Chapter 11 - ThermochemistryHeat and Chemical Change

Milbank High School

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Section 11.1The Flow of Energy - Heat

OBJECTIVES:

• Explain the relationship between energy and heat.

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Section 11.1The Flow of Energy - Heat

OBJECTIVES:

• Distinguish between heat capacity and specific heat.

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Energy and Heat Thermochemistry - concerned with

heat changes that occur during chemical reactions

Energy - capacity for doing work or supplying heat

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Energy and Heat Heat - represented by “q”, is energy

that transfers from one object to another, because of a temperature difference between them.

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

In studying heat changes, think of defining these two parts:

• the system

• the surroundings

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed.

• All the energy is accounted for as work, stored energy, or heat.

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

Fig. 11.3a, p.294 - heat flowing into a system from it’s surroundings:

• defined as positive

• q has a positive value

• called endothermic

–system gains heat as the surroundings cool down

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

Fig. 11.3b, p.294 - heat flowing out of a system into it’s surroundings:

• defined as negative

• q has a negative value

• called exothermic

–system loses heat as the surroundings heat up

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Exothemic and Endothermic

Every reaction has an energy change associated with it

Exothermic reactions release energy, usually in the form of heat.

Endothermic reactions absorb energy

Energy is stored in bonds between atoms

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

A calorie is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water 1 oC.

• Used except when referring to food

• a Calorie, written with a capital C, always refers to the energy in food

• 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie = 1000 cal.

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Joule-- the SI unit of heat and energy

• 4.184 J = 1 cal Specific Heat Capacity - the

amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 oC (abbreviated “C”)

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

For water, C = 4.18 J/(g oC), and also C = 1.00 cal/(g oC)

Thus, for water:

• it takes a long time to heat up, and

• it takes a long time to cool off! Water is used as a coolant!

• Note Figure 11.7, page 297

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

To calculate, use the formula: q = mass (g) x T x C heat abbreviated as “q” T = change in temperature C = Specific Heat Units are either J/(g oC) or cal/(g oC) Sample problem 11-1, page 299

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Section 11.2Measuring and Expressing Heat

Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Construct equations that show the heat changes for chemical and physical processes.

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Section 11.2Measuring and Expressing Heat

Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate heat changes in chemical and physical processes.

Calorimetry Calorimetry - the accurate and

precise measurement of heat change for chemical and physical processes.

Calorimetry For systems at constant pressure,

the heat content is the same as a property called Enthalpy (H) of the system

Calorimetry Changes in enthalpy = H q = H These terms will be used

interchangeably in this textbook Thus, q = H = m x C x T H is negative for an exothermic

reaction H is positive for an endothermic

reaction (Note Table 11.3, p.301)

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C + O2 CO2E

nerg

y

Reactants Products

C + O2

C O2

395kJ

+ 395 kJ

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In terms of bonds

COO C

O

O

Breaking this bond will require energy.

CO

OOO C

Making these bonds gives you energy.In this case making the bonds gives you more energy than breaking them.

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Exothermic The products are lower in energy

than the reactants Releases energy

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CaCO3 CaO + CO2E

nerg

y

Reactants Products

CaCO3

CaO + CO2

176 kJ

CaCO3 + 176 kJ CaO + CO2

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Chemistry Happens in

MOLES An equation that includes energy is

called a thermochemical equation CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 802.2 kJ

1 mole of CH4 releases 802.2 kJ of energy.

When you make 802.2 kJ you also make 2 moles of water

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Thermochemical Equations A heat of reaction is the heat

change for the equation, exactly as written• The physical state of reactants

and products must also be given.

• Standard conditions for the reaction is 101.3 kPa (1 atm.) and 25 oC

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CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 802.2 kJ

If 10. 3 grams of CH4 are burned completely, how much heat will be produced?

10. 3 g CH4

16.05 g CH4

1 mol CH4

1 mol CH4

802.2 kJ

= 514 kJ

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CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 802.2 kJ

How many liters of O2 at STP would be required to produce 23 kJ of heat?

