Enlightenment and Revolution

Enlightenment and Revolution

The Age of Exploration

The Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment

The American Revolution

Age of ExplorationChapter 18Section 1

Exploration

1400s and 1500s Western Europe began exploring the world.

Many events came together to create the right conditions for exploration of the Americas and gaining control of parts of India and Southeast Asia

Europeans

Buying a lot of spices, silks, and other goods from Asia.

In the 1400s, the goods became harder to get.

Europeans

The Mongol Empire collapsed

Local rulers along the Silk Road imposed new taxes on merchants

These taxes made the goods even more expensive

Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire and blocked the Italian merchants from entering the Black Sea

Italians were unable to reach their trading post on the Black Sea

They were forced to trade with the Turks which made the prices even higher.

Cant Live Without

Europeans still wanted the spices and silks from East Asia

They determined that whoever could find an alternate route would become very rich

Merchants began looking for a route that bypassed the Middle East.

They would look for passage that wasnt by land but by the sea

New Technology

Atlantic Ocean was dangerous to sail and even more difficult to navigate

In the 1400s, new technology emerged that would make this travel easier

Astrolabe: Greek device that could help to

find longitude

Compass: helped navigators to find magnetic

north

Advancements in Shipbuilding

Began using triangular sails

Enabled the ship to zigzag across in the wind

Ships had many masts now

Smaller sails

New rudder that made it easier to steer

New ships were called caravels

Caravel

Strong Nations

Exploring was expensive and dangerous

By the end of the 1400s, there were 4 strong kingdoms:

France

Spain

England

Portugal

Maps Encouraged Exploration

Most realized the world was round

Ptolemy had drawn maps of the world 1200 years earlier and they were rediscovered

Printing Press allowed his book Geography to be sold over Europe

Ptolemy

Had ideas about cartography

Cartography: science of map making

His idea of longitude and latitude are still used today.

Realization

By studying maps by Al-Idrisi and Ptolemy, they realized that if they could get around the tip of Africa then they could reach Asia

Fighting

Because of fighting between the English and French, along with Spain still fighting with the Muslims, the advantage of exploration went to Portugal

Prince Henry

Known as Henry the Navigator

Set up a research center with:

sailors

cartographers

shipbuilders

Began mapping the coast of Africa and trading with their kingdoms

Portugal

Seized Azores, Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands

They realized that sugar cane, which was very valuable to Europe, would grow very well in these areas

They began using enslaved Africans to work the sugar cane fields

Dias and da Gama

Bartolomeu Dias reached the Southern tip of Africa in 1488

In 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded the tip of Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, & landed on the coast of India

An alternate route to Asia had been found!

People to Know

People to Know

Christopher Columbus

Italian Navigator

His idea was to find a route to Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

Rulers of Portugal, England, and France all turned him down.

In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, agreed to pay for his voyage.

Columbus Cont.

Columbus outfitted three ships:

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

When Columbus landed in the Americas he believed he was in Asia

Ferdinand Magellan

In 1520 he set out to find a route to Asia, by crossing the Atlantic.

He found a passage through South America

It is now named the Strait of Magellan

After his death, his crew finished their voyage

Becoming the first to circumnavigate around the world.

John Cabot

English explorer

Discovered Newfoundland and explored the coast of Canada

Disappeared on his second voyage to the Americas

Jacquez Cartier

Sailed past Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence River hoping to find a route to Asia through the Americas.

Made two more trips exploring and mapping the St. Lawrence River.

Spain in the Americas

After Columbus, the Spanish build a vast empire in the Americas

Forcing the Native Americans into slavery to grow sugarcane and mine gold and silver.

Conquering the Natives

Hernan Cortez conquered the Aztec

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca

Vast amounts of Gold and Silver started flowing into Europe from the Spanish Empire in the Americas

Phillip II

Sent Spanish Armada to invade England

Ships were unable to maneuver in the English Channel because the ships were too large

They were forced to retreat

Storm arose and broke up the Armada

England now had power

Encouraged England and Dutch to explore North America and Asia

Mercantilism

Mercantilism: the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver

Believed the best way is to export (sell to other countries), more goods than they import (buy from other countries).

Mercantilists Beliefs

Felt that countries should set up colonies

Colony: settlement of people living in a new territory controlled by their home country

Colonists produce goods that are not produced in home country

This meant the home country would not have to import these goods

Joint Stock Companies

Commerce is the buying and selling of goods over a long distance

This caused merchants to need large amounts of money, goods, warehouses and ability to ship over land and sea

Created entrepreneurs: people who would invest money into a business

Would need many entrepreneurs for these projects, they would join together and form a Joint Stock Company

Joint Stock Companies

In a Joint Stock Company, many can invest by buying shares of the company

Shares in the company = stocks

Cottage Industry

Artisans and Guilds were too expensive for the merchants to make a good profit.

