chapter 12 thepresidency. learning outcomes 12.1 assess whether the constitutional powers of the...
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Chapter 12Chapter 12
THE THE PRESIDENCYPRESIDENCY
Learning Outcomes12.1 Assess whether the constitutional powers of the president form a strong basis for the modern presidency.
12.2 Illustrate how claims of inherent powers augment the formal powers of the presidency.
12.3 Assess the role played by the various Executive Branch institutions as resources for an effective president.
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Learning Outcomes12.4 Defend the argument that “Presidential power is the power to persuade.”
12.5 Compare and contrast the different roles that the president plays as national leader.
12.6 Analyze the role of the president within the context of the changing nature of global politics.
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The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power
Initial Conceptions of the Presidency Single executive chosen by Congress Seven-year term and ineligible for reelection Final proposal: concept of checks and balances
Imposed important limits on presidency
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The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power
The Powers of the President Article II of Constitution: requirements for presidency
U.S.-born citizen At least 35 years of age Resident of U.S. for minimum of 14 years
Responsibilities of the president Requirements: brief and vague – why?
Difficulty of providing and limiting presidential power No model - no existing presidency Confidence in George Washington
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The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power
The Powers of the President Serve as administrative head of the nation Act as commander in chief of the military Veto legislation Appoint various officials Make treaties
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The Expansion of Presidential Power
Formal Powers Veto power Ability to report to Congress on the state of the Union Role as commander in chief
Send troops into conflict without declaration of war by Congress
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The Expansion of Presidential Power
The Inherent Powers Inferences drawn from the Constitution and duties
outlined in Article II Executive orders – presidential directives Boundaries of inherent powers debated since 9/11
Bush expanded powers under unitary executive
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The Expansion of Presidential Power
Congressional Delegation of Power Gives executive branch more responsibility to
administer programs to address national problems Presidential powers grow when presidents
successfully challenge Congress Some cases, Congress delegates power Other cases, Congress votes to reassert congressional
authority War Powers Resolution (1973)
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The Executive Branch Establishment
The Executive Office of the President Key aides provide advice, devise strategy, and control
access to president Chief of staff National security adviser Council of Economic Advisers and National Economic
Council Senior domestic policy advisers Office of Management & Budget (OMB)
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Captured!
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The Executive Branch Establishment
The Executive Office of the President (cont.) Three major advisory styles
Competitive management style Franklin Roosevelt
Hierarchical staff model Dwight Eisenhower
Collegial staffing arrangement Bill Clinton
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The Executive Branch Establishment
The Vice President Most important duty: take over presidency, if needed
25th amendment allows choice of new VP Traditionally, carry out political chores
Campaigning Fundraising “Stroking” the party faithfully
President of Senate
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Next in Line
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The Executive Branch Establishment
The Cabinet Heads of departments of executive branch and small
number of other key officials Expanded since George Washington
Today: 15 departments In theory: advisory body but in practice
Too large Members have limited areas of expertise Not chosen for ability to work with president
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Presidential Leadership Presidential Character
Character matters to voters, especially leadership, integrity, and competence
Presidential character at the forefront of national politics Nixon and Watergate Clinton and Monica Lewinsky
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TABLE 12.1 Presidential Greatness
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A Presidential Wish List
Presidential Leadership The President’s Power to Persuade
Presidents must have interpersonal and practical political skills Depend on others cooperation to get things done Choose battles carefully, use force of personality and
prestige of office to forge agreement among differing factions
Influence related to professional reputation and prestige
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Presidential Leadership The President and the Public
Presidents try to mobilize public support for proposals “Going public” – President forces compliance by
appealing to constituents Monitor public opinion polls
“Honeymoon period” – Typically highest approval ratings Economic conditions exert enormous impact on rating
President’s concern with public opinion can be defended as means of furthering majoritarian democracy
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Figure 12.2: It All Goes Back to the Economy
Presidential Leadership
The Political Context Partisans in Congress
Greatest success in Congress: immediately after inauguration and peak of popularity
Presidential success measured by how often president wins on roll call votes
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Presidential Leadership The Political Context
Elections President only elected official charged with
representing all the people During campaigns, candidates try to win votes from
different groups through stand on issues Presidents use electoral mandate as majoritarian
interpretation of electoral process
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Presidential Leadership The Political Context
Political Party Systems Presidential leadership determined in part by
Whether president is member of dominant party Whether public policies and political philosophy
associated with his party have widespread support Greater opportunity to change public policy when he
is in the majority and opposing party perceived to be unable to solve major national problems
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The President as National Leader From Political Values…
Presidents differ greatly in views of the role of government.
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Reagan reasserted conservative philosophy, promoting reductions in government services.
Johnson’s strong liberal ideology was the basis for Great Society legislation.
The President as National Leader
…to Policy Agenda Roots of policy proposals found in general political
ideology of president President’s role in legislative leadership is a 20th
Century phenomenon Franklin Roosevelt – critical change with his legislative
program
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The President as National Leader
Chief Lobbyist Presidents have become increasingly active in all
stages of legislative process President’s legislative liaison staff work with White
House, interest groups and Congress to build support for legislation
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The President as National Leader
Party Leader Informal duty of presidency President and congressional leaders may have
differing viewpoints Presidents focus more on party leadership than
bridging differences between parties President: fundraiser in chief for party
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Figure 12.3: Through Partisan Eyes
The President as World Leader Foreign Relations
End of WWII until late 1980s Presidents preoccupied with containing communist
expansion Today’s presidents have three objectives:
National security Fostering peaceful international environment Protection of U.S. economic interests
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The President as World Leader Crisis Management
Critical part of presidency Crisis Guidelines:
Drawing on range of advisers and opinion Not acting with haste Having well-designed, formal review process with
through analysis and open debate Rigorously examining the reasoning underlying all
options to ensure assumptions are valid
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Crisis in Camelot