chapter 11 atmosphere

8/3/2019 Chapter 11 Atmosphere

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Prentice Hall

EARTH SCIENCEEARTH SCIENCE

Tarbuck Lutgens


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Chapter

1111The Atmosphere


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Composition of the Atmosphere

11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics

Weather: constantly changing, and it refers

to the state of the atmosphere at any given

time and place

Climate: based on observations of weather

that have been collected over many years. -

- helps describe a place or region


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Air is a mixture of different gases and particles,

each with its own physical properties.

Permanent atmospheric gases:

-do not change: nitrogen and oxygen:99%

-others that have changed through time:

helium, methane, and ammonia


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Volume of Clean, Dry Air


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Variable Components: not as constant,

varies1. Water vapor: gaseous form of water, source of

all clouds and precipitation. Like carbon dioxide,

water vapor absorbs heat given off by Earth and

some solar energy.

2. Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three

oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3). If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of

the suns UV rays reached the surface of Earth,

our planet would be uninhabitable for many

living organisms.


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Variable Gases, cont.

3. Carbon Dioxide:-concentration has risen from 0.028% to 0.039% due

to greenhouse gas

-cycled between the atmosphere, oceans, organisms,

and rocks

-global warming due to absorption of heat


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Human Influence

Emissions from transportation vehicles account

for nearly half the primary pollutants by weight.


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Primary Pollutants


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Height and Structure of the

Atmosphere


The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travelaway from Earth until there are too few gas

molecules to detect. Air pressure

decreases

Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the

air above.

Pressure Changes


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Atmospheric Layers(p. 284-285)

Draw the atmospheric layers in your notes.

-describe the key features of each layer


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Atmospheric Pressure vs. Altitude

In the Troposphere


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Height and Structure of the

Atmosphere


Temperature Changes The atmosphere can be divided vertically into

layers based on temperature.

The troposphere is the bottom layer of the

atmosphere where temperature decreases with an

increase in altitude. The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere

where temperature remains constant to a height

of about 20 kilometers. It then begins a gradual

increase until the stratopause.


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Snowy Mountaintops Contrast with

Warmer Snow-Free Lowlands

(troposphere)


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Exosphere

-the uppermost (or outermost) layer

-gas molecules can be exchanged betweenEarths atmosphere and space

-satellites orbit in the exosphere


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Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere


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Earth-Sun Relationships


Earths Motions Earth has two principal motionsrotation and

revolution.

Earths Orientation Seasonal changes occur because Earths

position relative to the sun continually changes

as it travels along its orbit.


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Tilt of Earths Axis


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Solstices

summer solstice: occurs on June 21 or 22 in

the Northern Hemisphere and is the official first

day of summer. Longest day of year.

winter solstice: occurs on December 21 or 22

in the Northern Hemisphere and is the official

first day of winter. Shortest day of year.


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Equinoxes: 12 hours day, 12 hours night

autumnal equinox :occurs on September 22 or

23 in the Northern Hemisphere.

spring equinox: occurs on March 21 or 22 in

the Northern Hemisphere.


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Solstices and Equinoxes


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Energy Transfer as Heat

11.2 Heating the Atmosphere

Heat :energy transferred from one object to

another because of a difference in the

objects temperature.

Temperature :measure of the average

kinetic energy of the individual atoms or

molecules in a substance.


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Three mechanisms of energy transfer as

heat are conduction, convection, and

radiation.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through

matter by molecular activity.

1. Conduction

Convection is the transfer of heat by mass

movement or circulation within a substance.

2. Convection


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3. Radiation: Electromagnetic Waves

The sun emits light and heat as well as the

ultraviolet rays that cause a suntan. These formsof energy are only part of a large array of energy

emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic

spectrum.


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Electromagnetic Spectrum


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Visible Light Consists

of an Array of Colors


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Radiation Radiation :transfer of energy (heat) through

space by electromagnetic waves that travel outin all directions.

Unlike conduction and convection, which need

material to travel through, radiant energy can

travel through the vacuum of space.


