chapter 15: defining personality § §the word comes from the latin persona, meaning “mask.” §...

Chapter 15: Defining Chapter 15: Defining PersonalityPersonality

The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “mask.”

PersonalityAn individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

Chapter 15: PersonalityChapter 15: Personality

Four major approaches to Personality. Four major approaches to Personality.

Psychoanalysis

The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach

The Humanistic Approach

The Trait Approach

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis– Freud’s theory of Freud’s theory of personality and method personality and method of psychotherapy, both of psychotherapy, both of which assume that of which assume that our motives are largely our motives are largely unconsciousunconscious

Personality: Freud’s Personality: Freud’s Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic Approach

IdId

Definition:Definition: - Primitive part of - Primitive part of personalitypersonality

- Supplies libido- Supplies libido

- Demands immediate - Demands immediate pleasurepleasure

Level ofLevel of UnconsciousUnconscious

Consciousness:Consciousness:


SuperEgoSuperEgo

Definition:Definition: - Judge or censor - Judge or censor - “Internal parent”- “Internal parent”

Level of Level of Partly conscious,Partly conscious,Consciousness:Consciousness: mostly unconsciousmostly unconscious


EgoEgo

Definition: Definition: - Executive of personality- Executive of personality

- Directs rational behavior- Directs rational behavior

Level ofLevel of Partly conscious, and Partly conscious, and partlypartly

Consciousness:Consciousness: unconsciousunconscious

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisPsychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development

Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stages– Freud’s stages of personality Freud’s stages of personality

development during which pleasure is development during which pleasure is derived from different parts of the bodyderived from different parts of the body

– OralOral (the first year of life) (the first year of life)– Anal Anal (ages 2-3)(ages 2-3)– PhallicPhallic (ages 4-6) (ages 4-6)

When When Oedipus complexOedipus complex and and identification identification occuroccur

– LatencyLatency period (ages 7-12) period (ages 7-12)– GenitalGenital (starting at puberty) (starting at puberty)

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The Dynamics of The Dynamics of

PersonalityPersonality To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict

between the id and the superego, the ego between the id and the superego, the ego uses uses defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms..– Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety

by denying and distorting realityby denying and distorting reality– Repression (forgetting)Repression (forgetting)– Denial (ignoring)Denial (ignoring)– Projection (attributing to others)Projection (attributing to others)– Reaction Formation (converting to its Reaction Formation (converting to its

opposite)opposite)– Rationalization (making excuses)Rationalization (making excuses)– Sublimation (channeling into acceptable Sublimation (channeling into acceptable

outletsoutlets

The Cognitive Social- The Cognitive Social- Learning ApproachLearning Approach

Cognitive Social-Learning Cognitive Social-Learning TheoryTheory

– An approach to personality An approach to personality that focuses on social that focuses on social learning (modeling), learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and (expectancies, values), and the person-situation the person-situation interactioninteraction

The Cognitive Social-Learning The Cognitive Social-Learning

Approach ApproachSocial-Learning TheorySocial-Learning Theory

ModelingModeling– The social-learning process by which behavior is The social-learning process by which behavior is

observed and imitatedobserved and imitated Locus of Control Locus of Control

– The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external generally controlled by internal or external factorsfactors

Self-EfficacySelf-Efficacy– The belief that one is capable of performing the The belief that one is capable of performing the

behaviors required to produce a desired outcomebehaviors required to produce a desired outcome

The Humanistic The Humanistic ApproachApproach

Humanistic TheoryHumanistic Theory– An approach to personality An approach to personality that focuses on the self, that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillmentthe capacity for fulfillment

The Humanistic The Humanistic ApproachApproach

The Personality Theory of Carl The Personality Theory of Carl RogersRogers

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Rogers’ Theory Rogers’ Theory

Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard– The acceptance and love one receives The acceptance and love one receives

from significant others is unqualifiedfrom significant others is unqualified Conditional Positive RegardConditional Positive Regard

– The acceptance and love one receives The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent from significant others is contingent upon one’s behaviorupon one’s behavior

