THE AMERICAN THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCYPRESIDENCY

UNIT 16UNIT 16

PreviewPreview

Constitutional Convention (1787)Constitutional Convention (1787) Powers of the President: executive, Powers of the President: executive,

judicial, legislative, foreign affairs, judicial, legislative, foreign affairs, militarymilitary

Checks and balances: limitations of Checks and balances: limitations of presidential powerspresidential powers

ElectionsElections ImpeachmentImpeachment

THE CONSTITUTIONAL THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONCONVENTION

Philadelphia, May-Philadelphia, May-Sept.1787Sept.1787

The Founding Fathers had two opposing The Founding Fathers had two opposing fears regarding the office of the fears regarding the office of the Presidency:Presidency:

1) Making it too powerful might lead to 1) Making it too powerful might lead to a tyrannya tyranny

2) Making it too weak might repeat the 2) Making it too weak might repeat the mistakes of the Articles of Confederationmistakes of the Articles of Confederation

Independent executive with definite and Independent executive with definite and important powers and limitations upon important powers and limitations upon those powersthose powers

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.

ARTICLE IIARTICLE II

The executive power shall be vested in The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be electedsame term, be elected

The President shall be commander in The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the chief of the army and navy of the United StatesUnited States

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.

ARTICLE IIARTICLE II He shall have power, by and with the He shall have power, by and with the

advice and consent of the advice and consent of the SenateSenate, to , to make treaties, provided two-thirds of make treaties, provided two-thirds of the the SenatorsSenators present concur; and he present concur; and he shall nominate, with the advice and shall nominate, with the advice and consent of the consent of the SenateSenate (...) (...) ambassadors, other public ministers ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court and all other officers of the Court and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided fornot herein otherwise provided for

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENTPOWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

ExecutiveExecutive LegislativeLegislative JudicialJudicial Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs Military PowersMilitary Powers

Executive PowersExecutive Powers

The President enforces the The President enforces the Constitution and the laws passed by Constitution and the laws passed by Congress; executive ordersCongress; executive orders

Appoints all important government Appoints all important government officials, including Cabinet officers and officials, including Cabinet officers and members of administrative agenciesmembers of administrative agencies

The head of state, ceremonial head of The head of state, ceremonial head of the government and symbol of the government and symbol of national unitynational unity

AppointmentsAppointments

AAn incoming president may make n incoming president may make up to 6,000 up to 6,000 appointments appointments before he before he takes office and 8,000 more during takes office and 8,000 more during his term. his term. Ambassadors, Ambassadors, members of members of thethe Cabinet Cabinet, and other federal , and other federal officersofficers - - appointed by a president appointed by a president with the with the “advice and consent” advice and consent” of a of a majority of the Senatemajority of the Senate

Removal from officeRemoval from office

The President can remove any The President can remove any executive officer from office if he executive officer from office if he thinks this is necessarythinks this is necessary

Executive orderExecutive order

A directive issued by the President or A directive issued by the President or the Administration requiring certain the Administration requiring certain acts to be carried out in domestic or acts to be carried out in domestic or foreign situationsforeign situations

In other countries, similar edicts are In other countries, similar edicts are known as decrees. known as decrees.

Some orders - the force of law when Some orders - the force of law when made in pursuance of certain Acts of made in pursuance of certain Acts of Congress, when those acts give the Congress, when those acts give the President discretionary powers.President discretionary powers.

Executive orderExecutive order

Wars have been fought upon executive Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton’s second term in office. Bill Clinton’s second term in office.

All such wars have had authorizing All such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. resolutions from Congress.

The extent to which the president may The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution: unresolved constitutional issues Resolution: unresolved constitutional issues

All Presidents have complied with the terms All Presidents have complied with the terms of the Resolution while maintaining that they of the Resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so.are not constitutionally required to do so.

