the atmosphere chapter 22. the atmosphere atmosphere: a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet,...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Atmosphere
Chapter 22
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The Atmosphere
• Atmosphere: a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, such as Earth
• The atmosphere protects Earth’s surface from the sun’s radiation and helps regulate the temperature of Earth’s surface.
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Composition of the Atmosphere• Composition of the
Atmosphere: is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen.
• Nitrogen is maintained by the Nitrogen Cycle. (with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
• Oxygen is maintained by plants through photosynthesis.
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The Ozone• Ozone: a gas molecule that is made up of
three oxygen atoms.
• Ozone in the upper atmosphere forms the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
• The ozone layer has been damaged by human activities from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the atmosphere.
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Particulates in the Atmosphere
• Particulates: tiny solid particles suspended in the atmosphere.
• Examples: Volcanic Ash, Dust/Dirt from tornadoes, Salt left from sea spray, Pollen from plants.
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Atmospheric Pressure• Atmospheric Pressure: the
force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere.
• Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases.
• Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer.
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Layers of the Atmosphere• Troposphere: the lowest layer of the
atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist.
• Stratosphere: the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer
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Layers of the Atmosphere• Mesosphere: the coldest layer of the
atmosphere, between the stratosphere and the thermosphere, in which temperature decreases as altitude increases
• Thermosphere: the uppermost layer of the atmosphere, which temperature increases as altitude increases; includes the ionosphere where interactions between solar radiation causes auroras
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Layers of the Atmosphere
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Temperature Inversion• Temperature Inversion:
the layering of warm air on top of cool air. Warm air is less dense than cool air and can trap cool polluted air beneath it.
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Solar Energy and the Atmosphere• All of the energy that Earth receives from the
sun travels through space between Earth and the sun as radiation.
• Electromagnetic Spectrum: all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
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Solar Energy and the Atmosphere• About 70% of the solar energy
that reaches Earth is absorbed by Earth’s surfaces and by the atmosphere. The remainder is reflected back into space.
• Albedo: the fraction of solar radiation that is reflected off the surface of an object
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Solar Energy and the Atmosphere
• Mirage: occurs when warm air near Earth’s surface bends light rays to produce reflections.
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The Greenhouse Effect• Greenhouse Effect: the warming of the surface
and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.
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The Greenhouse Effect• Increases in the amount of carbon dioxide may
intensify the greenhouse effect and may cause Earth to become warmer in some areas and cooler in others.
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The Greenhouse Effect
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Conduction vs. Convection• Conduction: the transfer of energy as heat
through a material
• Convection: the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat
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Atmospheric Circulation• Coriolis Effect: the apparent curving of the path
of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth’s rotation.
• Objects deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and are deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Global Winds• Trade Winds: prevailing winds that blow from
east to west from 30 latitude to the equator in both hemispheres
• Westerlies: prevailing winds that blow from west to east between 30 and 60 latitude in both hemispheres
• Polar Easterlies: prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60 and 90 latitude in both hemispheres
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Global Winds
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Jet Streams
• Jet Stream: a narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere.
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Local Winds
• Land and Sea Breezes: A cool wind moving from water to land is a sea breeze and a land breeze flows from the cool land toward the warmer water.
• Mountain and Valley Breezes: A valley breeze blows upslope and mountain breezes blows down slope.