chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Inside the Earth – Third Rock from the Sun
• The Earth is not a solid rock, but instead consists of layers
• Inner Core – solid iron and nickel• Outer Core – liquid iron and
nickel (contains the basis for our magnetic field – that protects us from most forms of solar radiation)
• Mantle – semisoft melted rock• Crust – thin cooled skin that
“floats” on the mantle – contains cracks and moves
• Movement of the crust causes earthquakes and volcanoes
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Plate Tectonics• The Earth’s crust is
broken into plates• The plates move along
the flowing mantle in different directions
• Pressure between the plates builds up until it is released by an earthquake
• Ring of Fire – hundreds of volcanoes around the Pacific Rim where the Pacific plate interacts with other plates
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Air and Water – Necessary for Life on Earth• Air– Contained with the Earth’s atmosphere – a layer of gasses that
surround the planet– Actually composed of many different types of gasses
• Nitrogen – about 78% (essential for development of proteins)• Oxygen – about 21% (essential for respiration)• Others – about 1% combined
• Water– 97% of the water on Earth is found in the Ocean – it’s salty– Only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh
• Mostly found in the polar caps and glaciers (huge ice sheets found on mountains, Antarctica and Greenland)
• Great deal is underground – sometimes miles deep• Very little (0.3%) is at the surface (mostly lakes) and therefore useable by
living organisms – very important to conserve and keep clean what we have
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Water Cycle
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkELENdZukI
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Wind and Water help keep the earth from overheating
• Wind– Hot air rises – so air in the tropics
rises and is carried towards the polar regions
– Cold air in the polar regions sinks to the surface and flows towards the tropics
– Cold air – can not hold much water vapor
– Warm air – can hold more water vapor
– Wind happens when the air flows from the areas where it’s sinking to areas where it’s rising
– The Earth’s rotation helps drive wind direction
• Water– Warm water is lighter
than cold, dense water– Water in tropical regions
flows slowly towards the polar regions
– Cold water in the polar regions sinks to the bottom of the ocean and flows south towards the tropical regions, where the cycle begins all over
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Chapter 2.2Natural Resources
• Natural resources are anything from the Earth that people use in meeting their needs for– Food – Clothing – Shelter
• Examples;
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Chapter 2.2Types of Natural Resources (raw material)
• Recyclable Resources – Recycle naturally through the earth itself– Water, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen– Can refer to items that can be reused without replacing the resource
• Aluminum • Plastic• Paper
• Renewable Resources– Resources that can be replaced by man– Wood – trees can be replanted– Biodiesel and ethanol – crops can be replanted
• Nonrenewable Resources– Can not be replaced– Important to conserve and use wisely -- they’re no longer being created– Oil, natural gas, coal, minerals
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Energy Resources• Energy is needed
for every living thing
• Fossil Fuels – Include coal,
natural gases, petroleum (oil byproduct)
• Problem? Not everyone has oil I their back yard– Saudi Arabia and
Mexico have large amounts of oil but other countries like the US and China have more natural gas and coal
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New Supplies Needed!!• 1979 OPEC raised the price of oil– What was the outcome?• Gas prices went up • Countries with limited sources of oil had to buy at
an increased price raising their asking price for products– A global problem?
• EVERYONE NEEDS OIL– THE SEARCH IS ON!!
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Chapter 2.3Climate vs. Weather
• Climate– Long term average weather in
any one place or region– “the climate in Jamaica is
tropical”– Largely affected by wind
patterns, water currents and major landforms
– Changes take place over years or even millennia
• Weather– Day to day changes in the air
in terms of precipitation and / or temperature
– “It’s 90 degrees today”– Affected by the movement
of storms around the planet– Changes rapidly over a few
days
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Broad Types of Climate on Earth• Tropical
– Low latitudes around the Equator– Generally hot, wet and sunny– Rain forests dominate
• Dry– Different places around the Earth – generally on the opposite side of mountain ranges from wind
flow– Little to rain with sandy soil– Sparse to no vegetation
• Moderate– Found in the middle latitudes (like Connecticut)– Temperatures and rainfall are generally moderate enough every year to promote agricultural
production• Continental
– Hot summers and bitterly cold winters– Generally drier than moderate climates– Large grasslands in some areas and forests in others
• Polar– Found in high latitudes– Cold all year round– Vegetation includes low shrubs, mosses– Very little life found in these regions
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Map showing relative positions of the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current