chapter 2: chemistry what is matter made up of and how does it react?
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2: Chemistry
What is matter made up of and how does it react?
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What is Matter?
• Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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Elements
• Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
• 90 occur naturally
• 25 essential to life: O, C, H, N– 0= 65%, C=18.5%, H=9.5%, N=3.2%
• Atom: smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
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Periodic Table
• Atomic Symbol: C = carbon, or Au = gold
• Atomic Number: Number of Protons in an Atom. Carbon has ? Gold has ?
• Atomic Mass: Number of Protons and Neutrons.
• Isotope: Different numbers of Neutrons than Protons
Periodic Table
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Atoms
• Three major parts. – Protons: Positive Charge. Inside Nucleus
– Neutrons: Neutral Charge. Inside Nucleus:
– Electrons: Negative Charge. Outside Nucleus• 2 electrons in first shell• 8 electrons in the second shell• Eight is Great! Will not React with other
atoms.• If the outer shell is not full it will react.
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Combining Chemicals
• Compound: When two or more different elements combine.
• Hydrogen Bond: H2O – When hydrogen bonds with another atom. Creates a
polar molecule.• Covalent bond: CO2
– When atoms on the same side of the chart (same size) bond. Share electrons.
• Both Hydrogen and Covalent bonds form molecules, ionic bonds do not.
Ionic/ Covalent
Bonds
Periodic Table
Bonding
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Combining Chemicals continued
• Ionic Bonds: When atoms on different sides of the chart (different size) bond. Steal electrons. Create Ions. Make teeth and bones.
• Ion: Charged particle either negative or positive. NaCl = table salt
• Free Radical: Electrically charged ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.
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Antioxidants, What are they?
• Subatances that inactivate oxygenderived free-radicals
• Slows damage from free-radicals
• Examples: Selenium, Zinc Beta-carotene, Viamins C & E
Acai Berry
Free Radicals
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Reactants and Products– Co2 + H20 = H2C03
• Energy Transfer– Exergonic Rxns- Energy exits or released– Endergonic Rxns- Net absorption of energy
• Activation energy– Energy needed to start the reaction. Catalysts
reduce the energy needed. Often enzymes.
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More on Ionic Bonds
• Ionic Bonds have 2 parts– Cation: Positively Charge, Ca+2
• Has lost 2 electrons
– Anion: Negatively Charged, Cl-• Has Gained to electrons
• Electrolytes: Ionic compounds that breaak into cations and anions when dissolved. (Salt)
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Solution
• A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance.
• Solute: smaller word, smaller thing
• Solvent: bigger word, bigger thing
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The Importance of Water
• Polar molecule (it has a negative and positive charge.)– Can dissolve both Ionic and Polar-Covalent
molecules
• Surface Tension– Cohesion: Sticks to itself.– Adhesion: Like a band-aid. Sticks to stuff
• Capillary Action: Climbs up thin tubes
Importance of Water: an inorganic compound
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Importance of Water: an inorganic compound
• Evaporates: Cooling, Water cycle, etc
• Resists Temperature Change: Takes a lot of energy to heat or cool water
• Expands as it Freezes.
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Ph Scale• Measured on grams of Hydrogen (H+)
– pH of 1= 1g of H+, pH of 2= .01g of H+
• Acid: form hydronium ions (H+)– pH of less than 7 ( 1 to 6.9)
• Base: form hydroxide ions (OH-)– pH of more than 7 (7.1 to 14)
• Acid + Base: salt & water, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7. – NaOH + HCL = H2O + NaCl with a pH of 7
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What is a Buffer?
• Chemical substances that neutralizes small amounts of an acid or base added to a solution.
• Why are these important to your body?
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Organic Compounds: C-H
• Carbohydrate: fast energy– made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen. 1:2:1 proportion. Sacchar = sugar• Monosaccharides:C6H12O6, glucose and fructose
• Disaccharides: 2 sacchar’s: Sucrose, table sugar
• Polysaccharides: Many sacchar’s: Cellulose (wood) and starch.
Carbohydrates
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Organic Compounds: C-H
• Lipids: Fats long term energy storage
–Have very few oxygen atoms
–Saturated fats: All C bonded to H. Lard, and butter.
–Unsaturated fats: C is double bonded to itself. Oil.
Lipids
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Organic Compounds:All organic compounds contain Carbon.
• Protein: the working molecule – 50 or more Amino Acids make a
protein
– Types of Proteins• Muscle
• Enzymes: Control chemical reactions and can be re-used like a key in a lock
• Hair
Protein
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Organic Compounds:All organic compounds contain Carbon.
• Nucleic Acids: pg. 37 DNA and RNA
–Made of nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and X
• ATP: energy cells run on.
DNA