GROUP 3NURUL HAFIZA BINTI ABDUL HALIMFAIZAH BINTI ABDULLAHNOOR HIDAYU BINTI MOHD ASRINOOR SYAHIDA BINTI ABDUL MUTHOLIDMOHAMMAD AZIZI BIN AMRAN

RECYCLING OF MATERIAL FOUND IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Recycling is an important part of a sustainable lifestyle. It’s important for the future of the planet that we all live ’sustainably’ - in other words make the best use of limited natural resources.

Key issue

in materi

al recycli

ng

Identification of

material to be diverted

Identification of reuse and

recycling opportunities

Markets for

plastic

Low value of

recovered plastics

Lack of infrastructure

Low specific weight

Potential contamination

Collection

infrastructures

Subsidies for

recycling program

Meeting specificatio

ns for recovered materials

Aluminum canIn 1990, 85 billion aluminum beverage container were produced in U.S and more than 53.8 billion were returned , for a recycling rate of 63.6 percent.

Why has the aluminum recycling been so successful compared with other common postconsumer waste materials such as newspaper, glass and plastics?

The reason is that postconsumer newspaper, glass, and plastic must compete against the raw material used for their manufacture, and these virgin material also are abundant and relatively cheap

Aluminum ore must be importedAluminum industry recognized the advantage

of a domestic aluminum supply and established the necessary infrastructure for transportation and processing .

A comparable infrastructure does not yet exist for other recyclable material.

Why bother

recycling aluminum

?

Less energy

Less raw material

Less landfill

Cost effective

Easy to recycle

Glass

Glass constitutes approximately 8 percent by weight of MSW

The benefits of recycling glass include -reuse of the material -energy saving -reduced use of landfill space -cleaner compost or an improved refuse-derived

fuel (RDF)Glass bottle and Container -manufacture prefer to include cullet with the raw

material because furnace temperature can be reduced significantly.

- the disadvantage of using cullet from postconsumer

is that it almost contain contaminates that can alter product color or quality

What happens to the glass we put into the glass bank?

Where does it go?

The bottle and jars are collectedfrom the glass bank by lorries.

The lorries keep the glass separatedfrom the glass bank by lorries.

The bottles and jars arrive at the factoryfrom the glass bank by lorries

where they are crushed and cleaned.

Non-glass items are thrown out

The crushed glass is called cullet.

High temperatures in the furnacemelt the glass

Using old glass in thefurnace saves energy.

The melted glass is made into newbottles and jars.

The new bottles and jars are checkedfor faults.

The bottles and jars are then sentto be filled.

When the bottles and jars have been filledthey are sent to the shops to be sold.

We buy the new bottles and jars from theshop and take them back to the glass bank.

The cycle begins again

What Not to Recycle

Good Practice Recycling

Consumers should not put glass bowls, cups, dishes or jugs into their glass recycling point or their doorstep collection. They should also not recycle light bulbs, window panes or electronic equipment with their bottles and jars. Following this advice helps the industry use more recycled glass, save more energy and reduce emissions and waste.Electronic Glass

Light bulbs and other electronic equipment which have glass components contain many metal elements and a range of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium and should be disposed of by specialist companies.If the public use recycling points for these items it creates quality problems for glass manufacturers and reprocessors in all markets.

Glass Oven Ware

We are all familiar with glass in the form of bowls, jugs and casserole dishes better known under the trade name Pyrex® or Vision Ware®.These items are made from a different type of glass to normal bottles and jars called Borosilicate glass. Around 10% boric oxide is added to the basic glass raw materials enabling the glass to withstand very high temperatures and rapid changes from hot to cold.If consumers recycle these items with their glass bottles and jars it will become broken and mixed in with the other glass where it is visually impossible to tell the difference.Borosilicate glass does not fully melt in the furnaces used to make glass for bottles and jars and so gets into the finished containers as small hard pieces called “stones”. These “stones” form weaknesses in the bottles and jars which can lead to them breaking. In the factories making containers there is a range of inspection equipment which checks every single bottle or jar made and detects the “stones”, stopping them going out to be filled with food or drinks.If the factories making glass bottles and jars find lots of “stones” in containers they have to reduce the amount of recycled glass they are using until the problem stops.

Plastic

The growth in use plastic in consumer products has occurred because plastic have largely replaced metal and glass as a container material and paper as a packaging material

Several advantage -light and reduce shipping costs - durable and often provide a safer container - can formed into a variety of shapes and

flexible - good insulator - well suited to wet foods and microwave oven

use

Type of plastic now

recycled

Polyethylene terepthalate(

PETE)

High density

polyethylene (HDFE)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)Low

density polyethylene (LDPE)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polystyrene (PS)

Mixed and multilayer

plastic (other)

Incoming bales

Bale breakerSorting and inspection

granulator

Washing systemFlotation tank

Centrifugal separator

Spain dryer Air classifier

Electrostatic separator

Reclaim extruder

Melt filtration

Pelletizer Final product:HDPE pellets

Final product:PETE flake

Polypropylene

PETE only

detergent

Mixed flake

storage

Coloured PETE

HDPE

PETE

Type flow diagram for the processing of recovered HDPE and PETE crushed for shipment

Rubber

Reuse and recycling opportunitiesRetreading and Remanufacturing-EPA suggested that number of tire discard

could be reduced if consumer bough better quality tires and purchase use retreaded tires

Rubber-Modified Asphalt-wet process, crumb(finely ground) rubber is

blended with asphalt at 400°F to form a chemical bond

-dry process, the tire rubber is simply used as a substitute for aggregate

Tire-Derived Fuel

Ferrous metal (iron and steel)and Nonferrous metals

Ferrous metals are metals derived from, or containing, iron, which is a highly magnetized, recyclable metal.

Principal categories of ferrous metal now recovered from MSW are tin cans and scrap metal

Scrap cansCan are often mixed with nonferrous materialNeed to be separated

magnetically ,compacted and shipped to a detinning facility

Most detinning plants first shred the cansA vacuum system is used to remove these

foreign materialThe shredded material is the sorted

magnetically to remove aluminum and non ferrous material

The clean steel is then detinned either by heating in a kiln to votalize or by chemical process using sodium hydroxide and an oxidizing agent.

• Copper extraction process

material Requirement

Baled can scrap for steel companies

Bales should be 2ft x 2ft x 2ft (or 3 ft) in size,with a specific weight of 75 to 80lb/ft³.cans may be baled without removal of paper labels,but must be free of water, palstic, wood and other debris

Densified biscuit scrap for steel companies

Scrap should be stacked and banded into bundles with a density of 75 to 80lb/ft³. bundle weight is subject to negotiation

Baled can scrap for detinning May be of varied dimension. Specific weight should nominally be 30lb/ft³,subject to negotiation. Wire or other steel banding is acceptable.

Loose cans Loose cans (whole or flattened) are acceptable, subject to negotiation

Shredded can Shredded can (loose or baled) are acceptable, subject to negotiation

Reference

http://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/ks1-recycling-centrehttp://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/what-not-to-reycle

http://myzerowaste.com/articles/food/why-recycle-tins-and-cans/

http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/recycleplastics.htm

Book-Integrated Solid Waste Management,Mc

Graw Hill

Referencehttp://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/ks1-recycling-centrehttp://www.recyclingglass.co.uk/what-not-to-reycle

http://myzerowaste.com/articles/food/why-recycle-tins-and-cans/

http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/recycleplastics.htm