Legislative PowersLegislative PowersObama signing legislationObama signing legislation

Legislative PowersLegislative Powers

Every bill passed by Congress must be Every bill passed by Congress must be signed by the Presidentsigned by the President

The power of vetoThe power of veto

Legislative powersLegislative powers

If the President vetoes a bill, he If the President vetoes a bill, he must do so within 10 days must do so within 10 days otherwise the bill will otherwise the bill will automatically become lawautomatically become law

Congress can override the Congress can override the President’s veto by a two-thirds President’s veto by a two-thirds vote of each housevote of each house

Legislative powersLegislative powers

If a bill is presented to the If a bill is presented to the President in fewer than 10 days President in fewer than 10 days before Congress adjourns, he no before Congress adjourns, he no longer has the constitutional 10 longer has the constitutional 10 days to reflect upon a billdays to reflect upon a bill

Pocket vetoPocket veto

In this case, if the President In this case, if the President remains silent, the bill cannot remains silent, the bill cannot become lawbecome law

This is called the „pocket veto”This is called the „pocket veto” If the bill is vetoed in this way, If the bill is vetoed in this way,

Congress must begin the whole Congress must begin the whole procedure again at the new procedure again at the new sessionsession

Power of vetoPower of veto

Until recently the President could Until recently the President could only accept or reject a complete only accept or reject a complete billbill

Now he has the possibility to veto Now he has the possibility to veto only specific parts of a bill without only specific parts of a bill without affecting its other provisionsaffecting its other provisions

Legislative powersLegislative powers

PPresident cannot directly resident cannot directly introduce introduce legislative proposals legislative proposals for for consideration in Congress. consideration in Congress.

HeHe can take an indirect role in can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, espshaping legislation, esp.. if the if the president's party has a majority in president's party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. one or both houses of Congress.

Legislative powersLegislative powers

PPresident or other officials of the executive resident or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce senators or representatives to introduce thethemm into Congress. into Congress.

PPresident can further influence the legislative resident can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. periodic reports to Congress.

These reports may be either written or oral, These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as thebut today are given as the State of the Union State of the Union AddressAddress, which often outlines the president's , which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.legislative proposals for the coming year.

Judicial PowersJudicial Powers

The President may grant pardons in The President may grant pardons in cases involving federal crimes, cases involving federal crimes, except in cases of impeachmentexcept in cases of impeachment

Appoints all federal judges; however, Appoints all federal judges; however, it is impossible for the President to it is impossible for the President to remove a justice from the Supreme remove a justice from the Supreme Court – their tenure is guaranteed Court – their tenure is guaranteed „during good behaviour”„during good behaviour”

Powers Over Foreign AffairsPowers Over Foreign Affairs

Determines the foreign policy of the nation Determines the foreign policy of the nation and is responsible for the conduct of foreign and is responsible for the conduct of foreign affairsaffairs

Appoints the Secretary of State, ambassadors, Appoints the Secretary of State, ambassadors, consuls and ministers; subject to the Senate’s consuls and ministers; subject to the Senate’s approvalapproval

Directs diplomatic matters and negotiates Directs diplomatic matters and negotiates treaties with other countriestreaties with other countries

Receives foreign ambassadors, may recognize Receives foreign ambassadors, may recognize or refuse to recognize foreign governmentsor refuse to recognize foreign governments

Foreign affairs: Foreign affairs: TreatiesTreaties Treaties – considered as the supreme Treaties – considered as the supreme

law of the land, together with the law of the land, together with the Constitution and federal statutesConstitution and federal statutes

Congress exerts control over the Congress exerts control over the executive because it has to pass executive because it has to pass legislation to implement the terms of legislation to implement the terms of a treatya treaty

Treaties are not „self-executing”Treaties are not „self-executing”

Foreign Affairs: Foreign Affairs: TreatiesTreaties The ratification of treaties may take a The ratification of treaties may take a

long timelong time Most minor foreign policy matters are Most minor foreign policy matters are

handled in the form of executive handled in the form of executive agreements which are easier to agreements which are easier to negotiate and can be implemented negotiate and can be implemented without Congressional actionwithout Congressional action

This gives the President a larger sphere This gives the President a larger sphere of activity and considerable autonomyof activity and considerable autonomy

Military PowersMilitary Powers

Commander-in-chief of the armed Commander-in-chief of the armed forcesforces

Appoints the top military Appoints the top military commanders and may remove commanders and may remove them from their commandsthem from their commands

May order the armed forces into May order the armed forces into action within the U.S. and in other action within the U.S. and in other countriescountries