They started having the peasants make the goods for them which was much cheaper

The peasants loved the extra money

This became known as the Cottage Industry because the goods were made in the cottages of the peasants

Columbian Exchange

Some Exchange Was Bad.

Europeans were carrying germs that the Native Americans had never been exposed to before.

Diseases killed millions of Native Americans:

Smallpox

Measles

Malaria

Chapter 18 Section 2The Scientific Revolution

Early Beginnings

Science is the organized study of the world and how it works.

Different kinds of science were developed to solve problems

The first sciences developed were: Astronomy and medical science

Greeks

Left behind a large amount of scientific data and theories

Believed the only way to understand nature was through reasoning.

Theory: explanation of how or why something happens

Greeks

Did not experiment (test) new ideas and this led to many falsehoods

They used a more common sense approach

Ptolemy

Said the sun and the planets moved around the earth

This meant the earth was the center of the universe

This theory was believed to be correct for over 1400 years

Roman Times

During Roman times, they accepted the findings in Science of the Greeks

After the fall of Rome, they became more interested in Theology than in Science

Many of the ancient works from the Greeks were lost or poorly preserved.

In the ones that survived, there were many errors from them being copied by hand

1100s

European thinkers again became interested in science because of their interactions with the Islamic world

Many scientific works were brought to Europe and translated into Latin from the Islamic scientists

Discoveries

The Hindu-Arabic system of numbers spread to Europe

It replaced the system of Roman numerals

Europeans began to build new universities which would play an important part in the growth of science

Exploration Growth

Better maps, charts and navigational tools helped voyagers to reach new parts of the world

Scientists gathered knowledge on new plants, animals and diseases

Oceans and Continents became better documented

Astronomy

In the 1500s, European thinkers began to look at the old scientific ideas

They began to believe that new knowledge could only come from mathematics and doing experiments

Astronomy was the first to see changes

Discoveries

Copernicus disagreed with Ptolemy

He felt the previous theory was too complex

His new theory was simpler and stated that the universe was sun-centered

Planets moved in circular paths around the sun

Kepler

Supported the theory made by Copernicus but made some corrections to it.

Planets moved in ellipses (egg-shaped)

His changes marked the beginning of modern astronomy

Galileo

Italian Scientist

Proved Aristotle wrong on his assumption that the heavier an object was, the faster it would fall

Improved instruments such as the clock and telescope

Found proof to support Copernicuss view of the earth revolving around the sun

Galileo

Developed a water thermometer

His assistant built the first barometer that measured air pressure

His work was condemned by the Catholic Church

Pope called for him to be tried for heresy because the Church still believed that the earth was the center of the Universe

He withdrew a lot of his ideas due to pressure from the church but his ideas spread throughout Europe

Newton

Ideas needed to be brought together under one system

An apple fell from a tree causing Newton to come up with the idea of gravity (pull of the earth and other bodies on objects)

His theories explain that gravity holds the entire solar system together by keeping the sun and planets in their orbits

Newton

His ideas led to modern Physics

Physics is the study of physical properties such as matter and energy

Medicine and Chemistry

Galen wanted to study the human body but was only allowed to use animals

Vesalius began to dissect dead human bodies, his discoveries replaced the findings of Galen

Harvey & Hooke

Proved that blood flowed through the human body

Hooke began using a microscope and discovered cells (the smallest of living material)

Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of natural substances and how they change

Robert Boyle proved that all substances are made up of basic elements and can not be broken down

1700s

Ways were developed to study gases

Hydrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen were discovered

Antoine Laviosier proved that materials needed oxygen to burn

His wife Marie contributed to his work

Triumph of Reason

Began to apply science to society

Science had proven that the physical universe followed natural laws.

By their reasoning, people could learn how the universe worked

Using this knowledge, people can solve human problems to make their life better

Descartes

Wrote Discourse on Method

He began with problem of knowing what is true.

He decided to set aside everything he had learned and start over

One fact that he knew to be true was his existence.

Descartes

He summarized the idea of his existence with the statement:

I think, therefore I am.

Claimed that mathematics was the source of all scientific truth

Claimed in math, that the answers were always true

They begin with simple principles and then use logic to expand them to other truths

Founder of modern Rationalism (belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge)

Scientific Method

Scientific Method is an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence

Made up of several steps

Observe

Hypothesize

Predict

Test

Modify

Still used in Science today; experiments are repeated and if they show the hypothesis to be true-they are considered a scientific law

Chapter 18Section 3The Enlightenment

Politics

During the 1700s, European thinkers were impressed with the new discoveries in Science

They felt that people could use these scientific laws to improve their own way of life

The belief that reason was a better guide than faith or tradition led to the time becoming known as the Age of Enlightenment

Politics

Reason and Science was applied to government.

