Chapter 12: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath

1200-1500

John Ermer

AP World History

Miami Beach Sr. High

Happening Now

Americas 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan

1438-1533: Inca Empire

Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England

1337-1453: Hundred Years War

1454: Gutenberg Bible printed

Middle East 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate

1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople

Africa 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca

1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

Rise & Rule of The Mongols Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia

Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters

Slave labor, tribute clans

Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations

Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron

Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism

Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women

1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh

punishment for enemies

1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran

1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei Established capital at Karakorum

Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors

1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary

1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China

Other mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

Genghis’s Family of Khans

Genghis Khan r. 1206-1227

Jochi

Batur. 1224-1255

Golden Horde of Russia

Jagadair. 1227-1242

Jagadai Khanate

Ögödeir. 1227-1241

Güyükr. 1246-1248

Tolui

Möngker. 1248-1257

Khubilair. 1265-1294Yuan Emperor

Hülegür. 1256-1265

Il-khan Emperor

Mongol Domains, 1300

Mongols & Islam Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of

Baghdad

Cultures difficult to reconcile

Il-kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in

Palestine, Lebanon

Convert to Islam in 1295

Golden Horde North Central Asia Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert

Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science

Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

Responses in Western Eurasia

Russia Golden Hoard rules from Sarai in south

Granted privileges to Orthodox Church

Russian language dominates

Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials

Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers

Power and population shifts north

Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar

Anatolia and Eastern Europe Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge

(Lithuania, Serbia)

Ottoman Turks establish sultanates in Anatolia Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed

Istanbul

Mongols In China Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues

Yuan successes: Secure transportation & communication

Eurasian cultural & population exchange

Transmission of information, ideas, and skills

Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture

Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential

Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city

Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese

Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties

Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty

Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes emperor Hongwu

Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof)

Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing

Espouses Confucian view of imperial power

Declares war on “barbarians”

Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia

Silver replaces paper money

Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City

Reopens relations with rest of Asia

Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He)

Ming China not as innovative as Song China

Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

East Asia & The Mongols

Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule Mongol threat forces centralization

Korea conquered, local traditions thrive Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence

After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul

Renew study of Confucian classics

Breakthrough in printing technology

Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols

Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure

Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement

Annam After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa

United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam