chapter 13-1 ad hoc and sensor networks

Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 0

Chapter 13-1

Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Adapted from class notes by

Prof. Leszek T. Lilien, CS, Western Michigan University

and

Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal & Qing-An Zeng, University of Cincinnati

Most slides based on publisher’s slides for 1st and 2nd edition of: Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems by Agrawal & Zeng

© 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.


Outline

Introduction

Characteristics of MANETs

Applications

Routing Protocols

Wireless Sensor Networks

General Wireless Sensor Networks

Fixed Wireless Sensor Networks


Infrastructure WLAN

AP

集線器

AP(Access Point)

Internet


Peer-to-peer wireless mode

Server with

wireless card

Laptop with

wireless card

Ad Hoc WLAN (Ad Hoc Network)


通常預設值


[Source]: D. Beyer, “Wireless Mesh Networks for Residential Broadband,” Nokia, 2002.

Wireless mesh network for residential

broadband

By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, NCTU/CS, Taiwan

(無線)隨意網路(Another example of Ad Hoc Network)


Nokia Rooftop Product

By Prof. Yu-Chee Tseng, Dept of Computer Science, National Chiao-Tung University


行動無線隨意網路MANET （Mobile Ad Hoc Network）



13.1. Introduction A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)

An ad hoc network: Formed as needed

Formal def. of MANET:

An autonomous system of mobile nodes or

MSs (also serving as routers) connected by

wireless links, the union of which forms a

communications network modeled in the form

of an arbitrary communication graph

Autonomous => does not require support from any existing

network infrastructure

MS


MANET Routing

Source

Destination

MSs of a MANET also serve as routers

These routers are mobile

Route messages from SRC to DEST

Multihop routing

Store-and-forward passing of info in P2P(peer-to-peer) way

MS

MSMS


13.1 Introduction – cont. 1

Characteristics of MANETs:

Dynamically changing topology

Changing in an unpredictable manner

Limited power available to nodes (e.g., a battery)

Usually communicates only with neighboring nodes

Peer-to-peer

Information transmission via store-and-forward

Using multi-hop routing

MS3

MS2

MS4

MS1

MS5

MS6

MS2

MS7Symmetric link

Asymmetric link

Moving to a new location

Asymmetric =unidirectional - when xmission power of nodes on its ends is different (e.g., MS4 stronger than MS7)

p. 304 (頁332)

Fig. 13.1

17

What Can Ad Hoc Networks Can

Do for You?Paper: “Virtual Fences for Controlling Cows”

by: Bulter, Corke, Peterson, and Rus

from: Workshop on Applications of Mobile Embedded Systems

(with MobiSys 2004)



Case Study of a MANET


Paper: “Virtual Fences for Controlling Cows”


Motivations Herding is a very labor intensive activity.

Animals are rotated frequently between paddocks to

prevent overgrazing of any one pasture.

Farmers spend huge amounts of

time and money fixing and maintaining fences.

This work: the first step toward automatically

controlling the location of individual animals as well as

the herd.

http://image2.sina.com.cn/ent/m/p/2016-03-04/U1513P28T3D1005041F326DT20160304120334.jpg

Paddock 1

Paddock 2

Paddock 3

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/nov00/k9101-8.htm



Scenery on most ranches

Posts and barbed wire are

part of the scenery on

most ranches.

But satellite technology

is making it possible to

guide animals over

rangeland with

electronically generated

cues rather than

traditional fences and

cattle drives.





State of the Art (目前最新技術)

physical agent:

sheepdog, robot, etc.

stimulation device:

simple collar which provides an electric shock

when it is in close proximity to a buried

perimeter wire


http://img.askci.com/images/chanye/2015/5/18/6214b6d2-9017-4034-8b71-de811c1ce3c9.jpg


virtual fence:

smart collar for cows:

GPS unit, Zaurus PDA, wireless networking, and soundamplifier

sound stimulus:

whose volume is proportionate to the distance from the boundary.

such as roaring tiger, barking dog, hissing snake.

to repel from obstacles

wireless Ad Hoc Network:

formed by wireless devices with multi-hop communication capability.

Approach of the Authors(Dartmouth College)



Smart Collar:


PDA

MANET

27

More Info from Web



Smart Collar (cont.)

Craig Hale (left), of

Future Segue, and

animal scientist

Dean Anderson

examine the

prototype virtual

fence device they

invented.

Audio cues

generated from the

device tell the cattle

which way to move.





Smart Collar (cont.)

Technician Roy

Libeau (left) and

Anderson place a neck

saddle containing the

prototype virtual fence

system on a cow.





The prototype virtual fence device is shown here

as a neck saddle. Future versions may be reduced

to the size of an ear tag or smaller.





Cow Counters: Brazilian-built RFID chips were tested for tracking cows at a ranch in southern Brazil.

(V. Sreeharsha, “Brazil starts a chip industry,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 48 , No. 12, pp. 13-14, Dec. 2011)


Conclusions

physical information:

location, sensing data

wireless connectivity (multi-hop)

multi-discipline research (need to

work with farmer, biologist, etc.)


MANET


13.8感測網路（Sensor Networks）

無線通訊+電池技術+嵌入式系統(含感測器)


p. 334 (頁363)


智慧型生活無線感測網路系統

http://www.mem.com.tw/news/images/N080130000220080130153720.jpg


Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks


Sink node

(Sensor Gateway)

(Parameters + Localization)

(WSN)


智慧型生活無線感測網路系統

http://www.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_graph/web_articles/coa/10169/74_1.jpg

(Sensor Gateway)

Sink node


13.8. Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

A class of ad hoc networks

A collection of hundreds or thousands of tiny, low-cost, disposable & low-power sensor nodes:

monitoring & analysis of an area

Sensor node in WSN

Includes :

Sensing module

Communications module

Computing module (Processor)

Memory module

Power source (usually a battery)

p. 334 (頁363)

By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University

Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 40By Prof. Kuei-Ping Shih, Wireless & Mobile Network Laboratory, CSIE, Tamkang University

ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter

http://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/embedded/ADC


Sensor Node Characteristics

Low cost

Low power

Multi-functions

Small size

Short communication distance


http://www6.in.tum.de/pub/Main/Resear

chMultifunk/dust.PNG


Sensor Node (Mote)


802.15.4


WSNs vs. MANETs


(Sensor

Gateway)

MANET


WSNs vs. MANETs (cont.)

The number of sensors can be several orders of

magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network

Sensor nodes are densely deployed

Sensor nodes are prone to failure

Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational

capabilities, and memory

(Sensor

Gateway)


Base Station

3

3.1 3.2

3.32

2.1

2.2

2.3

11.0.1

1.0.2

1.0.3

1.2

1.2.5 1.2.4

1.2.3

1.2.2

1.2.11.1 1.1.3

1.1.4

1.1.51.1.1

1.1.2

Simple sensor node

First Level Cluster Head

Second Level Cluster Head

13.10.4. Hierarchical Routing – cont. 1

Routing Protocols

p. 344 (頁373) Fig. 13.12


Example 2: Sensing a Cloud of Smoke

p. 24 (頁25) Fig. 1.24


Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions with a

Wireless Sensor Network (ETH)


http://www.snm.ethz.ch/pub/uploads/Projects/reventador-design-med.jpg

http://www.snm.ethz.ch/pub/uploads/Projects/reventador-design-med.jpg


Wind Monitoring (Univ. MN)



Factory Automation



Health care


72

The End of Chapter 13-1

• Questions?

• Thank you!

chapter 13-1 ad hoc and sensor networks

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