Thinkers believed in Natural Law

Natural Law is a law that applied to everyone and could be understood by reasoning

Thought that Natural Law was the key to understanding government and their policies

Locke and Hobbes

In the 1600s, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke applied natural law to develop new ideas concerning how a government should work

Hobbes was shocked when Charles I was executed after fighting those who backed Parliament that supported representation by the people and a larger say for them

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan that argued that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government

Believed that people were selfish, violent and couldnt be trusted to make good decisions

John Locke

Used natural law to affirm that citizens should have a say in their government

Opposite of Thomas Hobbes

James II sent up a monarchy against Parliaments wishes.

Parliament then asked James daughter and her husband to take the throne.

Became know as the Glorious Revolution

William and Mary

Agreed to a Bill of Rights

They agreed to obey Parliaments laws

Guaranteed all English people basic rights

Two Treatises of Government written by Locke stated that from birth people have the right to life, right to liberty and the right to own property

Montesquieu

Published the Spirit of Laws

Stated the English government was the best because it had separation of powers(power divided equally among the branches of government)

Philosopher

Thinkers became known the French name

Most philosophers were writers, teachers, journalists and observers of society

Wanted to use reason to change society and attacked superstitions (unreasoned beliefs)

Used their skills as writers to spread their ideas

Voltaire

Greatest Thinker of the Enlightenment

Strong dislike of the Catholic Church

He felt people should be able to choose their own beliefs and blamed the king from keeping knowledge from the people

Supported deism (religious belief based on reason

God created the world and then allowed it to run itself by natural law

Voltaire Quote

I do not agree with what you have to say,

but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.

Diderot

French Philosopher

Published a 28 volume encyclopedia that took over 20 years to complete

Wide range of topics from science to religion and government were covered

Women

In the past, women were viewed as less important

Women thinkers began to call for Womens Rights

Most important was Mary Wollstonecraft, who is viewed as the founder of the modern movement for womens rights

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Claimed that women had reason skills and should have the same rights as a man

Stated that women should have equal treatment in education, work and politics

Rousseau

Criticized Enlightenment ideas

Said that supporters relied too much on reason

Said that people were naturally good but that society corrupted them

Wrote Social Contract that said that everyone should agree to be governed by general will (want society wants as a whole; majority)

Absolutism

Monarchs have total or absolute power

Rulers did not answer to their people but only to God

Absolute rulers turned to philosophies to help their government run smoother but not to lose any power

Referred to by Historians as Despots (Rulers who hold total power)

Louis XIV

Most celebrated absolute monarchy which lasted for almost 72 years

Longest in European History

Known as the Sun King because he was the light for his people and European nobles and leaders

Frederick the Great

In the 1700s, Germany had over 300 states

Prussia and Austria became great powers

Frederick was the most famous Prussian ruler

Strengthened the army and expanded territory

Supported the arts and learning

Allowed grater religious tolerance

Permitted his people to speak and publish more freely

Austrias Hapsburg Rulers

Maria became ruler and worked to improve the lives of the serfs (worked for the nobles)

After her death, her brother Joseph II became ruler

Allowed books to be published freely

Freed the serfs

Made land taxes equal for nobles and farmers

Nobles opposed him and he was forced to back down; however the serfs were allowed to remain free

Russia

All-powerful rulers known as Czars

One of the most powerful was Peter I (known as Peter the Great)

Began reforms to make government run smoothly

Improved the military and expanded territory

Russia

Catherine II came to power after unrest following Peters death

Devoted to Enlightenment ideas

Thought about freeing the serfs but an uprising changed her mind

Allowed the nobles to treat the serfs however they wanted

Catherine II

Became known as Catherine the Great after land and power increased under her rule

Chapter 18Section 4The American Revolution

Thoughts About The New Land

French & Spanish thought of themselves as temporary residents who would go home as soon as they became rich

British began to think of the land as their new home

Spanish in North America

In the 1500s, Spanish conquistadors explored the southeastern corner of North America and lands north of Mexico

Wanted to find wealthy empires such as the Incas and Aztecs

Found instead was small Native American villages with few riches

This resulted in the Spainish concentrating on the areas in Mexico, Peru and the Caribbean because they had large amounts of silver and gold

Spanish

Built settlements in Florida and New Mexico to keep other European countries out of their territory

Spanish priests established missions (religious communities) to teach Native Americans about Christianity and European ways of life

French

Came to North America to make money from fur-trading

Settled a trading post for beaver fur which was very popular in Europe

French Explorers

Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette found the Mississippi River

La Salle followed the Mississippi all the way to the Gulf of Mexico

He named this region Louisiana after King Louis XIV

English

Came for religious freedom and some came because of financial reasons

1st Permanent English settlement was Jamestown (Virginia)

