chapter 2 open source

8/10/2019 Chapter 2 Open Source

1/24

Open Source Concepts

Informatics PracticesClass XII

Chapter 2:

By- Rajesh Kumar Mishra

PGT (Comp.Sc.)KV No.1, AFS, Suratgarhe-mail : [email protected]


2/24

IntroductionYou all have worked on various types of Softwareof different category-

Operating System (Windows XP, Vista etc.)Office Suits (MS Office, Lotus etc.)Computer Games Software etc.

You can not change their features because they allare Proprietary Software i.e. they are property ofany developer or organization.But some Software allow us to make any type ofchange without taking permission of developer..Since you are already licensed to do this. Thesecategory of software are called Open SourceSoftware (OSS).


3/24


4/24

Open Source Software (OSS)Open Source Software can be freely used, changed,improved, copied and Redistributed but it may havesome cost for support and further development.Source Code is also available with OSS. It can bemodified and redistributed with some guidelines ofLicense.The License may restrict source-code from beingdistributed, modification to maintain the Authorsintegrity. Any change requires different code name andversion number from the Licensing organization or

Developer.A software which is FREE as well as OPEN, called Free &Open Source Software (FOSS) or Free Libre & OpenS ource S oftware (FLOSS).


5/24

Other Categories of SoftwareProprietary Software:These Software are neither open nor freely available.They must have some cost and Source code is also notgiven since it is property of the developer organization.No change, copy and distribution is allowed.

Freeware:These are available free of cost. They can be used,copied, distributed but no modification is allowedbecause Source Code is not available.Shareware:

These software are freely used, copied and distributedfor a certain period of time. After expiry, you have topurchase or uninstall them. Modification is not possibledue to non-availability of the source code. These are theDemo version and freely distributed for trial purpose.


6/24

Organizations involved in OSSGNU (GNUs Not Unix):GNU Project was initiated by Richard M. Stallman, with an aim todevelop an OS like UNIX. Later, it is extended to develop widerange of software apart from Operating System. GNU offers aspecial type of License called GNU GPL (General Public License)that guaranteed that any software developed within GNU projectwould be free and available to everyone to use.

Free Software Foundation (FSF):FSF is a non-profit organization established to support freesoftware movement. It has funded many software developers todevelop free software under GNU GPL. It also works on legal andstructural issues for the free software community. It was foundedby Richard Stallman in 1985 to support GNU project.Open Source Initiative (OSI):

OSI was founded by Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond in 1986 topromote Open Source Software. It specifies the criteria anddefines the terms and specifications for Open Software.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):W3C was founded in 1994, to develop common protocols for theWorld Wide Web. W3C is responsible for producing the softwarestandards for the WWW. The W3C is an International organizationthat promote specifications and reference software for WWW.


7/24

Examples of OSS/Free SoftwareLinux:Linux is Open Source and Free Operating System software. It isavailable with source code so that any one can use, modify andredistribute it. Originally it was developed by a Finnish Universitystudent Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is supported by many big computermanufacturers and vendors. It comes in many flavors (editions) andis member of LAMP ( Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) group. It can bedownloaded from www.linux.orgApache:Apache is Open Source Web Server available for many OS platformslike Linux, Unix, Windows etc. It is developed by an open communityof developers under the umbrella of Apache Software Foundation.It also a member of LAMP group and can be downloaded fromwww.apache.org

MySQL:MySQL is most popular open source Database System. It is muti-user,SQL (Structured Query Language) based Relational DatabaseManagement System (RDBMS) developed under GNU GPL. It workson many platforms like Linux, Mac, OS/2, Sun OS and MS Windowsetc. and supports many programming languages such as C, C++,Java, Perl, PHP and Ruby etc. It is also part of LAMP and can bedownloaded from www.mysql.com


8/24

Examples of OSS/Free SoftwarePHP:PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It is widely used open sourceprogramming language to develop Dynamic web content and Server-sideapplications. PHP is similar to MS ASP/VB Script/JAVA Script and CGI/Perllanguages. PHP allows compatibility with a large number of RDBMS likeMySQL,Oracle, DB2 etc and run on most of the OS including Linux, Unix,Windows and Mac. It is also a member of LAMP group and can bedownloaded from www.php.net

Mozilla:Mozilla is free and very popular Web Application suit, originally developed byNetscape Communications Corporation. Now days, it is promoted by MozillaFoundation with code name Seamonkey . It includes various applications like-

