of Spanish EmpireCostly warsTaxed the small middle classInflation – rise in pricesExpulsion of Muslims & Jews

Section 2 FranceViolence between Huguenots (Protestants) & CatholicsSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 3,000 Huguenots killed Henry IVHuguenot prince inherits the throne, converted to Christianity“Paris is well worth a mass.”Edict of Nantes – granted Huguenots religious toleration Repaired France, “a chicken in every pot”Killed by an assassin in 1610

Louis XIV“Sun King” – believed strongly in Divine Right and Absolutism“I am the state.”Estates General – representatives of French social classes (Parliament) didn’t meet once from 1614-1789. Intendants – royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, carried out policiesGave intendant positions to members of the middle class for their supportJean Baptiste Colbert – finance ministerMercantilism – export more than import build supply of gold and silver, coloniesPalace at Versailles – symbol of the king’s powerLevee – ritual of holding the royal wash basin or handing the king his shoesRuled for 72 yearsWar of Spanish Succession – Louis’ grandson inherited Spain Britain, Netherlands fight to maintain the balance of power in Europe & to prevent France & Spain from uniting

Section 3 EnglandParliament still held the power of the purse, Henry VIII still asked Parliament to create the Anglican ChurchElizabeth dies without an heir, James Stuart (ruling king of Scotland) rules EnglandJames lectured Parliament on Divine Right, needed $, dissolved Parliament Charles I Inherits throne, wants absolute monarchySummons Parliament for funds, Parliament asks he sign the Petition of RightKing couldn’t raise taxes, throw someone in jail for no reasonCharles signs, got $, dissolved Parliament, and ignored Petition for 11 yearsParliament tried and executed Charles’ chief ministersCivil War Cavaliers = supported CharlesRoundheads = supported Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, Puritans (purify the church of Catholic Practices)Captured, Charles gave the command for his own execution

Cromwell becomes “Lord Protector” (dictator)Sunday was set aside for religious observanceProfaning on the Lord’s day = fine, closed theaters, frowned on gambling, taverns and dancingSchools for boys and girlsDidn’t tolerate open worship for Catholics, welcomed JewsCromwell dies in 1658, Puritans lose control, citizens tired of strict rules, Charles II returns Glorious RevolutionJames II (Catholic) appoints Catholics to high officeMembers of Parliament ask James’ Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch Protestant husband William III to take the crown. James flees to France. William and Mary agree to sign the English Bill or Rights.

English Bill of RightsSuperiority of Parliament over the monarchyHouse of Commons = the power of the purseKing/Queen could not interfere with Parliamentary debate or suspend lawsRoman Catholic could not be kingRights of English citizens (habeas corpus) Limited MonarchyConstitution or legislative body limits the monarchs powerKing/Queen had to obey the law Constitutional GovernmentGovernment whose power is defined and limited by law Political PartiesTories – preserve older traditions, royal powerWhigs – business interests, Parliament

CabinetPresidential advisorsPrime MinisterLeader of the majority party in House of Commons Section 5 RussiaPeter the Great modernized (Westernized) RussiaVisited Western factories, art galleries, Parliament, doctorsAbsolute MonarchForced boyars to shave their beards, wear western clothes, allow women to attend eventsImported Western technology, established schools for boys and girls, established MercantilismSought a warm water port from the Ottoman Empire, but was deniedBuilt St. Petersburg, forced tens of thousands of serfs to drain the swamplandStretched Russian empire to the Pacific Ocean

Chapter 17 Section 1 The Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution encouraged people to apply new thought to social, economic and political problems. Natural Law – rules discoverable by reason Thomas HobbesPeople were naturally wickedSocial Contract – agreement by which people gave up their freedom for an organized societyFavored an absolute monarchy John LockePeople were basically reasonable and moralNatural Rights – rights that belonged to all humans from birth Life, liberty, and propertyFavored a limited governmentGovernment fails to protect Natural Rights, people have the right to rebel MontesquieuDivide the government among 3 branchesLegislative, Executive, and JudicialChecks and balances

Voltaire“My trade is to say what I think”Exposed the abuses of clergy, politicians Defended free speech Denis DiderotEncyclopediaArticles from Montesquieu and VoltaireAttacked slavery, divine right, argued for public educationPope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who bought it RousseauPeople were naturally goodGovernment placed too many restrictions on individuals WomenHad natural rights, but were limited to home and family Laissez Faire economicsMeans “let be”Replaces MercantilismFree market should regulate business activityAdam Smith – all economics are tied to supply and demand