LIMITATIONS ON LIMITATIONS ON PRESIDENTIAL POWERS:PRESIDENTIAL POWERS:

Executive PowersExecutive Powers Appointments of important Appointments of important

government officials require approval government officials require approval by a majority of the Senateby a majority of the Senate

Executive orders may be challenged in Executive orders may be challenged in the courts and reviewed as to their the courts and reviewed as to their constitutionalityconstitutionality

Limitations of Legislative Limitations of Legislative PowersPowers

President’s requests for legislation President’s requests for legislation need not be passed by Congressneed not be passed by Congress

His veto may be overriden by a two-His veto may be overriden by a two-thirds vote of each House of the thirds vote of each House of the CongressCongress

His party members may refuse to back His party members may refuse to back up his programsup his programs

Limitations on Judicial Limitations on Judicial PowersPowers

Appointments of federal judges require Appointments of federal judges require the approval of a majority of the the approval of a majority of the SenateSenate

Federal judges have life tenure and Federal judges have life tenure and decide cases independently of decide cases independently of Presidential wishes or judgementPresidential wishes or judgement

Power to grant pardon does not extend Power to grant pardon does not extend to cases of impeachmentto cases of impeachment

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Appointments of major foreign Appointments of major foreign affairs officials require the approval affairs officials require the approval of a majority of the Senateof a majority of the Senate

Treatises with other countries go Treatises with other countries go into effect only if ratified by two-into effect only if ratified by two-thirds majority of the Senatethirds majority of the Senate

His foreign policies may be His foreign policies may be examined and criticized by examined and criticized by Congress committeesCongress committees

Limitations on Military Limitations on Military PowersPowers

Presidential authority does not extend Presidential authority does not extend to declaring war, for that power to declaring war, for that power resides exclusively in Congressresides exclusively in Congress

Management of the military depends Management of the military depends upon Congressional legislation upon Congressional legislation authorizing conscription and authorizing conscription and development of weaponsdevelopment of weapons

Funds for military expenditures require Funds for military expenditures require Congressional allocations of fundsCongressional allocations of funds

ElectionsElections

Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of theof the ConstitutionConstitution sets the requirements to sets the requirements to hold office. A president must:hold office. A president must:

be abe a natural-born citizen natural-born citizen of the United of the United States;States;

be at least thirty-five years old;be at least thirty-five years old; have been a permanenthave been a permanent resident in the resident in the

U.S.U.S. for at least for at least 1414 years. years.

ElectionsElections

A general election takes place in A general election takes place in November every 4 yearsNovember every 4 years

Other than the President and Other than the President and Vice-President, one third of the Vice-President, one third of the Senate, all members of the House Senate, all members of the House of Representatives, many of Representatives, many governorships and thousands of governorships and thousands of public officials are up for electionpublic officials are up for election

Electoral processElectoral process

1. Primary elections and State 1. Primary elections and State CaucusesCaucuses

2. The National Conventions2. The National Conventions 3. The Electoral Campaign3. The Electoral Campaign 4. Election Day and the Electoral 4. Election Day and the Electoral

VoteVote

Primary Elections and Primary Elections and State CaucusesState Caucuses Over a period of 6 months starting in Over a period of 6 months starting in

January of every election year, January of every election year, delegates who will attend the National delegates who will attend the National Conventions for each of the two major Conventions for each of the two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, parties, Democrats and Republicans, are chosenare chosen

They choose two main candidates or They choose two main candidates or nominees at the National Conventions nominees at the National Conventions held in summerheld in summer

Primary ElectionsPrimary Elections

Other than permitting voters to Other than permitting voters to choose delegates, a Primary may choose delegates, a Primary may permit them to express their permit them to express their preference for one of the preference for one of the presidential candidatespresidential candidates

Purpose of the Purpose of the PrimariesPrimaries 1. to allow the choice of delegates 1. to allow the choice of delegates

to the National Conventionsto the National Conventions To permit voters to indicate their To permit voters to indicate their

choice of a candidate for the choice of a candidate for the PresidencyPresidency

CaucusesCaucuses

The other delegates are chosen in The other delegates are chosen in closed party meetings called closed party meetings called caucusescaucuses