1. Web Browser (Fire Fox)2. E-mail Client (Thunder Bird)3. IRC (Internet Relay Chat) client4. HTML Editor

Mozillas Firefox is very popular stand alone and cross platform web browserand can be downloaded from www.mozilla.orgPostgreSQL:PostgreSQL is free Object Oriented database Server under the BSD-styleLicense. It is alternative to Open source MySQL and works like Orcle, MS SQLServer and Sybase etc. it can be downloaded from www.postgresql.org


9/24

Examples of OSS/Free SoftwareTomcat:Tomcat is a collection of Server-side Applications (Servlet) developedunder the Jakarta Project of Apache Foundation. It can runindependently as a web server or on any other web server to providedifferent functionalities like User authentication and security. It isbundled with Apache Server and also can be downloaded fromhttp://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat

Pango:Pango Project provides an open-source framework for the layout andrendering of Text and GUI into GTK+ ot GNOME environment. Pangouses Unicode for all of its encoding and support all the majorlanguages. The name is derived from Greek word Pan + Japaneseword Go. It can be downloaded from www.pango.orgPython:Python is open-source Script programming language created by Guidovan Rossum in 1990 for Python Software Foundation. Originally, itwas developed for Amoeba OS but later developed for other OSpleteform like Windows, Mac, Linux and Unix etc. It can bedownloaded from www.python.org


10/24

Examples of OSS/Free Software

OpenOffice:OpenOffice or OpenOffice.org (OOo) is free office applicationsuit like MS Office, developed under LGPL and is available forMS Windows, Mac and UNIX-like OS.OOo is based on StarOffice and made open source by SunMicrosystems to break the monopoly of Micosoft.OOo Includes various components-

Write ( like MS Word)Calc (like MS Excel)Impress (like Power point)Database (like MS Access)HTML Editor (like MS Front Page)Draw (Graphics Program)Math (Mathematical Formula Editor)

OpenOffice can be freely downloaded from www.openoffice.org


11/24

Software Standards

Software Standard refers the structuralspecifications which are followed by the

developers, organizations and vendors.There are two types of softwarestandards

Proprietary Standard

Standards belong to a organization orindividual.Open StandardStandards open to all at free of cost.


12/24

Proprietary StandardProprietary standard are those standards which belong to acompany or person. Their specification are available tousers with restricted license. They can not be publicly usedand user have to bye license to use them.Ex: Microsoft Office format (.doc, .docx, .ppt, .xls etc.)Limitations of Proprietary Standard:

Platform Dependent:If a file created in MS-Word, is transported to other userthen recipient must have MS-Word to open it.

Accessibility of confidential Information:A file may contains private information during transfer,

since specification is not clearly stated.Single ownership or control:

Proprietary standard belongs to a company or venders, soother user can not add/enhance its functionality andusefulness due to limited terms in the license.


13/24

Open StandardOpen standard is open to all i.e. It publicly and freelyavailable without ant restriction to user.Advantages of Open Standard:

Availability:It is freely available for all to read and implement without anyroyalty or fees.

Platform Independent:It gives freedom to user for choosing their platform. It does notlock the customer into particular vender or application. User canchoose any software of their choice to open a file.

No Discrimination:It does not favour any developer over another.

Extension and enhancement:

It may be extended or enhanced by any developer under the freecertification.No hidden Information:

The Open license require the publication of reference informationfor extensions and license for all other to create, distribute andsell software that is compatible with extensions. It is completelytransparent, so no fear of loosing private information.


14/24

Commonly used Open StandardPlain Text (.ASCII) - Plain text i.e. Text without formatting.Hyper Text Markup Language (.HTML):It is standard language for the web page. It is flexible, universalformat and can be read through any browser program.TeX,LaTex and Device Independent (.DVI):TeX and LaTeX are language used to typeset documents. TeX andLaTex source file must compiled in .DVI format, which is readableon any platform.Joint Photo Expert Group (JPEG or .jpg):It is one of the most efficient still picture compression format. It isopen and very light format. It also allows you to determine the rateof data compression also.Portable Network Graphics (.png):PNG is open and license free format, alternative to .GIF. Generally itis used to display or transport images on Internet applications. Theyallow data compression without loss of information. It is available intwo versions i.e. PNG-8 and PNG-24 bit.Scalable Vector Graphics (.svg):This open format is based on other public standard (XML, CSS,HTML) which allow for creation of vector image (Re-scalable) whichzooming without losing the quality of image.


