Chapter 16:Chapter 16:Exploration and Exploration and

ExpansionExpansion

Section 1:Section 1:

The ScientificThe Scientific

RevolutionRevolution

From Magic to ScienceFrom Magic to Science Before the Renaissance scholars and Before the Renaissance scholars and {{natural natural

philosophersphilosophers relied on relied on religious teachings religious teachings and classical Greek and Roman literatureand classical Greek and Roman literature to explain the mysteries of the world}to explain the mysteries of the world}

During the Renaissance philosophers and During the Renaissance philosophers and scientists such as scientists such as Roger Bacon Roger Bacon began to favor a began to favor a system based on scientific experimentsystem based on scientific experiment

During the During the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution people began people began using mathematics and experiments and were using mathematics and experiments and were free to question ideas and beliefsfree to question ideas and beliefs

The new approach produced answers to The new approach produced answers to questions in physics, astronomy and anatomy questions in physics, astronomy and anatomy forming the basis of today’s sciences forming the basis of today’s sciences

The New Study of NatureThe New Study of Nature

Scientists began forming conclusions on Scientists began forming conclusions on theories based on their own senses, scientific theories based on their own senses, scientific instruments, math and experimentsinstruments, math and experiments

The newly invented scientific instruments The newly invented scientific instruments included microscopes, barometers, included microscopes, barometers, telescopes, air pumps and thermometers.telescopes, air pumps and thermometers.

They developed the They developed the {{scientific methodscientific method in in which scientists believed no assumption could which scientists believed no assumption could be trusted without repeat experimentation}be trusted without repeat experimentation}

One of the first air pumps

Galileo’s telescopes

Early microscopes

Thinkers at that time were particularity interested in:

Astronomy: the study of the stars, planets and other bodies in the sky

Physics: the study of changes and properties of matter and energy

Anatomy: the study of the human body

CopernicusCopernicus Early astronomer Early astronomer {Ptolemy stated the {Ptolemy stated the

universe was universe was geocentric (earth-geocentric (earth-centered)centered) or that the sun and planets or that the sun and planets revolved around the earth}revolved around the earth}

Polish scientist Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus argued argued that the universe was that the universe was {heliocentric{heliocentric or or centered around the sun}centered around the sun}

When he published his theory in 1543, When he published his theory in 1543, people said the theory was illogical to their people said the theory was illogical to their senses.senses.

Everyone could “see” the heavens revolved Everyone could “see” the heavens revolved around the Earth and could “feel” that the around the Earth and could “feel” that the Earth did not moveEarth did not move

Copernicus and his Heliocentric Copernicus and his Heliocentric ModelModel

Kepler and GalileoKepler and Galileo

LaterLater Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler and and Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei brought brought Copernicus’ theories to lightCopernicus’ theories to light

Kepler, a mathematician, used models, Kepler, a mathematician, used models, observation and math to prove heliocentric theory observation and math to prove heliocentric theory to be true. He published his laws of planetary to be true. He published his laws of planetary motion in 1609. Many still did not believemotion in 1609. Many still did not believe

Galileo built his own telescope and began Galileo built his own telescope and began studying the heavens. He saw the craters on the studying the heavens. He saw the craters on the moon, the rings of Saturn and he sketched all that moon, the rings of Saturn and he sketched all that he observed and published his findings in 1632. he observed and published his findings in 1632.

Church scholars disapproved and said the Church scholars disapproved and said the telescope was an instrument of the devil. telescope was an instrument of the devil.

Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei

NewtonNewton In 1687, Isaac Newton published a book that In 1687, Isaac Newton published a book that

expanded on the teachings of Copernicus, expanded on the teachings of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo.Kepler and Galileo.

Newton realized that the force that holds the Newton realized that the force that holds the planets in their orbits was the same force that planets in their orbits was the same force that caused objects to fall to Earthcaused objects to fall to Earth

He proposed the universal law of gravitation He proposed the universal law of gravitation and moreover the force can be measuredand moreover the force can be measured

He also explained the laws of motion and He also explained the laws of motion and developed a mathematical way to measure developed a mathematical way to measure motion as wellmotion as well

In one swoop In one swoop {Newton’s work explained the {Newton’s work explained the laws of motion and gravitationlaws of motion and gravitation}}

Sir Isaac Newton

Vesalius and HarveyVesalius and Harvey

A Flemish Scientist, A Flemish Scientist, Andreas Vesalius, Andreas Vesalius, published a seven volume book called published a seven volume book called On On the Fabric of the Human Bodythe Fabric of the Human Body inin which he which he wrote and illustrated the components of wrote and illustrated the components of the body and how they worked together.the body and how they worked together.

English physician, English physician, William Harvey, William Harvey, described the circulation of the blood, described the circulation of the blood, how the blood moved through the veins how the blood moved through the veins and arteries and how the heart functionsand arteries and how the heart functions

Andreas Vesalius and Andreas Vesalius and illustrations from his book illustrations from his book

On the Fabric of the On the Fabric of the Human BodyHuman Body

The Triumph of the New Science The Triumph of the New Science

Rene Descartes Rene Descartes created a mathematical created a mathematical description of the way light reflects off of a description of the way light reflects off of a smooth surface in the law of refractionsmooth surface in the law of refraction

Gottfried LiebnitzGottfried Liebnitz developed calculus developed calculus Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook)

discovered bacteria and other life forms never discovered bacteria and other life forms never seem by the human eyeseem by the human eye

Robert Boyle Robert Boyle pioneered chemistry by showing pioneered chemistry by showing that temperature and pressure affect the space that temperature and pressure affect the space that a gas occupiesthat a gas occupies

{{Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier proved that matter can proved that matter can change form and cannot be created nor change form and cannot be created nor destroyed}destroyed} by experimenting with fire, oxygen, by experimenting with fire, oxygen, steam and airsteam and air

Section reviewSection review natural philosophersnatural philosophers relied on religious relied on religious

teachings and classical Greek and Roman teachings and classical Greek and Roman literature to explain what?literature to explain what?

scientific method scientific method in which scientists believed in which scientists believed no assumption could be trusted without no assumption could be trusted without repeat experimentationrepeat experimentation

Ptolemy stated the universe was Ptolemy stated the universe was geocentric geocentric _____ _____________ ________

heliocentric heliocentric is where the universe is is where the universe is centered around the ___centered around the ___

Newton’s work explained what laws?Newton’s work explained what laws?

Rene Descartes law of Refraction