chapter 18 section 2 north africa, southwest asia, and central asia history and government
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 18Section 2
North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia
History and Government
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This region has seen the birth of some of the world’s greatest
civilizations and three of the world’s
major religions.
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By 6000 B.C., hunters and gatherers gave way to farming communities
along the Nile River, the Mediterranean Sea,
and the Taurus and Zagros Mountains.
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DomesticateThe region’s farmers
were among the first . . .
to adapt plants and animals from the wild to make them useful
to people.
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Earliest Civilizations
Emerged about 6000 years ago in
Mesopotamia, the area between the
Tigris and Euphrates.
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Culture Hearth
A center where cultures developed
and from which ideas and traditions
spread outward.
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The Fertile CrescentA rich agricultural area . . .
from Mesopotamia to Egypt, home to the Sumerians.
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Sumerians Developed Cuneiform.
Invented the wheel. Developed a base 6 number system (time and circle).
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CuneiformSumerian
writing system using wedge-
shaped symbols
pressed into clay tablets.
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Base 6 Contributions
Divided time into 60 second minutes and 60 minute hours.
Grouped the day into two 12 hour segments.
Divided the year into 12 months.
Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
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Egyptian Civilization
Along the Nile River. Developed a calendar that was divided into 365 days.
Built impressive pyramids.
Created hieroglyphics.
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Pyramids at Giza
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Frank and Earnest on Pyramids
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The Sphinx with Khafra
Pyramid
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Sphinx in the Louvre
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HieroglyphicsEgyptian
writing system using pictures and symbols to
represent words or sounds.
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Frank and Earnest on Hieroglyphics
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Frank and Earnest on Hieroglyphics
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PhoeniciansA trading empire which arose along the eastern
Mediterranean coast.Developed an alphabet in
which letters stood for sounds (phonetics).
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Persian Empire Emerged around 500 B.C.
Ancestors of today’s Iranians.
Developed Qanats.
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QanatAn
underground canal used
in water systems of
ancient Persians.
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Silk RoadA trade route from
China to the Mediterranean Sea.
Samarqand in Uzbekistan was one of the trading stations.
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Samarqand One of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.
Known as the “Crossroads of Civilization.
Invaded during the 1200s by the Mongols.
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MonotheismA belief in one God.
Three major religions developed in the region;
JudaismChristianity
Islam
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Judaism Oldest Monotheistic Religion.
Followers known as Jews. Jerusalem is capital and religious center.
Holy book is Torah. House of worship is synagogue.
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Christianity Originated in about 30 A.D.. Followers known as Christians. Based on teachings of Jesus. Holy book is Old and New Testament.
House of worship is a church.
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Islam Originated in about 610 A.D.. Followers known as Muslims. Based on revelations of the prophet Muhammad.
Holy book is Qur’an (Koran). House of worship is a mosque.
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ProphetA person believed to be a messenger from God.
According to Islam, Muhammad is the final prophet of Allah (God).
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MosqueAn Islamic house of
public worship.Islam began in Makkah
(Mecca) and is the home of the Grand
Mosque.
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Grand Mosque in
Mecca
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Mosque of Djenne, Mali
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Muhammad-Ali-Mosque
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MinaretMinarets (Arabic manara
(lighthouse) منارة, but more usually مئذنة).
Minarets are generally tall, graceful spires, attached to Islamic
mosques from which the Muezzin calls the faithful
to prayer.
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Blue Mosque in Istanbul
Minaret
Minaret
Minaret
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One fifth of the world’s population follow Islam, and
are called Muslims (“those who submit
to God’s will”).
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Five Pillars of Islam
Profession of faith Prayer Helping the poor Fasting during Ramadan
The Hajj
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Hajj in Makkah
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The Crusades and Mongol invasions brought conflict and foreign control to the
region.During 1800s, a European
trained middle class developed in the region, with European ideas of
nationalism.
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NationalismThe belief in the right of each people to be
an independent nation.
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During 1960sMany previously European
ruled North African and Southwest Asian
territories gained their independence.
Central Asian territories gained their
independence in 1991.
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NationalizeTo place a company or
industry under government control.
Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Saudi Arabia took control of
foreign-owned oil companies within their
borders.
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Israel Not a Muslim or Arab state
Zionists began to settle in Palestine in the late 1800s
Jewish state founded in Palestine in 1948
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ZionistsAn international political
movement, organized in the 19th century, that
supports a homeland for the Jewish people in
the Land of Israel.
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After World War I The British gained control of Palestine.
Supported a Jewish State.
The Holocaust increased Western sympathy for the Zionist cause.
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After World War II In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine into two separate states.
Four major wars erupted between the Jews and the Arabs over the next 25 years.
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Palestinian StateThe 1993 peace
settlement gave the Palestinians the Gaza
Strip and the West Bank for Arab recognition that Israel has right to exist.
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Barriers to Palestine
Jewish settlements in the West Bank.
Status of Jerusalem. In January 2006, the Hamas gained control of the Palestinian National Authority.
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HamasA Palestinian Sunni
Islamist organization, whose charter (written in 1988 and still in effect) calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and
its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state.
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Persian Gulf WarIn August 1990, Iraq
invaded Kuwait.In January 1991, a 30 nation coalition force, led by the U.S., forced
Saddam Hussein to withdraw his Iraqi
forces from Kuwait.
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EmbargoA ban on trade.
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait forced the
world community to impose a ban of trade
with Iraq.
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War in Afghanistan
In October 2001, American and British armies
invaded Afghanistan to remove the Taliban government and to
capture Osama bin Ladin.The Taliban were removed,
but bin Ladin is still at large.
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Iraqi WarThe U.S. led invasion of Iraq,
officially began on March 20, 2003.
The stated objective of the invasion was "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass
destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for
terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people" .
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Saddam Hussein Dictator of Iraq from 1979 - 2003.
Invaded Iran in 1980. Invaded Kuwait in 1990. Executed Dec. 30, 2006 for crimes against humanity.
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Monarchs Rule Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
Morocco Jordan