15/24

Commonly used Open StandardOpen Document Format (ODF)ODF is an XML based, open and free file format forrepresenting electronic documents such as document,spreadsheet etc. It was developed by OASIS( Organization for Advancement of S tructuralInformation S tandard) and approved by ISO.It is default file format for the application likeOpenOffice, StarOffice and IBMs Workspace. It is alsosupported by some proprietary software like MS Office2007.

The common ODF extensions are-.odt (Text document).ods (Spread sheet document).odp (Presentation document).odg (Graphics file).odb (Database file)


16/24

Commonly used Open Standard

Ogg Vorbis (.ogg)It is new Audio compression formatdeveloped by Xiph.org as alternative to.mp3,.vqf and .wma etc. It is free, openand unpatented standard used to storeand play digital music.Ogg is the name of container format forAudio/Vidio and Vorbis is name of specificAudio compression scheme that is part of.ogg format.It is lossy algorithm that discard data in orderto compress digital data.


17/24

Indian Language ComputingHow Indian Languages scripts areimplemented in computers?


18/24

Indian Language ComputingIt refers to ability to interact in diverse IndianLanguages on Electronic system.As per 1951 census, 845 language wereidentified of which 60 were spoken by at least

100,000 people.Indian Constitution identified 22 language ofwhich 6 language (Hindi, Telgu, Tamil, Bengali,Marathi and Gujrati) are spoken by at least 50

million people.To facilitate poor, rural people of India, ICT(Information & Communication Tech.) worked toprovide software to promote Indian Languages.


19/24

How Characters are represented?ASCII (American Standard Code for InformationInterchange)It is widely used Alphanumeric code and used in most ofcomputers. It is 7-bit code and comprises 128characters to represent standard keyboard characters(26 Small and Capital letters of alphabets, 10 digits and

7 punctuation marks) and control characters.ISCII (Indian Standard Code for InformationInterchange)In 1991, the Burou of Indian Standard adapted theISCII. It is 8-bit code with 256 characters, which refers128 characters of ASCII and rest 128 characters forIndian Scripts. ISCII has been used by IB, Apple andother vendors for developing their products. It is widelyused by Indian Government Departments (e.g. NIC,Election Commission etc.) for their various projects.This standard supports Gurumukhi, Gujrati, Oriya,Bengali, Assamese, Telgu, Kannada, Malyalam and TamilScript.


20/24


21/24

What is Font?

Fonts refers to set of displayable textcharacters (glyphs) having specific styleand size.

Basically a font is the resource fordisplaying or printing characters ofdifferent language script on screen orprinter.


22/24

Types of FontAs per Technical specification, it is classified-

True Type Fonts (TTF)TTF are developed by Apple and licensed to Microsoft. Itis 8-bit structure widely used in Windows and Mac OS.It is one file and easily manageable which stores all the

concerned information for previewing and printing text.It is not cross platform, not suitable for older version ofprinters.Open Type Fonts (OTF)The OTF are extension of TTF and implemented in 16-bit.They allow a large glyph set using Unicode encoding. OTF

contains data in table format alongwith glyph set andsupports 65536 difficult glyphs with multilingual supportswithin one format.It is better in quality, easily manageable, cross platformand easy to read filename.Not all the application supports the extended features.


23/24

Types of Font

As per configuration, they are classified-Static FontsThe characters are designed and digitized and thenstored in a font file, every time printing takes placethe same characters will appear with same shape.Times New Roman, Arial, Courier etc. are static font.

Dynamic FontsThe character are redefined at each occurrence

rather than when the font is created and digitized.All the hand written font such as Calligraphic lettersetc. belongs to this category, because each timewhen they are generated then font shape may differto previous.


24/24

Indian Language Text EntryMany software tools has been developed to facilitate the typingof Indian Language Text. They support two types of entry-Phonetic Text EntryIn Phonetic Entry, the traditional keyboard (English) is used butIndian alphabets are written phonetically i.e. the way theysound. The combination of keys are used to represent morecharacters.By transliteration, you can type Indian Words in English scriptand tool will automatically convert it corresponding languagewords.It is supported by many search engines, Social Networking site(orkut, facebook etc.) and many websites (Blogger, Gmail etc.).Bhartiya OOo is widely used for phonetic text typing.

Key Map Based EntryIn Key map entry, mapping of keyboards key to character isarranges so that key map represents to Indian Language Set.Indian Language Key map or Inscript Key map is implementedby a Key map table containing all the information regardingtranslation.

chapter 2 open source

Documents