chapter 2 organizing the data. introduction learn how to show variable relationship through diagrams...
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Chapter 2Organizing the Data
Nominal Data and Distributions
Responses of Young Boys to Removal of Toy
Response of Child f
Cry 25
Express Anger 15
Withdraw 5
Play with another toy 5
N=50
Frequency distribution of nominal data consists of two columns:
• Left column has characteristics (e.g., Response of Child)
• Right column has frequency (f)
Comparing Distributions• Comparisons clarify and add information
Response to Removal of Toy by Gender of Child
Gender of Child
Response of Child Male Female
Cry 25 14
Express Anger 15 1
Withdraw 5 2
Play with another toy 5 8
Total 50 25
Illustration: Gender of Students Majoring in CJ(f)
Criminal Justice Majors
Gender College A College B
Male 879 119
Female 473 64
Total 1,352 183
Illustration: Gender of Students Majoring in CJ (f and
%)Criminal Justice Majors
College A College B
Gender
f % f %
Male 879 65 119 65
Female
473 35 64 35
Total 1,352 100 183 100
Rate of Change• Compare the same
population at two points in time
• Rate of Change =
time 2f – time1f
time 1f(100)*
Year Theft Rate1
% Change
2005 120.3
2006 127.4
2007 116.8
2008 107.4
2009 98.7
2010 94.6
1Source: National Crime Victimization Survey
Ordinal/Interval Data and Distributions
Attitudes Toward Televised Trials
F
Slightly Favorable 9
Somewhat Unfavorable 7
Strongly Favorable 10
Slightly Unfavorable 6
Strongly Unfavorable 12
Somewhat Favorable 21
Total 65
Attitudes Toward Televised Trials
F
Strongly Favorable 10
Somewhat Favorable 21
Slightly Favorable 9
Slightly Unfavorable 6
Somewhat Unfavorable 7
Strongly Unfavorable 12
Total 65
Frequency Distribution of Final-Examination Grades for 71 Students
Grade f Grade f Grade f Grade f
99 0 85 2 71 4 57 0
98 1 84 1 70 9 56 1
97 0 83 0 69 3 55 0
96 1 82 3 68 5 54 1
95 1 81 1 67 1 53 0
94 0 80 2 66 3 52 1
93 0 79 8 65 0 51 1
92 1 78 1 64 1 50 1
91 1 77 0 63 2 N = 71
90 0 76 2 62 0
89 1 75 1 61 0
88 0 74 1 60 2
87 1 73 1 59 3
86 0 72 2 58 1
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval DataGrouped Frequency Distribution of Final-Examination Grades for 71 Students
Class Interval f %
95-99 3
90-94 2
85-89 4
80-84 7
75-79 12
70-74 17
65-69 12
60-64 5
55-59 5
50-54 4
Flexible Class IntervalsIncome Category F %
$100,000 and above 16,886 21.9
$75,000-$99,999 10,471 13.5
$50,000-$74,000 15,754 20.3
$40,000-$49,999 7488 9.7
$30,000-$39,999 7996 10.3
$20,000-$29,999 8169 10.6
$15,000-$19,999 3709 4.8
$10,000-$14,999 2890 3.7
$5001-$9999 2024 2.6
Under $5000 2031 2.6
N = 77688
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval DataGrouped Frequency Distribution of Final-Examination Grades for 71 Students
Class Interval f Cf % C%
95-99 3 4.23
90-94 2 2.82
85-89 4 5.63
80-84 7 9.86
75-79 12 16.90
70-74 17 23.94
65-69 12 16.90
60-64 5 7.04
55-59 5 7.04
50-54 4 . 5.63
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval DataGrouped Frequency Distribution of Final-Examination Grades for 71 Students
Class Interval f Cf % C%
95-99 3 71 4.23 100
90-94 2 68 2.82 95.76
85-89 4 66 5.63 92.94
80-84 7 62 9.86 87.31
75-79 12 55 16.90 77.45
70-74 17 43 23.94 60.55
65-69 12 26 16.90 36.31
60-64 5 14 7.04 19.71
55-59 5 9 7.04 12.67
50-54 4 4 5.63 5.63
71 100
Chapter 2 Day 2
Frequency Distribution of Seat Belt Use
Use of Seat Belts f %
All the time 499 50.1
Most of the time 176 17.7
Some of the time 124 12.4
Seldom 83 8.3
Never 115 11.5
Total 997 100
Cross-tabCross-Tabulation of Seat Belt Use by Gender
Gender of Respondents
Use of Seat Belts Male Female Total
All the time 144 355 499
Most of the time 66 110 176
Some of the time 58 66 124
Seldom 39 44 83
Never 60 55 115
Total 367 630 997
Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for
Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)Victim-Offender Relationship
Gender Intimate Intimate % Family Family % Other Other % Total Total %
Male 617 1,310 11,235 13,161
Female 1,470 639 1,421 3,531
Total 2,087 1,949 12,656 16,692
Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for
Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)Victim-Offender Relationship
Gender Intimate Intimate % Family Family % Other Other % Total Total %
Male 617 4.7% 1,310 10.0% 11,235 85.4% 13,161 100%
Female 1,470 41.6% 639 18.1% 1,421 40.2% 3,531 100%
Total 2,087 12.5% 1,949 11.7% 12,656 75.8% 16,692 100%
Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for
Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)Age
Juvenile Juvenile % Adult Adult % Total Total %
Person 45 228 273
Property 117 194 311
Other 225 204 429
Total 387 626 1013
Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for
Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)Age
Juvenile Juvenile % Adult Adult % Total Total %
Person 45 11.63% 228 36.42% 273 26.95%
Property 117 30.23% 194 30.99% 311 30.7%
Other 225 58.14% 204 32.59% 429 42.35%
Total 387 100% 626 100% 1013 100%
Pie Chart
Exploded Pie Chart
Weapon Used
FirearmNon-firearmNone
Bar GraphBar Graph of Seat Belt Use by Gender (with percents)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Never Seldom Sometimes Most times All times
Seat belt use
Per
cen
t
Male
Female
Histogram of Distribution of Children in Little Rock Community Survey
Frequency Polygon for Distribution of Student Examination Grades
0
5
10
15
20
52 57 62 67 72 77 82 87 92 97
Midpoint
Fre
quen
cyFrequency Polygon Example
Janu
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Febr
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Mar
chAp
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June Ju
ly
Augu
st
Sept
embe
r
Octob
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Novem
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Decem
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0
2000
4000
6000
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10000
12000
14000
MarijuannaAlcoholHallucinogens
Number of Adolescents (< 18 y/o) Using for the First Time by Month
Kurtosis
Leptokurtic Platykurtic Mesokurtic
Some Variation in Kurtosis among Symmetrical Distributions
Skewness
Negatively skewed Positively skewed Symmetrical(Normal)
Three Distributions Representing Direction of Skewness