Life in Virginia was hard and colonists barely had enough food

Many died from starvation and fights with Native Americans

John Rolfe

Discovered that tobacco grew very well in Virginia

Very popular in Europe

Tobacco became the 1st cash crop (crop grown in large quantities to sell for a profit) of the colonies

Religious Freedom

Pilgrims boarded the Mayflower for North America so they could worship freely

Landed in modern day Massachusetts

Named their settlement Plymouth

By 1643, more than 20,000 Puritans had arrived in America

Founded Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire

13 Colonies

English had 13 colonies by the early 1700s

Each had different economies and societies but all wanted to govern themselves

Self Government

The self-government tradition began early in the English colonies

Virginia Company gave the colonists in Virginia the right to elect burgesses (representatives) from land owners

The House of Burgesses was modeled after Parliament

They voted on laws for the Virginia colony

Self-Government

The Pilgrims began their own tradition by the men signing the Mayflower Compact

It stated that they agreed to govern themselves by choosing their own leaders and making their own laws

Most English colonies drew up Constitutions (written forms of government) which allowed them to elect assemblies and protected their rights

Trouble in the Colonies

Colonies and Britain had gotten along well for a long time

This changed when the British tried to control trade and impose taxes on the colonists

Colonial Government & Trade

Colonists had been able to run their local affairs

Colonial legislatures of elected representatives passed laws and could tax the colonists but the Governor of the colony could veto any law

Mercantilism

Great Britain controlled trade with colonies

The colonies produced raw materials and sent them to England

Tobacco, rice, indigo, wheat, lumber, fur, & fish

England then sent manufactured good to the colonists

Clothing, furniture, tea and spices

Navigation Acts

Required colonists to sell their raw materials to Britain even if they could get a better price from somewhere else

All goods from other countries had to go to England first so they could be taxed before being sent to the colonies

All goods had to be shipped on British built ships and all crew members had to be British as well

Debt

After defeating the French, Britain gained nearly all of their territory in North America

War was very expensive, so the British needed to raise money

They planned to tax the colonists and tighten trade rules

Acceptance

Colonists accepted these conditions to begin with because it guaranteed them a place to sell their goods

Later they resented the laws because they wanted to make their own manufactured goods

Colonies began smuggling (shipping goods in and out of the country without permission)

Stamp Act

Tax on all newspapers and other printed materials

A stamp had to be on the paper that showed the tax had been paid

Colonists responded by boycotting (refusing to purchase) British goods

Declaratory Act

After backing down from the Stamp Act, the British still needed money

They placed a tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea

Reactions

Bullied the tax collectors

Published negative political cartoons

Protests

Boston Massacre: colonists threw snowballs at British soldiers. Soldiers fired into the crowd and five people were killed

Repealed

After the Boston Massacre, all of the taxes were repealed except for the tax on tea

The Tea Act: allowed a British Trading company to bring tea to the colonies without paying taxes.

This threatened to put the colonial tea merchants out of business

Boston Tea Party

A group of men dressed as Native Americans dumped the cargo of tea from several British ships into Boston Harbor

Parliament closed down the Harbor and put the government under military rule

Quartered (housed) British soldiers in colonists home

These new laws became known as the Intolerable Acts

First Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia

Spoke out against the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal

Group was divided on what to do; some hoped to settle the differences with England and others wanted to become independent

War of Independence

Fighting broke out in Massachusetts

British set out to destroy weapons stored at Concord

They met colonial troops at Lexington and fought the first battle of the Revolutionary War

Second Continental Congress

Appointed George Washington as the head of the new colonial army

Congress tried to appeal to King George III but he refused

More colonists were beginning to feel the only solution was to fight for their independence

Thomas Paine

Wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense to urge colonists to separate from Great Britain

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Stated the the colonies were separating from Great Britain and forming a new nation

This new nation would be called The United States of America

Declaration

Used ideas from John Locke

Stated all men were created equal

Used the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights as a model

Established that government was not all-powerful and rulers had to treat citizens fairly

How Did We Win?

First important victory: Battle of Saratoga

Turning point because France realized that we might actually win and decided to help the Americans

Final victory: Battle of Yorktown

French navy prevented the British from escaping by sea

American and French forces surrounded and trapped the British in Yorktown

British laid down their weapons

Negotiations began and the Treaty of Paris ended the war

New Country

Originally a confederation (loose union of independent states)

Our plan of government was the Articles of Confederation

Set up a National government but the states held all the power

United States Constituion

Set up the country as a republic with an elected president

George Washington was elected the 1st president

Added the Bill of Rights

Shaped by Enlightenment principles

Popular sovereignty: government receives its powers from the people

Limited government: government may use only the powers given to it by the people