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Radiation

All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant

energy.

Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit

area than colder objects do.

The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest

wavelengths of maximum radiation. Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are

good emitters as well.


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Pressure, Temperature, and

Density Relationship Open to page 291 Summarize the relationships between

these 3 variables using a skit.


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Temperature Inversion (p. 292)

Define temperature inversion and give

examples


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Wind (p. 292)

Describe how wind is created.


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Humidity (p. 294)

Humidity: amount of water vapor in the

atmosphere

Saturation: when the amount of watervapor in the air is at its maximum

Relative humidity: amount of water vapor

in air relative to the amount of water

needed to reach saturation (in %)

If the air is saturated, the relative humidity is

100%


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Humidity, cont.

Dew point: temperature that air must be

cooled to in order to reach saturation

If the dew point is near the actual

temperature, the relative humidity is high

Latent heat: extra thermal energy stored in

water vapor compared to liquid water

Adiabatic process: temperature changeswithout the addition or subtraction of

thermal energy (pressure is changing-bike

tire example)


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What Happens to Solar Radiation?


When radiation strikes an object, there

usually are three different results.

1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.

2. Substances such as water and air are

transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation.

3. Some radiation may bounce off the object

without being absorbed or transmitted.


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Solar Radiation


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Reflection and Scattering Reflection occurs when light bounces off an

object. Reflection radiation has the sameintensity as incident radiation.

Scattering produces a larger number of weaker

rays that travel in different directions.


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Absorption

About 50 percent of the solar energy that strikes

the top of the atmosphere reaches Earthssurface and is absorbed.

The greenhouse effect is the heating of Earths

surface and atmosphere from solar radiation

being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere,mainly by water vapor and carbon dioxide.


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Why Temperatures Vary

11.3 Temperature Controls

Factors other than latitude that exert a

strong influence on temperature include

heating of land and water, altitude,geographic position, cloud cover, and

ocean currents.


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Land and Water Land heats more rapidly and to higher

temperatures than water. Land also cools morerapidly and to lower temperatures than water.


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Mean Monthly Temperatures

forVancouver and Winnipeg


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Geographic Position

The geographic setting can greatly influence

temperatures experienced at a specific location.


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Mean Monthly Temperatures for

Eureka and New York City


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Mean Monthly Temperatures

for Seattle and Spokane


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Altitude

The altitude can greatly influence temperatures

experienced at a specific location.


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Mean Monthly Temperatures for

Guayaquil and Quito


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Clouds Reflect and Absorb Radiation


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World Distribution of Temperature


Isotherms are lines on a weather map that

connect points where the temperature is

the same. Isotherms generally trend east and west and

show a decrease in temperatures from the

tropics toward the poles.


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11.3 Clouds and Precipitation

(p. 297) Describe how clouds form using the termsrising, cooling, air mass, warming, denser,

condensation nucleus


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Atmospheric Stability (p. 298)

Rising air masses become colder similar

to the air as you increase altitude, but air

masses cool off more quickly

It will become cooler than the surrounding

air and more dense, so it will sink down

When the air mass stops rising and

sinking, it is stable

If the air mass is moving, it is unstable


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Atmospheric Lifting (p. 299)

Mechanical processes can create clouds

1. Orographic lifting: air mass if forced to

rise over a topographic barrier like amountain (thus it cools due to an increase

in altitude, creating clouds due to

condensation)

2. Convergence: two air masses collide, thewarmer air mass rises over the cooler air

mass because it is less dense


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Types of Clouds (p. 300)

Summarize the types of clouds and their

associated weather in a data table.

Low

Clouds

Middle

Clouds

High

Clouds

Vertical

Development

Clouds

Description

Weather

TypeOther Info


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Precipitation (p. 302)

Precipitation: all forms of water that fall

from clouds to the ground

examples:

Coalescence: cloud droplets join together

to make larger droplets

Eventually, get too big to stay in cloud and fall

When does snow, sleet, and hail form?


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Water Cycle (p. 303)

Complete the water cycle activity

chapter 11 atmosphere

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