The National The National ConventionsConventions In July and August before a In July and August before a

general election, delegates to general election, delegates to each of the two major each of the two major Conventions meet to select their Conventions meet to select their party nomineesparty nominees

The National The National Conventions: functionsConventions: functions 1. Each party selects its 1. Each party selects its nomineesnominees

for President and Vice-Presidentfor President and Vice-President 2. Each party attempts to unify 2. Each party attempts to unify

different different factionsfactions withing the withing the party behind its candidatesparty behind its candidates

3. Each party lays out a program 3. Each party lays out a program of action to be followed if their of action to be followed if their candidate wins: candidate wins: party platformparty platform

The Electoral The Electoral CampaignCampaign Runs from early September until Runs from early September until

Election Day in NovemberElection Day in November Candidates visit a maximum Candidates visit a maximum

number of states, concentrating number of states, concentrating their efforts on the most populous their efforts on the most populous ones having an important number ones having an important number of electoral votesof electoral votes

Election Day and the Election Day and the Electoral VoteElectoral Vote Citizens eligible to vote may go to the Citizens eligible to vote may go to the

polls the first Tuesday in Novemberpolls the first Tuesday in November Voters do not vote directly for a Voters do not vote directly for a

presidential candidate, but rather for presidential candidate, but rather for an electoran elector

Totality of electors form the Electoral Totality of electors form the Electoral College which translates the popular College which translates the popular vote into the electoral votevote into the electoral vote

The key to the The key to the Electoral CollegeElectoral College Each state has a certain number Each state has a certain number

of electoral votes according to its of electoral votes according to its populationpopulation

The candidate who receives a The candidate who receives a majority of the popular vote in a majority of the popular vote in a state, wins all the electoral votes state, wins all the electoral votes of that stateof that state

The key to the The key to the Electoral CollegeElectoral College In order to win an election, a In order to win an election, a

candidate must have a majority candidate must have a majority of the electoral vote, or 270 of of the electoral vote, or 270 of the 538 votes in the Electoral the 538 votes in the Electoral CollegeCollege

The key to the The key to the Electoral CollegeElectoral College This number is equal to the This number is equal to the

composition of the Congress:composition of the Congress: 100 Senators100 Senators 435 Representatives435 Representatives 3 3 District of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia 538538

Electoral College map 2012Electoral College map 2012PresidentPresident Obama Obama won the popular vote in 26 states ( blue) to won the popular vote in 26 states ( blue) to capture 332 electoral votes. Former Governor capture 332 electoral votes. Former Governor Romney Romney won the won the popular vote in 24 states popular vote in 24 states ((red) to capture red) to capture 206 electoral votes206 electoral votes

Inauguration DayInauguration Day

The President Elect is „sworn into The President Elect is „sworn into office” by the Chief Justice of the office” by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on January 20thSupreme Court on January 20th

Presidential OathPresidential Oath

Before executing the powers of the Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally office, a president is constitutionally required to take the required to take the presidential oathpresidential oath::

““I do solemnly swear that I will I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of protect and defend the Constitution of the United Statesthe United States””

1st American President1st American PresidentGeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington

((February 22, 1732 February 22, 1732 --December 14, 1799December 14, 1799))

Impeachment Power of Impeachment Power of CongressCongress

An extreme check upon the An extreme check upon the PresidentPresident

Formal accusation made by a Formal accusation made by a legislature against a public official legislature against a public official charging crime or serious charging crime or serious misconductmisconduct

Impeachment against Impeachment against the Presidentthe President

The House of Representatives by majority The House of Representatives by majority vote may bring impeachment charges vote may bring impeachment charges against the President for “treason, bribery, or against the President for “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors”other high crimes and misdemeanors”

The Senate, with the Chief Justice of the The Senate, with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presiding, acts as the jury Supreme Court presiding, acts as the jury and hears the chargesand hears the charges

The Senate requires a two-thirds vote to The Senate requires a two-thirds vote to declare the President guilty and remove him declare the President guilty and remove him from officefrom office

The Impeachment of The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson became President Johnson became President following Lincoln’s assassination following Lincoln’s assassination (1865)(1865)