The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Carl RogersCarl Rogers Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

– A positive or negative evaluation A positive or negative evaluation of the selfof the self

Self-SchemasSelf-Schemas– Specific beliefs about the self Specific beliefs about the self

that influence how people that influence how people interpret self-relevant interpret self-relevant informationinformation

Personality: Trait approachPersonality: Trait approach

Personality trait theorists:Personality trait theorists:

- look for general trends in personality- look for general trends in personality

- believe that personality is enduring and stable- believe that personality is enduring and stable

Personality: Trait approachPersonality: Trait approach What are personality traits?What are personality traits?

- A personality trait is a stable, enduring quality that - A personality trait is a stable, enduring quality that a a person shows in most situations. person shows in most situations.

- A personality trait is who you are MOST of the - A personality trait is who you are MOST of the time.time.

Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach

NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory

- Also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM).- Also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM).

- Condenses personality down to 5 “factors”.- Condenses personality down to 5 “factors”.



- Five factors are: - Five factors are: ExtroversionExtroversion

NeuroticismNeuroticism

AgreeablenessAgreeableness

ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience



Extroversion is associated with:Extroversion is associated with:

- Positive emotionality- Positive emotionality

- Sociability- Sociability

- Risk taking- Risk taking

- Likelihood to enter sales, mgt., or - Likelihood to enter sales, mgt., or accountingaccounting



Neuroticism is associated with:Neuroticism is associated with:

- subjective discomfort- subjective discomfort

- anxiety- anxiety

- emotional stability- emotional stability



Agreeableness is associated with:Agreeableness is associated with:

- desire for harmony and cooperation- desire for harmony and cooperation

- pro-social and team-related behavior- pro-social and team-related behavior



Conscientiousness is associated with:Conscientiousness is associated with:

- work related behavior (all kinds)- work related behavior (all kinds)

- self-discipline- self-discipline

- thoroughness- thoroughness



Openness to Experience is associated with:Openness to Experience is associated with:

- imagination- imagination

- sensitivity and openness to- sensitivity and openness to

new ideasnew ideas

- hypnotic susceptibility- hypnotic susceptibility

Applying personality trait Applying personality trait theorytheory

Kurt Lewin’s Life Space TheoryKurt Lewin’s Life Space Theory

Behavior = (f) Person Behavior = (f) Person X Situation X Situation

(Environment)(Environment)

Life space theory postulates that behavior is a function Life space theory postulates that behavior is a function ((result or outcome ofresult or outcome of) of the unique interaction of people ) of the unique interaction of people and their immediate psychological environment and their immediate psychological environment ((situationsituation).).

Consistency of traits: self-Consistency of traits: self-monitoringmonitoring

Self-monitoringSelf-monitoring: : individual differences in people’s individual differences in people’s ability and motivation to engage in strategic self-ability and motivation to engage in strategic self-presentation.presentation.

High self-monitors: High self-monitors:

(1) first look to the environment (1) first look to the environment

(2) secondly determine if they’re “being (2) secondly determine if they’re “being themselves”themselves”

Low self-monitors:Low self-monitors:

(1) first determine if they’re “being themselves”(1) first determine if they’re “being themselves”

(2) secondly look to the environment (2) secondly look to the environment

Different types of situationsDifferent types of situations““Normal” situationsNormal” situations

- People’s choices reflect their personalities.- People’s choices reflect their personalities.

- People believe they have choices about how to - People believe they have choices about how to behave.behave.

““Extreme” situationsExtreme” situations

- People’s choices do not necessarily reflect their - People’s choices do not necessarily reflect their personalities. personalities.

- People often act the same because there are - People often act the same because there are strong strong expectations about how to behave. expectations about how to behave.

chapter 15: defining personality § §the word comes from the latin persona, meaning “mask.” §...

Documents

executive of personality

personality supplies

social learning modeling

cognitive factors expectancies

phallic ages

year of lifeanal ages

ones reinforcements

censor internal parentlevel