chapter 18 section 1. plessy v. ferguson (1896) the supreme court's decision in the case of...
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Chapter 18Section 1
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had declared segregation to be constitutional with a separate but equal policy.
• Laws that segregated African Americans were allowed as long as African Americans had equal places.
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De Facto Segregation
• Areas without laws that required segregation often had de facto segregation, which was based on custom and tradition.
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Benefits of the New Deal
• African Americans who benefited from FDR's New Deal programs gave the Democratic Party new strength in the North.
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CORE
• In the 1940s, members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) began using sit-ins, a form of protest.
• Sit-ins staged by members of CORE successfully integrated many restaurants, theaters, and other public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse.
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Thurgood Marshall
• From 1939 to 1961, the NAACP's chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Education Fund was the brilliant African American attorney Thurgood Marshall.
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Video Summary of Brown v. BOE
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Linda Brown • Linda Brown, an African
American student from Topeka, Kansas wanted to attend a white school very near her house.
• However, Linda’s parents were told that their daughter had to attend a black school about 45 minutes from her house.
• Marshall and the NAACP represented the Brown family against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• In Brown v. Board of Education (May 1954), the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
• The ruling signaled to African Americans that it was time to challenge other forms of segregation.
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Attitude of the White Southern
• The Brown decision also upset many white Southerners.
• Many ignored the Supreme Court’s ruling and kept schools segregated for years.
• Many states adopted pupil assignment laws that created an elaborate set of requirements other than race to prevent African Americans from attending white schools.
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Southern Manifesto
• In 1956, a group of 101 Southern members of Congress signed the Southern Manifesto, which denounced the Supreme Court's ruling as “a clear abuse of judicial power”.
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Rosa Parks • On December 1, 1955, Rosa
Parks, a seamstress, was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama.
• She challenged bus segregation in court. African Americans in Montgomery quickly started a boycott of the bus system.
• In the next few years, boycotts and protests spread across the nation.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
• The Montgomery bus boycott marked the beginning of the civil rights movement among African Americans.
• The boycott was a success. • Some African American
leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association, which worked with city leaders to end segregation.
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MLK
• The MIA chose the young (26 year old) minister, Martin Luther King, Jr., to lead the group.
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Nonviolent Approach • The leader of the
Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr., believed that the only moral way to end segregation and racism was through nonviolent passive resistance.
• This approach was based on the ideas of Mohandas Gandhi.
• A powerful speaker, King encouraged his listeners to disobey unjust laws.
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U.S. Supreme Court
• The Supreme Court decided Rosa Parks’ case in 1956.
• It said that Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.
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Churches
• The Montgomery bus boycott could not have succeeded without the support and encouragement of the African American churches in the city.
• People met at churches to plan and organize protest meetings.
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SCLC
• The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was an organization formed in 1957 to eliminate segregation from American society.
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MLK & SCLC
• King was the SCLC’s first president.
• The SCLC set out to end segregation in America.
• It also pushed African Americans to register to vote.
• The group challenged segregation of public transportation and other public places.
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President Eisenhower • President Eisenhower
personally opposed segregation.
• But he disagreed with those who wanted to end it through protests and court rulings.
• President Eisenhower believed that segregation and racism would end when people's values changed.
• He believed that segregation should end gradually.
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Ike’s Thoughts
• Eisenhower thought that the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education was wrong.
• However, he also thought that the federal government had the duty to uphold the decision.
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Little Rock 1957
• In September 1957 the Little Rock, Arkansas, school board won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High School.
• The governor of Arkansas ordered troops from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine students from entering the school.
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Sending in the Army
• President Eisenhower sent 1,000 soldiers to Little Rock, Arkansas to end mob violence protesting school desegregation.
• Eisenhower ordered U.S. Army troops to Little Rock to protect the students and to uphold the law.
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Civil Rights Act of 1957• In the same year that the Little
Rock crisis took place, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1957 protected the rights of African Americans to vote.
• The law created a civil rights division within the Department of Justice.
• It also created the United States Commission on Civil Rights to investigate instances in which the right to vote was denied.