Retained Lincoln’s Cabinet, Retained Lincoln’s Cabinet, including Secretary of War Edwin including Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who demanded harsh Stanton, who demanded harsh measures against the Southmeasures against the South

Johnson favored lenient treatment Johnson favored lenient treatment of the Southof the South

The Impeachment of The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868)Andrew Johnson (1868)

The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act (1867) (1867) prohibited the President from prohibited the President from discharging any major government discharging any major government official without consent of the Senate; in official without consent of the Senate; in spite of this, Johnson fired Stantonspite of this, Johnson fired Stanton

Impeached by the House of Impeached by the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Tried before the Senate, Johnson was Tried before the Senate, Johnson was declared not guilty by a one-vote margindeclared not guilty by a one-vote margin

The Resignation of Richard The Resignation of Richard Nixon (1974)Nixon (1974)

Watergate: 1) a series of political Watergate: 1) a series of political scandals, scandals,

2) the June 1972 break-in at 2) the June 1972 break-in at Democratic national headquarters in Democratic national headquarters in Washington at the Watergate Washington at the Watergate apartments to steal documents and apartments to steal documents and “bug” the offices, and the subsequent “bug” the offices, and the subsequent efforts to hide involvement of top efforts to hide involvement of top administration officials by a cover-upadministration officials by a cover-up

The Resignation of The Resignation of Richard Nixon (1974)Richard Nixon (1974)

Nixon claimed he had no knowledge Nixon claimed he had no knowledge of the Watergate break-in; of the Watergate break-in;

refused the prosecutor’s request to refused the prosecutor’s request to hand in additional tapes on the hand in additional tapes on the ground of executive privilege – the ground of executive privilege – the right of the President to maintain right of the President to maintain the confidentiality of his recordsthe confidentiality of his records

The Resignation of The Resignation of Richard Nixon (1974)Richard Nixon (1974)

Two articles of impeachment: Two articles of impeachment: 1) obstructing justice in the 1) obstructing justice in the

Watergate cover-up Watergate cover-up 2) abuse of Presidential power for 2) abuse of Presidential power for

personal purposespersonal purposes

The Impeachment of Bill Clinton The Impeachment of Bill Clinton (1998)(1998)

The House of Representatives The House of Representatives voted on four articles of voted on four articles of impeachment: impeachment:

1) obstruction of justice, 1) obstruction of justice, 2) lying under oath (perjury), 2) lying under oath (perjury), 3) witness tampering, 3) witness tampering, 4) abuse of power4) abuse of power

The Impeachment of Bill The Impeachment of Bill Clinton (1998)Clinton (1998)

The House approved two articles The House approved two articles that accused Clinton of perjury that accused Clinton of perjury and obstruction of justiceand obstruction of justice

The Senate rejected both articles The Senate rejected both articles of impeachment in February 1999of impeachment in February 1999

Both Senate votes fell Both Senate votes fell considerably short of the two-considerably short of the two-thirds majority required for a thirds majority required for a convictionconviction

SummarySummary

Constitutional powers of the President: Constitutional powers of the President: Head of stateHead of state Chief executiveChief executive Commander in chiefCommander in chief Chief diplomatChief diplomat Legislative powersLegislative powers Limitations of presidential powers: “checks and Limitations of presidential powers: “checks and

balances”balances” ElectionsElections ImpeachmentImpeachment

Legal termsLegal terms

A proposed or projected law:A proposed or projected law: BillBill Accusation of a public official for Accusation of a public official for

misconduct, aiming at his misconduct, aiming at his removal from officeremoval from office

impeachmentimpeachment

Legal termsLegal terms

A written accusation that person has A written accusation that person has committed a crimecommitted a crime

IndictmentIndictment A person who institutes an official A person who institutes an official

prosecution before a courtprosecution before a court ProsecutorProsecutor To examine or investigate judiciallyTo examine or investigate judicially TryTry To find or declare guilty of an offence or To find or declare guilty of an offence or

crime crime convictconvict

Legal termsLegal terms

A betraying, treachery, or breach A betraying, treachery, or breach of faith against the government:of faith against the government:

TreasonTreason The taking or giving money for The taking or giving money for

the performance or non-the performance or non-performance of a public dutyperformance of a public duty

briberybribery

Legal termsLegal terms

A crime of a serious or aggravated A crime of a serious or aggravated nature; an offence which the U.S. nature; an offence which the U.S. Senate deems to constitute Senate deems to constitute adequate grounds for removal of the adequate grounds for removal of the president, vice president, or any civil president, vice president, or any civil officer as a person unfit to hold officer as a person unfit to hold public office and deserving of public office and deserving of impeachmentimpeachment

High crimeHigh crime

Legal termsLegal terms

Misbehaviour or misconduct; Misbehaviour or misconduct; otherwise, a less serious crime that is otherwise, a less serious crime that is punishable by a fine or a prison punishable by a fine or a prison sentence of short durationsentence of short duration

MisdemeanorMisdemeanor Deliberate violation of a rule of law or Deliberate violation of a rule of law or

standard of behavior, especially by a standard of behavior, especially by a government officialgovernment official

misconductmisconduct

Fill in the missing words: appoints, Fill in the missing words: appoints, chief Congress, enforces, Executive, chief Congress, enforces, Executive,

government, ordersgovernment, orders ,, ___powers. The President___ the ___powers. The President___ the

Constitution and the laws passed Constitution and the laws passed by___. For these purposes, he may by___. For these purposes, he may issue executive___. He___ all important issue executive___. He___ all important government officials, including Cabinet government officials, including Cabinet officers and members of officers and members of administrative agencies. He is the administrative agencies. He is the ___of state, or ceremonial head of the ___of state, or ceremonial head of the ____and symbol of national unity. ____and symbol of national unity.

KeyKey

Executive Powers. The President Executive Powers. The President enforces the Constitution and the laws enforces the Constitution and the laws passed by Congress. For these passed by Congress. For these purposes, he may issue executive purposes, he may issue executive orders. He appoints all important orders. He appoints all important government officials, including Cabinet government officials, including Cabinet officers and members of administrative officers and members of administrative agencies. He is the chief of state, or agencies. He is the chief of state, or ceremonial head of the government and ceremonial head of the government and symbol of national unity. symbol of national unity.

Put the verbs in Put the verbs in brackets into brackets into appropriate formsappropriate forms The legislative powers of the The legislative powers of the

President ____(limit, passive). His President ____(limit, passive). His requests for legislation need not requests for legislation need not __(pass, passive) by Congress either __(pass, passive) by Congress either in regular of special sessions. His in regular of special sessions. His veto may ___(override, passive) by veto may ___(override, passive) by a two-thirds vote of each House of a two-thirds vote of each House of Congress. His party members may Congress. His party members may ___(refuse) to back his program___(refuse) to back his program

KeyKey

The legislative powers of the The legislative powers of the President are limited. His requests President are limited. His requests for legislation need not be passed for legislation need not be passed by Congress either in regular of by Congress either in regular of special sessions. His veto may be special sessions. His veto may be overriden by a two-thirds vote of overriden by a two-thirds vote of each House of Congress. His party each House of Congress. His party members may refuse to back his members may refuse to back his programprogram

appointments, impeachment, appointments, impeachment, judicial, judgment, pardons, Senate, judicial, judgment, pardons, Senate, tenuretenure

The ___powers of the President are The ___powers of the President are limited. His___ of federal judges limited. His___ of federal judges require the approval of a majority require the approval of a majority of the___. Federal judges have of the___. Federal judges have life___ and decide cases life___ and decide cases independently of Presidential independently of Presidential wishes or___. His power to grant wishes or___. His power to grant ___for federal offenses does not ___for federal offenses does not extend to cases of___.extend to cases of___.

Key: Key:

The judicial powers of the President are The judicial powers of the President are limited. His appointments of federal limited. His appointments of federal judges require the approval of a judges require the approval of a majority of the Senate. Federal judges majority of the Senate. Federal judges have life tenure and decide cases have life tenure and decide cases independently of Presidential wishes or independently of Presidential wishes or judgment. His power to grant pardons judgment. His power to grant pardons for federal offenses does not extend to for federal offenses does not extend to cases of impeachment.cases of impeachment.