CHAPTER 17CHAPTER 17

HEAT AND THE HEAT AND THE ATMOSPHERE 17.2ATMOSPHERE 17.2

HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE

• ENERGY FOR METEOROLOGY ORIGINATES IN THE SUN

• EARTH RECIEVES ONE 2 BILLIONTH OF SUNS ENERGY

UV LIGHT SHORTWAVE

INFRARED LONGWAVE

HOW HEAT ENERGY MOVES HOW HEAT ENERGY MOVES 1. 1. RADIATIONRADIATION

TRANSFER OF ENERGY THROUGH TRANSFER OF ENERGY THROUGH EMPTY SPACE BY VISIBLE LIGHT, UV EMPTY SPACE BY VISIBLE LIGHT, UV AND OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC AND OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGYENERGY

THE WAY ENERGY FROM THE SUN GETS THE WAY ENERGY FROM THE SUN GETS HEREHERE– RADIANT ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY RADIANT ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY

EARTH AND CHANGED TO HEAT!EARTH AND CHANGED TO HEAT!

2. 2. CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION

DIRECT TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY FROM ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER BY COLLISIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES

3. CONVECTIONCONVECTION

HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERED THROUGH A LIQUID OR GAS BY MOTION DUE TO DENSITY

TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE IN CONSTANT MOTION CONSTANT MOTION

FASTER = MORE K.EFASTER = MORE K.E

TEMPERATURE IS THE MEASURE OF TEMPERATURE IS THE MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE KINECTIC ENERGY IN A THE AVERAGE KINECTIC ENERGY IN A SUBSTANCESUBSTANCE

HEATHEAT

HEATHEAT – MEASURE OF THE TOTAL KINECTIC ENERGY – MEASURE OF THE TOTAL KINECTIC ENERGY OF A SUBSTANCEOF A SUBSTANCE

EX TWO CUPS OF COFFEE, ONE LARGE ONE SMALL EX TWO CUPS OF COFFEE, ONE LARGE ONE SMALL AT THE SAME TEMP OR ICECUBE MELTINGAT THE SAME TEMP OR ICECUBE MELTING

THERMOMETER – MEASURES TEMP NOT HEAT THERMOMETER – MEASURES TEMP NOT HEAT (CELCIUS)(CELCIUS)

TEMPERATURE GRADIENTTEMPERATURE GRADIENTHOTHOT

COLDCOLD

120

110

100

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

90

0

-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

THERMOSPHERE

Mesopause

MESOPHERE

Stratopause

STRATOSPHERE

Tropopause

TROPOSPHERE

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COLDER WARMER

The atmosphere The atmosphere

is divided intois divided into

layers basedlayers based

on on temperature.temperature.

STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERESTRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE

This is the layer This is the layer that is closest to that is closest to the surface of the the surface of the earthearth

Where most Where most weather occursweather occurs

It’s elevation It’s elevation ranges from 0 to ranges from 0 to 10 km10 km

TROPOSPHERETROPOSPHERE

• This layer sits on top of the troposphere

• It’s elevation ranges from 10 km to around 25 km

• This layer contains the ozone layer, which absorbs UV light

STRATOSPHERESTRATOSPHERE

This layer is above the This layer is above the stratospherestratosphere

It’s elevation ranges It’s elevation ranges from 25 to 100 kmfrom 25 to 100 km

MesosphereMesosphere

This is the highest This is the highest layer of the layer of the atmosphereatmosphere

It’s height ranges from It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km100 to 400 km

This is where most This is where most small meteorites burn small meteorites burn up and is also the up and is also the location in the location in the atmosphere that the atmosphere that the northern lights occur northern lights occur (aurora borealis)(aurora borealis)

ThermosphereThermosphere

IONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE IONS ARE FORMED WHEN ULTRAVIOLET RAYS IONS ARE FORMED WHEN ULTRAVIOLET RAYS

FROM THE SUN STRIPS ELECTRONS FROM FROM THE SUN STRIPS ELECTRONS FROM ATOMS OF 0XYGEN AND NITROGENATOMS OF 0XYGEN AND NITROGEN

IONS FROM SOLAR FLARES GET DEFLECTED BY IONS FROM SOLAR FLARES GET DEFLECTED BY EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD TO THE N AND S EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD TO THE N AND S POLES AND INTERACT WITH AIR MOLECULES.POLES AND INTERACT WITH AIR MOLECULES.

PRODUCES THE AURORA BOREALIS NORTHERN PRODUCES THE AURORA BOREALIS NORTHERN LIGHTSLIGHTS

INSOLATION – INCOMING SOLAR RADIATIONINSOLATION – INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET IN BALANCEGLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET IN BALANCE– 100 UNITS FROM SUN100 UNITS FROM SUN– 30 REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE30 REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE– 70 UNITS ABSORBED AND 70 RADIATED BACK 70 UNITS ABSORBED AND 70 RADIATED BACK

TO SPACETO SPACE– MORE OR LESS RADIATED MEANS RISE OR FALL MORE OR LESS RADIATED MEANS RISE OR FALL

IN GLOBAL TEMPIN GLOBAL TEMP

INSOLATION AND THE INSOLATION AND THE ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

100 units of insolation

Conduction and convection transfer 7 units to atmosphere

A total of 64 units radiated back into

space via the atmosphere

15 units radiate from surface to

atmosphere

Evaporationtransfers

23 units to atmosphere

6 units radiate to space from

Earth’s surface

Atmosphere absorbs 19

units

Earth’s surfaceabsorbs 51

units

30 units reflected or scattered back

to space

MOST OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S ENERGY IS MOST OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE BY TRANSFERRED FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE BY RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, EVAPORATION RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION – ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF AND CONDENSATION – ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF WEATHERWEATHER

ENERGY TRANSFERRED BACK TO ATMOSPHERE AS ENERGY TRANSFERRED BACK TO ATMOSPHERE AS INFRARED RADIATIONINFRARED RADIATION

COCO22 AND H AND H22O IN ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS MOST OF THE O IN ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS MOST OF THE IR RADIATION – GREENHOUSE EFFECTIR RADIATION – GREENHOUSE EFFECT

WITHOUT ATMOSPHERE 33WITHOUT ATMOSPHERE 3300C COLDERC COLDER

HEAT BUDGET OF EARTH AND HEAT BUDGET OF EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERETHE ATMOSPHERE