How many grams of water would be produced with 506 kJ of heat?

Summary, so far...

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Enthalpy The heat content a substance has at a

given temperature and pressure Can’t be measured directly because

there is no set starting point The reactants start with a heat content The products end up with a heat content So we can measure how much enthalpy

changes

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Enthalpy Symbol is H Change in enthalpy is H (delta H) If heat is released, the heat content of

the products is lower

H is negative (exothermic) If heat is absorbed, the heat content

of the products is higher

H is positive (endothermic)

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Ene

rgy

Reactants Products

Change is down

H is <0

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Ene

rgy

Reactants Products

Change is upH is > 0

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Heat of Reaction The heat that is released or absorbed in a

chemical reaction Equivalent to H C + O2(g) CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

C + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ

In thermochemical equation, it is important to indicate the physical state

H2(g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O(g) H = -241.8 kJ

H2(g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O(l) H = -285.8 kJ

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Heat of Combustion The heat from the reaction that

completely burns 1 mole of a substance

Note Table 11.4, page 305

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Section 11.3Heat in Changes of State

OBJECTIVES:

• Classify, by type, the heat changes that occur during melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing.

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Section 11.3Heat in Changes of State

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate heat changes that occur during melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing.

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Heats of Fusion and Solidification

Molar Heat of Fusion (Hfus) - the heat absorbed by one mole of a substance in melting from a solid to a liquid

Molar Heat of Solidification (Hsolid) - heat lost when one mole of liquid solidifies

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Heats of Vaporization and Condensation

Molar Heat of Vaporization (Hvap) - the amount of heat necessary to vaporize one mole of a given liquid.

Table 11.5, page 308

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Heats of Vaporization and Condensation

Molar Heat of Condensation (Hcond) - amount of heat released when one mole of vapor condenses

Hvap = - Hcond

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Heats of Vaporization and Condensation

Note Figure 11.5, page 310 The large values for Hvap and Hcond

are the reason hot vapors such as steam is very dangerous• You can receive a scalding burn

from steam when the heat of condensation is released!

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Heats of Vaporization and Condensation

H20(g) H20(l) Hcond = - 40.7kJ/mol Sample Problem 11-5, page 311

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Heat of Solution Heat changes can also occur when

a solute dissolves in a solvent. Molar Heat of Solution (Hsoln) -

heat change caused by dissolution of one mole of substance

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Section 11.4Calculating Heat Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Apply Hess’s law of heat summation to find heat changes for chemical and physical processes.

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Section 11.4Calculating Heat Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate heat changes using standard heats of formation.

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Hess’s Law If you add two or more

thermochemical equations to give a final equation, then you can also add the heats of reaction to give the final heat of reaction.

Called Hess’s law of heat summation Example shown on page 314 for

graphite and diamonds

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Why Does It Work? If you turn an equation around, you change

the sign: If H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(g) H=-285.5 kJ

then, H2O(g) H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H =+285.5 kJ

also, If you multiply the equation by a number,

you multiply the heat by that number: 2 H2O(g) H2(g) + O2(g) H =+571.0 kJ

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Standard Heats of Formation The H for a reaction that produces 1

mol of a compound from its elements at standard conditions

Standard conditions: 25°C and 1 atm. Symbol is H f

0

The standard heat of formation of an element = 0

This includes the diatomics

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What good are they? Table 11.6, page 316 has standard

heats of formation The heat of a reaction can be calculated

by:

• subtracting the heats of formation of the reactants from the products

Ho = (H f0 H f

0Products) - ( Reactants)

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Examples CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

H f0

CH4 (g) = - 74.86 kJ/molH f

0O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol

H f0

CO2(g) = - 393.5 kJ/mol

H f0

H2O(g) = - 241.8 kJ/mol H= [-393.5 + 2(-241.8)] - [-74.68 +2 (0)]

H= - 802.4 kJ